Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences最新文献

Once a youth waives their Miranda rights and agrees to talk to police, they increase their risk of a myriad of negative short- and long-term outcomes. Given that a vast majority (over 90%) of interrogated youth waive their rights, it is important to examine their perspectives on waiver decision making. Participants (n = 82) between 13 and 17 years old listened to a vignette in which they imagined they were in police custody and explained how they would respond and why, both when imagining they were guilty and innocent. Responses were coded using framework analysis, revealing that although most guilty and innocent participants believed they would assert their rights, more would waive when innocent than when guilty. Most participants, guilty and innocent, voiced a desire for guidance from an authority figure. Some also expressed beliefs around potential benefits of talking to police officers, and a few identified police officers as potentially harmful. Patterns emerged regarding differences in responses based on race and gender identity, in which minoritized groups expressed more distrust in the legal system. Results underscore the importance of ensuring that youth are provided with legal support during interrogation, which can guide policy reform.

In animal behavior, entrainment is the specialized sensorimotor process by which individuals precisely coordinate endogenous ultradian (period <10 s) rhythms with those of their conspecific neighbors. The rhythms are typically communication signals, either acoustic, substrate vibration, or optical, that are distinguished by their continuous isochrony (consistent repetition rate), and the expressed coordination is synchronous or antisynchronous (alternating) alignment. Entrainment is known in orthopterans, cicadas, fireflies, crabs, frogs, birds, and humans, where it is a core element of musicality and related group activities. Animals, including humans, achieve entrainment by adjusting rhythm phase, which is adequate if several individuals have comparable tempos (repetition rates), or by adjusting both phase and tempo, if their tempos differ. In the latter case, temporal alignment can be very precise. Entrainment has not yet been reported for natural populations of nonhuman mammals, notably primates—suggesting that human entrainment evolved de novo in the hominid lineage within the past 5 million years. Experimental studies on the function and adaptation of entrainment in arthropods and anurans can offer clues to its origin in humans.

The pleasurable urge to move to music (“groove”) has been shown to be greatest for moderately complex musical rhythms. This is thought to occur because temporal predictions from the motor system reinforce our perception of the beat when there is a balance between expectation and surprise. The supplementary motor area (SMA) has been identified as the potential origin of these temporal predictions. Thus, to causally test the role of the SMA in the experience of groove, we used continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to disrupt activity in this region or an active control site (V1). Nonmusicians listened to and rated musical clips that varied in rhythmic complexity and groove before and after stimulation. Following inhibitory stimulation over the left SMA, participants preferred moving to music with higher rhythmic complexity while after V1 stimulation, they preferred moving to music with lower rhythmic complexity. Pleasure ratings, however, were unaffected. These results suggest that the SMA weighs the precision of beat-based predictions generated by the dorsal auditory stream. Therefore, stimulating the SMA may have disinhibited the dorsal striatum or other nodes generating the beat-based predictions. In summary, these findings provide causal evidence that the SMA and V1 play critical roles in embodied rhythm processing.

Choice consistency is a fundamental aspect of rational decision-making, reflecting the stability and reliability of preferences. However, real-world decisions frequently exhibit variability and inconsistency, deviating from normative ideals. To elucidate these deviations, this study combined computational modeling, neuroimaging, and behavioral assessments to examine how state anxiety and memory dynamically modulate choice consistency. Remembered food items prompted more consistent and faster choices than forgotten ones, with computational modeling attributing this effect to lower decision thresholds. In contrast, state anxiety—induced via threat-of-shock—impaired both choice consistency and memory retrieval. Intriguingly, anxiety-driven reductions in memory accuracy positively correlated with shorter decision latencies. Neurally, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation during prechoice anticipation predicted choice consistency. Similarly, orbitofrontal cortex engagement during memory retrieval of food stimuli correlated with enhanced memory accuracy. Anxiety dynamically reallocated neural resources, suppressing sensorimotor and memory-related regions while amplifying emotional salience networks. These results suggest that anxiety impairs choice consistency by disrupting memory retrieval processes, which are critical for stabilizing value-based preferences.