Jeroen van der Aa, Günther Koliander, W. Tecumseh Fitch, Marisa Hoeschele
Rhythm is an essential part of human music. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the production of rhythmicity in nonhuman animal vocalizations. Novel methods have found widespread rhythmic behaviors—including those with music‐like properties—among nonhuman animals. Parrots appear to be uniquely flexible and self‐motivated in engaging with rhythmic structures. Previous work has found evidence supporting rhythmic capabilities in the budgerigar, a small parrot; however, little is known about rhythmicity in their natural behavioral repertoire thus far. As such, we investigated the rhythmic structure of their complex learned warble song, developing an adapted statistical approach that addresses assumptions/biases found in other methods. After validating this method using human speech and song data, we found nonrandom and structured rhythmicity in the budgerigar warble song that shows similarities in rhythmicity to human music. We also identified two warble element pairs that seem to be essential for producing these budgerigar rhythms. The grouped rhythmic distributions observed in budgerigars appear to arise from different individual strategies, with differing uses of these element pairs among male individuals. These results, combined with earlier work, suggest that rhythmicity is an important aspect of budgerigar communication.
{"title":"Novel Approach to Inter‐Onset‐Interval Ratio Uncovers Music‐Like Rhythmic Patterns in Budgerigar ( Melopsittacus undulatus ) Warble Song","authors":"Jeroen van der Aa, Günther Koliander, W. Tecumseh Fitch, Marisa Hoeschele","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70164","url":null,"abstract":"Rhythm is an essential part of human music. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the production of rhythmicity in nonhuman animal vocalizations. Novel methods have found widespread rhythmic behaviors—including those with music‐like properties—among nonhuman animals. Parrots appear to be uniquely flexible and self‐motivated in engaging with rhythmic structures. Previous work has found evidence supporting rhythmic capabilities in the budgerigar, a small parrot; however, little is known about rhythmicity in their natural behavioral repertoire thus far. As such, we investigated the rhythmic structure of their complex learned warble song, developing an adapted statistical approach that addresses assumptions/biases found in other methods. After validating this method using human speech and song data, we found nonrandom and structured rhythmicity in the budgerigar warble song that shows similarities in rhythmicity to human music. We also identified two warble element pairs that seem to be essential for producing these budgerigar rhythms. The grouped rhythmic distributions observed in budgerigars appear to arise from different individual strategies, with differing uses of these element pairs among male individuals. These results, combined with earlier work, suggest that rhythmicity is an important aspect of budgerigar communication.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tessa A. Groeneweg, Erdene Baigal, Anny Leung, Gert‐Jan Kremers, Marcel J. C. Bijvelds
Krisanaklan (KK) is a traditional herbal remedy used to treat an array of gastrointestinal complaints, including infectious, secretory diarrhea (SD). We assessed the effect of KK on anion and fluid secretion across intestinal epithelia, and delineated its mode of action. KK inhibited cholera toxin/cAMP‐dependent anion secretion across intestinal epithelial monolayers and native intestinal epithelium ex vivo . Similarly, KK reduced cAMP‐dependent fluid secretion in intestinal organoids. KK inhibited Na + ,K + ‐ATPase (NKA)‐mediated, ouabain‐sensitive ion transport and channel‐mediated K + efflux across the basolateral plasma membrane but did not block cAMP‐dependent anion transport across the apical plasma membrane. KK also inhibited ouabain‐insensitive ATPase activity, but did not affect cAMP‐dependent protein phosphorylation. KK reduced carrier‐mediated amino acid uptake in Caco‐2 cells and Na + ‐coupled glucose transport in porcine intestine. Further, KK inhibited cGMP‐ and Ca 2+ ‐linked anion secretion across intestinal epithelial monolayers. We conclude that KK blocks intestinal epithelial anion and fluid secretion by inhibition of the NKA and K + channels. Consequently, KK may ameliorate SD caused by enteric microbial pathogens. However, by inhibiting the activity of Na + ‐dependent solute carriers, it is also predicted to counteract oral rehydration therapy, the current mainstay for SD therapy.
{"title":"Krisanaklan Reduces Intestinal Anion and Fluid Secretion Through Inhibition of Na + /K + ‐ATPase and K + Channel Activity","authors":"Tessa A. Groeneweg, Erdene Baigal, Anny Leung, Gert‐Jan Kremers, Marcel J. C. Bijvelds","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70152","url":null,"abstract":"Krisanaklan (KK) is a traditional herbal remedy used to treat an array of gastrointestinal complaints, including infectious, secretory diarrhea (SD). We assessed the effect of KK on anion and fluid secretion across intestinal epithelia, and delineated its mode of action. KK inhibited cholera toxin/cAMP‐dependent anion secretion across intestinal epithelial monolayers and native intestinal epithelium <jats:italic>ex vivo</jats:italic> . Similarly, KK reduced cAMP‐dependent fluid secretion in intestinal organoids. KK inhibited Na <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> ,K <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> ‐ATPase (NKA)‐mediated, ouabain‐sensitive ion transport and channel‐mediated K <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> efflux across the basolateral plasma membrane but did not block cAMP‐dependent anion transport across the apical plasma membrane. KK also inhibited ouabain‐insensitive ATPase activity, but did not affect cAMP‐dependent protein phosphorylation. KK reduced carrier‐mediated amino acid uptake in Caco‐2 cells and Na <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> ‐coupled glucose transport in porcine intestine. Further, KK inhibited cGMP‐ and Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> ‐linked anion secretion across intestinal epithelial monolayers. We conclude that KK blocks intestinal epithelial anion and fluid secretion by inhibition of the NKA and K <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> channels. Consequently, KK may ameliorate SD caused by enteric microbial pathogens. However, by inhibiting the activity of Na <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> ‐dependent solute carriers, it is also predicted to counteract oral rehydration therapy, the current mainstay for SD therapy.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) provides a stable, hierarchically porous framework, but its use as an adsorbent precursor is limited by energy‐intensive, CO 2 ‐emitting, high‐temperature activation. Herein, we propose a low‐energy, three‐step route—hydrothermal acid leaching, mild alkali treatment, and tetraethylenepentamine functionalization—to prepare an amine‐modified bifunctional adsorbent (CSM‐T5%). CSM‐T5% delivers exceptional single‐solute capacities (862.06 mg/g for methylene blue [MB] and 233.10 mg/g for Cr(VI)), which are further enhanced in binary systems to 1206.27 and 243.90 mg/g, respectively, through synergistic interactions. The material exhibits good reusability, retaining 71.37% MB and 63.68% Cr(VI) removal after five adsorption–desorption cycles. Mechanistic analysis shows that Cr(VI) removal involves adsorption coupled with in‐situ reduction, while MB uptake is governed by electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding/π anchoring, and pore confinement; in binary systems, charge compensation and spatial site complementarity reinforce these pathways. This study unlocks the latent porosity of CGFS without high‐temperature activation, offering a sustainable and cost‐effective strategy for converting industrial residues into efficient adsorbents for complex wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Synergistic Removal of Methylene Blue and Cr(VI) by Aminated Gasification Slag","authors":"Hua Wang, Yunxuan Luoyang, Xia Li, Guotao Zhang","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70168","url":null,"abstract":"Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) provides a stable, hierarchically porous framework, but its use as an adsorbent precursor is limited by energy‐intensive, CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ‐emitting, high‐temperature activation. Herein, we propose a low‐energy, three‐step route—hydrothermal acid leaching, mild alkali treatment, and tetraethylenepentamine functionalization—to prepare an amine‐modified bifunctional adsorbent (CSM‐T5%). CSM‐T5% delivers exceptional single‐solute capacities (862.06 mg/g for methylene blue [MB] and 233.10 mg/g for Cr(VI)), which are further enhanced in binary systems to 1206.27 and 243.90 mg/g, respectively, through synergistic interactions. The material exhibits good reusability, retaining 71.37% MB and 63.68% Cr(VI) removal after five adsorption–desorption cycles. Mechanistic analysis shows that Cr(VI) removal involves adsorption coupled with in‐situ reduction, while MB uptake is governed by electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding/π anchoring, and pore confinement; in binary systems, charge compensation and spatial site complementarity reinforce these pathways. This study unlocks the latent porosity of CGFS without high‐temperature activation, offering a sustainable and cost‐effective strategy for converting industrial residues into efficient adsorbents for complex wastewater treatment.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation have been associated with physiological alterations in myocardial sleeves of the pulmonary veins (PVs). Gene expression profiles of the myocardial sleeves of the PVs in healthy (n = 3) and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) (n = 6) thoroughbred horses (Equus caballus) were studied. Tissue collected from the left superior PV, adjacent to the left atrium, was analyzed by RNA sequencing. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis demonstrated positive enrichment of gene ontology biological processes related to muscle and endothelial cell development, cell shape, and structure organization in horses with PAF. Enrichment analysis of cellular and molecular functions showed upregulation of genes involved in transport and extracellular matrix components in horses with PAF. SCN5A and MYH7, which are associated with cardiac electrophysiology and contraction function, were both significantly upregulated in the PAF group (fold change 1.1 and 2.2, respectively). Cell deconvolution revealed a trend, although not significant, of increased numbers of fibroblasts. Our results suggest there are transcriptomic alterations in myocardial sleeves of PVs in horses with PAF, alterations related to both cardiac electrophysiology and tissue structure. These data shed further light on the potential role of PV myocardial sleeves in the pathophysiology of PAF.
{"title":"Transcriptomic Remodeling of Pulmonary Vein Sleeves Suggests a Role in Atrial Arrhythmogenesis in Thoroughbred Horses.","authors":"Magdalena Arevalo-Turrubiarte,Charlotte E Edling,Carla Moller-Levet,Bronte Forbes,Victoria Kemp,Joe Weir,Celia Marr,Rebecca Lewis,Kamalan Jeevaratnam","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70170","url":null,"abstract":"The initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation have been associated with physiological alterations in myocardial sleeves of the pulmonary veins (PVs). Gene expression profiles of the myocardial sleeves of the PVs in healthy (n = 3) and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) (n = 6) thoroughbred horses (Equus caballus) were studied. Tissue collected from the left superior PV, adjacent to the left atrium, was analyzed by RNA sequencing. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis demonstrated positive enrichment of gene ontology biological processes related to muscle and endothelial cell development, cell shape, and structure organization in horses with PAF. Enrichment analysis of cellular and molecular functions showed upregulation of genes involved in transport and extracellular matrix components in horses with PAF. SCN5A and MYH7, which are associated with cardiac electrophysiology and contraction function, were both significantly upregulated in the PAF group (fold change 1.1 and 2.2, respectively). Cell deconvolution revealed a trend, although not significant, of increased numbers of fibroblasts. Our results suggest there are transcriptomic alterations in myocardial sleeves of PVs in horses with PAF, alterations related to both cardiac electrophysiology and tissue structure. These data shed further light on the potential role of PV myocardial sleeves in the pathophysiology of PAF.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145752485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wearable pressure sensors have become essential for monitoring human health and facilitating human–machine interaction. However, pressure sensors generate heat during operation, which may reduce their service life and lead to localized burns due to overheating. To address these issues, we employ metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to dope pressure sensors and investigate their effects on device performance. Here, wearable pressure sensors based on MOF/thermoplastic polyurethane/reduced graphene oxide (MOF/TPU/GAFF) are developed for rapid heat dissipation. We selected four MOFs with high thermal conductivity (Zr–MOF, Mn–MOF, MOF‐5, and ZIF‐8) and mixed them into a TPU/GAFF fiber film. The enhanced thermal conductivity of the modified TPU/GAFF matrix contributes to improved heat dissipation performance in the devices. Among the tested materials, the doped ZIF‐8 composite film exhibits the most effective heat dissipation, with a heat exchange capacity 1.56 times higher than that of the undoped ZIF‐8 composite film. Furthermore, the incorporation of ZIF‐8 significantly enhances sensor sensitivity. The ZIF‐8‐based sensor demonstrates optimal performance, achieving a sensitivity of 0.27 kPa −1 within the pressure range of 0–50 kPa, representing a 595.2% improvement compared to the sensor without ZIF‐8. Overall, the sensor provides a wearable electronic platform with strong application potential in monitoring human health and speech recognition.
{"title":"Efficient Heat Dissipation Performance of Multifunctional Wearable Pressure Sensors Based on Metal–Organic Framework Composites","authors":"Bin Zhang, Wenhong Sun","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70143","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable pressure sensors have become essential for monitoring human health and facilitating human–machine interaction. However, pressure sensors generate heat during operation, which may reduce their service life and lead to localized burns due to overheating. To address these issues, we employ metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to dope pressure sensors and investigate their effects on device performance. Here, wearable pressure sensors based on MOF/thermoplastic polyurethane/reduced graphene oxide (MOF/TPU/GAFF) are developed for rapid heat dissipation. We selected four MOFs with high thermal conductivity (Zr–MOF, Mn–MOF, MOF‐5, and ZIF‐8) and mixed them into a TPU/GAFF fiber film. The enhanced thermal conductivity of the modified TPU/GAFF matrix contributes to improved heat dissipation performance in the devices. Among the tested materials, the doped ZIF‐8 composite film exhibits the most effective heat dissipation, with a heat exchange capacity 1.56 times higher than that of the undoped ZIF‐8 composite film. Furthermore, the incorporation of ZIF‐8 significantly enhances sensor sensitivity. The ZIF‐8‐based sensor demonstrates optimal performance, achieving a sensitivity of 0.27 kPa <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> within the pressure range of 0–50 kPa, representing a 595.2% improvement compared to the sensor without ZIF‐8. Overall, the sensor provides a wearable electronic platform with strong application potential in monitoring human health and speech recognition.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder for which dysregulated ferroptosis and necroptosis have demonstrated pathological associations but these lack causal validation in disease susceptibility. This study employed proteome‐wide Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate causal links between ferroptosis/necroptosis pathways, their upstream regulators, immune interactions, and MS risk. Transcriptomic validation utilized bulk RNA‐seq and single‐cell RNA‐seq data. MR identified IFNA4 (OR = 0.24) and TNFAIP3 (OR = 2.0) as key causal ferroptosis/necroptosis‐related proteins for MS risk. Analysis revealed 15 upstream regulators significantly associated with MS (FDR < 0.05; e.g., GZMA, CXCL3, APOE, CFB, CA6, KIR2DL2/3). Transcriptomic validation consistently identified ceruloplasmin (CP) as upregulated in MS microglia and lesions. Mediation analyses established two complete causal pathways: an IFNA4‐mediated pathway wherein five upstream immune regulators (KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3, CFB, GZMA, and CA6) influence MS susceptibility through IFNA4 regulation, with all component effects statistically significant; and an APOE‐driven pathway operating via TNFAIP3, demonstrating significant total effects and near‐significant mediator‐outcome effects on MS risk. While 59 immune traits were MS‐associated, only TNFAIP3 showed a suggestive association with CD27⁺ memory B cells. This study establishes ferroptosis/necroptosis pathways as causal drivers of MS susceptibility, highlighting TNFAIP3, IFNA4, CP, and APOE as therapeutically actionable targets.
{"title":"Proteome‐Wide Mendelian Randomization Implicates Shared Necroptosis–Ferroptosis Effectors in Causal Pathways of Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility","authors":"Wu Yan, Wang Jianhong, Jiang Wen, Zhang Linming","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70162","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder for which dysregulated ferroptosis and necroptosis have demonstrated pathological associations but these lack causal validation in disease susceptibility. This study employed proteome‐wide Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate causal links between ferroptosis/necroptosis pathways, their upstream regulators, immune interactions, and MS risk. Transcriptomic validation utilized bulk RNA‐seq and single‐cell RNA‐seq data. MR identified IFNA4 (OR = 0.24) and TNFAIP3 (OR = 2.0) as key causal ferroptosis/necroptosis‐related proteins for MS risk. Analysis revealed 15 upstream regulators significantly associated with MS (FDR < 0.05; e.g., GZMA, CXCL3, APOE, CFB, CA6, KIR2DL2/3). Transcriptomic validation consistently identified ceruloplasmin (CP) as upregulated in MS microglia and lesions. Mediation analyses established two complete causal pathways: an IFNA4‐mediated pathway wherein five upstream immune regulators (KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3, CFB, GZMA, and CA6) influence MS susceptibility through IFNA4 regulation, with all component effects statistically significant; and an APOE‐driven pathway operating via TNFAIP3, demonstrating significant total effects and near‐significant mediator‐outcome effects on MS risk. While 59 immune traits were MS‐associated, only TNFAIP3 showed a suggestive association with CD27⁺ memory B cells. This study establishes ferroptosis/necroptosis pathways as causal drivers of MS susceptibility, highlighting TNFAIP3, IFNA4, CP, and APOE as therapeutically actionable targets.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qing Yang, Yi Jin, Lei Yang, Renge Hu, Junyang Ma, Zongxiu Wu, Tao Yang, Bintong Yang, Shu Li, Wei Cong, Yuanhuan Kang
Against the backdrop of reducing the use of antibiotics in aquaculture, the application of Bacillus spp. as probiotics has gained attention. Probiotics exert a beneficial impact on health by modulating the intestinal microbiota, consequently influencing the growth and overall health status of fish. However, the effectiveness of Bacillus spp. supplementation as well as the specific changes of fish intestinal microbiota following variations in the species, amounts, and feeding forms of Bacillus spp. remain unanalyzed. We collected publicly available 16S rRNA gene sequence data (2012−2022) and used meta‐analysis to combine and summarize the studies that met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that Bacillus spp. supplementation significantly increased the α‐diversity indices, including the Shannon index ( p = 0.041), Simpson index ( p = 0.002), and Pielou evenness index ( p = 0.004), but did not affect the β‐diversity index ( p = 0.44). The Chao1 index was significantly influenced by different Bacillus spp., forms, treatment duration, and amounts ( p < 0.01). Bacillus spp. supplementation also increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enhanced the relative abundance of candidate probiotics, while reducing the relative abundance of potential pathogenic genera. These findings confirm Bacillus spp. positively regulate fish intestinal microbiota, offering evidence for their probiotic application in aquaculture.
{"title":"Decadal Meta‐Analysis Confirms Bacillus spp. Optimizes Fish Intestinal Microbiota","authors":"Qing Yang, Yi Jin, Lei Yang, Renge Hu, Junyang Ma, Zongxiu Wu, Tao Yang, Bintong Yang, Shu Li, Wei Cong, Yuanhuan Kang","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70154","url":null,"abstract":"Against the backdrop of reducing the use of antibiotics in aquaculture, the application of <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. as probiotics has gained attention. Probiotics exert a beneficial impact on health by modulating the intestinal microbiota, consequently influencing the growth and overall health status of fish. However, the effectiveness of <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. supplementation as well as the specific changes of fish intestinal microbiota following variations in the species, amounts, and feeding forms of <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. remain unanalyzed. We collected publicly available 16S rRNA gene sequence data (2012−2022) and used meta‐analysis to combine and summarize the studies that met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. supplementation significantly increased the α‐diversity indices, including the Shannon index ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.041), Simpson index ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.002), and Pielou evenness index ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.004), but did not affect the β‐diversity index ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.44). The Chao1 index was significantly influenced by different <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp., forms, treatment duration, and amounts ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.01). <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. supplementation also increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enhanced the relative abundance of candidate probiotics, while reducing the relative abundance of potential pathogenic genera. These findings confirm <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. positively regulate fish intestinal microbiota, offering evidence for their probiotic application in aquaculture.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why do some rhythms make us want to move and not others? A predictive processing account suggests that prediction errors drive this phenomenon, but this hypothesis remains underspecified. Here, we operationalized this account as a Bayesian model that infers whether a rhythmic sequence is caused by a metered or unmetered template, coupled with an active inference rule in which movement occurs if the sensory feedback from movement would reduce the prediction errors generated by this inference process. Surprisal, as an index of prediction error, was calculated for each rhythm with and without a metronome (a proxy for the feedback from moving along), with delta surprisal as the difference. Surprisal increased linearly as a function of rhythmic complexity, while delta surprisal showed a similar pattern with urge to move ratings shown in previous studies, and this relation was confirmed in an online study. These results suggest that the urge to move to music is driven by the potential to reduce meter-based prediction errors via the expected feedback from moving along to the beat. This work provides a crucial update to the predictive processing account and highlights a key role of active inference and prediction-based learning in our musical experiences.
{"title":"An Active Inference Model of Meter Perception and the Urge to Move to Music.","authors":"Tomas E Matthews,Peter Vuust,Jonathan Cannon","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70129","url":null,"abstract":"Why do some rhythms make us want to move and not others? A predictive processing account suggests that prediction errors drive this phenomenon, but this hypothesis remains underspecified. Here, we operationalized this account as a Bayesian model that infers whether a rhythmic sequence is caused by a metered or unmetered template, coupled with an active inference rule in which movement occurs if the sensory feedback from movement would reduce the prediction errors generated by this inference process. Surprisal, as an index of prediction error, was calculated for each rhythm with and without a metronome (a proxy for the feedback from moving along), with delta surprisal as the difference. Surprisal increased linearly as a function of rhythmic complexity, while delta surprisal showed a similar pattern with urge to move ratings shown in previous studies, and this relation was confirmed in an online study. These results suggest that the urge to move to music is driven by the potential to reduce meter-based prediction errors via the expected feedback from moving along to the beat. This work provides a crucial update to the predictive processing account and highlights a key role of active inference and prediction-based learning in our musical experiences.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hei Wan Mak,Nisha Sajnani,Nils Fietje,Daisy Fancourt
Participation in and enjoying arts and creative activities is a United Nations human right, offering significant benefits, particularly for young people. However, past research, predominantly from Western countries, has shown that many young people do not engage in the arts and that such engagement is socially patterned, yet research gaps remain. It is unclear whether this pattern is also observed in other parts of the world and whether it is persistent across both in-school and out-of-school contexts in different countries. We analyzed data from the OECD Programme for International Study Assessment (PISA), which surveyed 441,183 15-year-olds across 73 countries and found substantial variation in engagement rates. Three key engagement patterns were identified. (1) Countries with higher in-school engagement rates also had higher out-of-school engagement rates. (2) Most students engaged more in the arts in school than out of school. (3) Individual-, school-, and country-related factors may influence engagement, with a strong social gradient, especially for out-of-school engagement. Schools hold the potential to equalize engagement in and outside school and thus reduce cultural, health, and academic inequalities. This aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 3: promoting wellbeing for all, and is relevant across multiple sectors and countries worldwide.
{"title":"Global Arts Engagement Inequalities in and Outside School: Analyses of 441,183 15-Year-Olds Across 73 Countries.","authors":"Hei Wan Mak,Nisha Sajnani,Nils Fietje,Daisy Fancourt","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70151","url":null,"abstract":"Participation in and enjoying arts and creative activities is a United Nations human right, offering significant benefits, particularly for young people. However, past research, predominantly from Western countries, has shown that many young people do not engage in the arts and that such engagement is socially patterned, yet research gaps remain. It is unclear whether this pattern is also observed in other parts of the world and whether it is persistent across both in-school and out-of-school contexts in different countries. We analyzed data from the OECD Programme for International Study Assessment (PISA), which surveyed 441,183 15-year-olds across 73 countries and found substantial variation in engagement rates. Three key engagement patterns were identified. (1) Countries with higher in-school engagement rates also had higher out-of-school engagement rates. (2) Most students engaged more in the arts in school than out of school. (3) Individual-, school-, and country-related factors may influence engagement, with a strong social gradient, especially for out-of-school engagement. Schools hold the potential to equalize engagement in and outside school and thus reduce cultural, health, and academic inequalities. This aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 3: promoting wellbeing for all, and is relevant across multiple sectors and countries worldwide.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"363 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen A Vosti,Michael Jarvis,Lauren Thompson,Emily Becher,Maguette Beye,Faith Ishaya,Karim Koudougou,Reina Engle-Stone,Katherine P Adams
Cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of fortification programs are not single, fixed numbers, but rather depend on dietary intake patterns and choices regarding the numbers and amounts of fortificants in premixes. We modeled the cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of alternative bouillon fortification formulations with vitamins A, B9, and B12, iron, and zinc in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal. Cost per consumer reached varied by nutrient and context; for example, cost-efficiency for vitamin A (96 µg/g) ranged from ∼$0.05 (Burkina Faso) to ∼$0.12 (Nigeria). In Nigeria, the cost per woman effectively covered by vitamin A-fortified bouillon delivering 40-250 µg/g ranged from ∼$2.00 to ∼$6.50; in Burkina Faso, this metric fell from ∼$3.25 to ∼$1.25 for the same programs. Cost per child-life saved by bouillon co-fortified with vitamin A (96 µg/g), zinc (1.68 mg/g), and folic acid (28.8 µg/g) ranged from ∼$1272 (Burkina Faso) to ∼$3234 (Senegal). Cost functions tended to be linear in the amounts of fortificants in premixes; nutritional and child mortality benefit curves tended to be nonlinear, with context-specific shapes. Identifying fortification levels at which marginal benefits become small could help inform the design of efficient programs; design should also consider technical issues, program objectives, affordability, and sustainability.
{"title":"Cost-Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Bouillon Fortification Programs: Evidence for Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal.","authors":"Stephen A Vosti,Michael Jarvis,Lauren Thompson,Emily Becher,Maguette Beye,Faith Ishaya,Karim Koudougou,Reina Engle-Stone,Katherine P Adams","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70137","url":null,"abstract":"Cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of fortification programs are not single, fixed numbers, but rather depend on dietary intake patterns and choices regarding the numbers and amounts of fortificants in premixes. We modeled the cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of alternative bouillon fortification formulations with vitamins A, B9, and B12, iron, and zinc in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal. Cost per consumer reached varied by nutrient and context; for example, cost-efficiency for vitamin A (96 µg/g) ranged from ∼$0.05 (Burkina Faso) to ∼$0.12 (Nigeria). In Nigeria, the cost per woman effectively covered by vitamin A-fortified bouillon delivering 40-250 µg/g ranged from ∼$2.00 to ∼$6.50; in Burkina Faso, this metric fell from ∼$3.25 to ∼$1.25 for the same programs. Cost per child-life saved by bouillon co-fortified with vitamin A (96 µg/g), zinc (1.68 mg/g), and folic acid (28.8 µg/g) ranged from ∼$1272 (Burkina Faso) to ∼$3234 (Senegal). Cost functions tended to be linear in the amounts of fortificants in premixes; nutritional and child mortality benefit curves tended to be nonlinear, with context-specific shapes. Identifying fortification levels at which marginal benefits become small could help inform the design of efficient programs; design should also consider technical issues, program objectives, affordability, and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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