Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences最新文献

El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant interannual variability mode of the global climate system with significant effects on a variety of weather conditions, including extremes. Past events illustrate the severe societal consequences this phenomenon has through weather disasters, food security, health, economic growth, migration, and conflict. ENSO's interactions with global warming are not well understood, although they can lead to significant changes in the characteristics of extreme events. Climate conditions in 2024/2025 may favor widespread severe extreme events with global temperature anomalies nearing or surpassing 1.5°C and a transition from strong El Niño to La Niña conditions. Here, we show that current warming has amplified the effects of ENSO on temperature and precipitation extremes worldwide. Results show that warming has produced a considerable amplification of the effects of ENSO episodes over such extremes, as well as extensively modified spatial patterns. We show that considerable shares of the population, gross domestic product, agriculture, and ecosystems now face a higher risk from extreme events due to the interactions between increased anthropogenic forcing and ENSO.

In several countries, pregnant women have suboptimal intakes of calcium and high rates of mortality due to maternal hypertensive disorders. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of these disorders and is recommended for pregnant women with low dietary calcium intake to prevent preeclampsia. Our objective was to evaluate the global adoption of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation for calcium supplementation during pregnancy to prevent pre-eclampsia. Each WHO member state's Ministry of Health website, Google, and WHO databases were searched, between January and July 2024, to identify national antenatal care guidelines. We found pregnancy-related guidelines published between 2007 and 2024 in 92 countries of the 194 countries included in this review (47.4%), of which 58 (63%) included calcium intake recommendations, and 29 recommended calcium supplementation with doses varying from 0.5 to 2 g of elemental calcium per day. Most of these guidelines were from upper middle- or high-income countries (19, 65.5%), whereas in countries where this recommendation is most needed, there is a lack of published calcium supplementation recommendations during pregnancy.

Surface defect detection in industrial materials faces two main challenges: complex backgrounds and missed small defects. To address these problems, this paper presents CGRNet, an efficient real-time detector. CGRNet introduces a content-guided feature extraction network that uses global context to guide adaptive high-frequency filtering. This suppresses low-frequency noise and enhances edge and local features. The detail enhancement module with a double residual attention mechanism integrates channel-specific spatial attention maps for multi-scale feature interaction. This integration improves the detection of small defects. The SIoU loss function and Lion optimizer speed up convergence and improve localization accuracy. Experimental results show that CGRNet achieves a 93.6% mAP on the PVEL_AD dataset, surpassing existing methods in accuracy. On the NEU-DET dataset, the model runs at 81.9 frames per second, satisfying real-time application requirements.

This essay explores the contributions of psychosocial factors in sustaining wars and other extreme group conflicts. It uses the Devoted Actor Framework (DAF) to better understand will to fight (WTF) as a quest for ontological significance. Devoted actors are viscerally and inseparably fused to one another and to their group by moral ideals often held to be sacred and indivisible, and thus highly resistant to negotiation and compromise. The quest for ontological significance involves affirming and securing group identities and associated moral ideals. The importance of WTF and reasons for its postwar neglect are highlighted in an analysis of initial versus later stages of the European theater in WWII. Next is an assessment of the limits of rational realism and the significance of religion and nationalism, followed by an examination of psychosocial factors involved in WTF via behavioral and brain studies in the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, and North America. The discussion section examines the scope and limits of DAF in terms of descriptive and explanatory power and in relation to other approaches to war and group conflict. A final coda addresses the Israel−Palestine conflict and the recent Gaza War to illustrate DAF's relevance for understanding and managing seemingly intractable conflicts.

Mycoplasma agassizii (Mycoplasmopsis agassizii) is a major pathogen responsible for upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) in tortoises, contributing to worldwide population declines. Despite its significance, tools for strain-level identification and epidemiological tracking remain limited. This study proposes a Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme based on eight housekeeping genes (uvrB, tpiA, gyrB, efTu, rpoB, uvrA, gmK, and atpG), combined with Nanopore sequencing, to characterize M. agassizii isolates from tortoises in Italy and Portugal. Among 127 samples, 73 (57.5%) tested positive for M. agassizii. Analysis of 15 isolates revealed 14 distinct sequence types (STs). High genetic diversity was observed, even among samples from the same rescue centers. No correlation was found between STs and geographic origin or tortoise species. Four loci (uvrB, gyrB, rpoB, and gmK) were sufficient to discriminate all STs at a haplotype diversity cut-off ≥ 0.83. The standardized index of association (I_a = 0.2246) suggests a partially clonal population with evidence of recombination. This MLST scheme offers a promising tool for tracking M. agassizii strain diversity and understanding its epidemiology. Broader application across symptomatic and asymptomatic hosts is needed to evaluate associations between specific strains and disease outcomes, which will support conservation and URTD control efforts in tortoises.