Qing Yang, Yi Jin, Lei Yang, Renge Hu, Junyang Ma, Zongxiu Wu, Tao Yang, Bintong Yang, Shu Li, Wei Cong, Yuanhuan Kang
Against the backdrop of reducing the use of antibiotics in aquaculture, the application of Bacillus spp. as probiotics has gained attention. Probiotics exert a beneficial impact on health by modulating the intestinal microbiota, consequently influencing the growth and overall health status of fish. However, the effectiveness of Bacillus spp. supplementation as well as the specific changes of fish intestinal microbiota following variations in the species, amounts, and feeding forms of Bacillus spp. remain unanalyzed. We collected publicly available 16S rRNA gene sequence data (2012−2022) and used meta‐analysis to combine and summarize the studies that met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that Bacillus spp. supplementation significantly increased the α‐diversity indices, including the Shannon index ( p = 0.041), Simpson index ( p = 0.002), and Pielou evenness index ( p = 0.004), but did not affect the β‐diversity index ( p = 0.44). The Chao1 index was significantly influenced by different Bacillus spp., forms, treatment duration, and amounts ( p < 0.01). Bacillus spp. supplementation also increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enhanced the relative abundance of candidate probiotics, while reducing the relative abundance of potential pathogenic genera. These findings confirm Bacillus spp. positively regulate fish intestinal microbiota, offering evidence for their probiotic application in aquaculture.
{"title":"Decadal Meta‐Analysis Confirms Bacillus spp. Optimizes Fish Intestinal Microbiota","authors":"Qing Yang, Yi Jin, Lei Yang, Renge Hu, Junyang Ma, Zongxiu Wu, Tao Yang, Bintong Yang, Shu Li, Wei Cong, Yuanhuan Kang","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70154","url":null,"abstract":"Against the backdrop of reducing the use of antibiotics in aquaculture, the application of <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. as probiotics has gained attention. Probiotics exert a beneficial impact on health by modulating the intestinal microbiota, consequently influencing the growth and overall health status of fish. However, the effectiveness of <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. supplementation as well as the specific changes of fish intestinal microbiota following variations in the species, amounts, and feeding forms of <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. remain unanalyzed. We collected publicly available 16S rRNA gene sequence data (2012−2022) and used meta‐analysis to combine and summarize the studies that met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. supplementation significantly increased the α‐diversity indices, including the Shannon index ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.041), Simpson index ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.002), and Pielou evenness index ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.004), but did not affect the β‐diversity index ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.44). The Chao1 index was significantly influenced by different <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp., forms, treatment duration, and amounts ( <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.01). <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. supplementation also increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enhanced the relative abundance of candidate probiotics, while reducing the relative abundance of potential pathogenic genera. These findings confirm <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> spp. positively regulate fish intestinal microbiota, offering evidence for their probiotic application in aquaculture.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why do some rhythms make us want to move and not others? A predictive processing account suggests that prediction errors drive this phenomenon, but this hypothesis remains underspecified. Here, we operationalized this account as a Bayesian model that infers whether a rhythmic sequence is caused by a metered or unmetered template, coupled with an active inference rule in which movement occurs if the sensory feedback from movement would reduce the prediction errors generated by this inference process. Surprisal, as an index of prediction error, was calculated for each rhythm with and without a metronome (a proxy for the feedback from moving along), with delta surprisal as the difference. Surprisal increased linearly as a function of rhythmic complexity, while delta surprisal showed a similar pattern with urge to move ratings shown in previous studies, and this relation was confirmed in an online study. These results suggest that the urge to move to music is driven by the potential to reduce meter-based prediction errors via the expected feedback from moving along to the beat. This work provides a crucial update to the predictive processing account and highlights a key role of active inference and prediction-based learning in our musical experiences.
{"title":"An Active Inference Model of Meter Perception and the Urge to Move to Music.","authors":"Tomas E Matthews,Peter Vuust,Jonathan Cannon","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70129","url":null,"abstract":"Why do some rhythms make us want to move and not others? A predictive processing account suggests that prediction errors drive this phenomenon, but this hypothesis remains underspecified. Here, we operationalized this account as a Bayesian model that infers whether a rhythmic sequence is caused by a metered or unmetered template, coupled with an active inference rule in which movement occurs if the sensory feedback from movement would reduce the prediction errors generated by this inference process. Surprisal, as an index of prediction error, was calculated for each rhythm with and without a metronome (a proxy for the feedback from moving along), with delta surprisal as the difference. Surprisal increased linearly as a function of rhythmic complexity, while delta surprisal showed a similar pattern with urge to move ratings shown in previous studies, and this relation was confirmed in an online study. These results suggest that the urge to move to music is driven by the potential to reduce meter-based prediction errors via the expected feedback from moving along to the beat. This work provides a crucial update to the predictive processing account and highlights a key role of active inference and prediction-based learning in our musical experiences.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hei Wan Mak,Nisha Sajnani,Nils Fietje,Daisy Fancourt
Participation in and enjoying arts and creative activities is a United Nations human right, offering significant benefits, particularly for young people. However, past research, predominantly from Western countries, has shown that many young people do not engage in the arts and that such engagement is socially patterned, yet research gaps remain. It is unclear whether this pattern is also observed in other parts of the world and whether it is persistent across both in-school and out-of-school contexts in different countries. We analyzed data from the OECD Programme for International Study Assessment (PISA), which surveyed 441,183 15-year-olds across 73 countries and found substantial variation in engagement rates. Three key engagement patterns were identified. (1) Countries with higher in-school engagement rates also had higher out-of-school engagement rates. (2) Most students engaged more in the arts in school than out of school. (3) Individual-, school-, and country-related factors may influence engagement, with a strong social gradient, especially for out-of-school engagement. Schools hold the potential to equalize engagement in and outside school and thus reduce cultural, health, and academic inequalities. This aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 3: promoting wellbeing for all, and is relevant across multiple sectors and countries worldwide.
{"title":"Global Arts Engagement Inequalities in and Outside School: Analyses of 441,183 15-Year-Olds Across 73 Countries.","authors":"Hei Wan Mak,Nisha Sajnani,Nils Fietje,Daisy Fancourt","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70151","url":null,"abstract":"Participation in and enjoying arts and creative activities is a United Nations human right, offering significant benefits, particularly for young people. However, past research, predominantly from Western countries, has shown that many young people do not engage in the arts and that such engagement is socially patterned, yet research gaps remain. It is unclear whether this pattern is also observed in other parts of the world and whether it is persistent across both in-school and out-of-school contexts in different countries. We analyzed data from the OECD Programme for International Study Assessment (PISA), which surveyed 441,183 15-year-olds across 73 countries and found substantial variation in engagement rates. Three key engagement patterns were identified. (1) Countries with higher in-school engagement rates also had higher out-of-school engagement rates. (2) Most students engaged more in the arts in school than out of school. (3) Individual-, school-, and country-related factors may influence engagement, with a strong social gradient, especially for out-of-school engagement. Schools hold the potential to equalize engagement in and outside school and thus reduce cultural, health, and academic inequalities. This aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 3: promoting wellbeing for all, and is relevant across multiple sectors and countries worldwide.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"363 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen A Vosti,Michael Jarvis,Lauren Thompson,Emily Becher,Maguette Beye,Faith Ishaya,Karim Koudougou,Reina Engle-Stone,Katherine P Adams
Cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of fortification programs are not single, fixed numbers, but rather depend on dietary intake patterns and choices regarding the numbers and amounts of fortificants in premixes. We modeled the cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of alternative bouillon fortification formulations with vitamins A, B9, and B12, iron, and zinc in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal. Cost per consumer reached varied by nutrient and context; for example, cost-efficiency for vitamin A (96 µg/g) ranged from ∼$0.05 (Burkina Faso) to ∼$0.12 (Nigeria). In Nigeria, the cost per woman effectively covered by vitamin A-fortified bouillon delivering 40-250 µg/g ranged from ∼$2.00 to ∼$6.50; in Burkina Faso, this metric fell from ∼$3.25 to ∼$1.25 for the same programs. Cost per child-life saved by bouillon co-fortified with vitamin A (96 µg/g), zinc (1.68 mg/g), and folic acid (28.8 µg/g) ranged from ∼$1272 (Burkina Faso) to ∼$3234 (Senegal). Cost functions tended to be linear in the amounts of fortificants in premixes; nutritional and child mortality benefit curves tended to be nonlinear, with context-specific shapes. Identifying fortification levels at which marginal benefits become small could help inform the design of efficient programs; design should also consider technical issues, program objectives, affordability, and sustainability.
{"title":"Cost-Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Bouillon Fortification Programs: Evidence for Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal.","authors":"Stephen A Vosti,Michael Jarvis,Lauren Thompson,Emily Becher,Maguette Beye,Faith Ishaya,Karim Koudougou,Reina Engle-Stone,Katherine P Adams","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70137","url":null,"abstract":"Cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of fortification programs are not single, fixed numbers, but rather depend on dietary intake patterns and choices regarding the numbers and amounts of fortificants in premixes. We modeled the cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of alternative bouillon fortification formulations with vitamins A, B9, and B12, iron, and zinc in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Senegal. Cost per consumer reached varied by nutrient and context; for example, cost-efficiency for vitamin A (96 µg/g) ranged from ∼$0.05 (Burkina Faso) to ∼$0.12 (Nigeria). In Nigeria, the cost per woman effectively covered by vitamin A-fortified bouillon delivering 40-250 µg/g ranged from ∼$2.00 to ∼$6.50; in Burkina Faso, this metric fell from ∼$3.25 to ∼$1.25 for the same programs. Cost per child-life saved by bouillon co-fortified with vitamin A (96 µg/g), zinc (1.68 mg/g), and folic acid (28.8 µg/g) ranged from ∼$1272 (Burkina Faso) to ∼$3234 (Senegal). Cost functions tended to be linear in the amounts of fortificants in premixes; nutritional and child mortality benefit curves tended to be nonlinear, with context-specific shapes. Identifying fortification levels at which marginal benefits become small could help inform the design of efficient programs; design should also consider technical issues, program objectives, affordability, and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diagnosing systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) poses significant challenges. Accumulating evidence has indicated that tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) play integral roles in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Plasma samples were collected from individuals diagnosed with sJIA and healthy controls (HCs) from two medical centers and divided into training and validation cohorts. Small-RNA high-throughput sequencing was employed to investigate the expression profiles of tRFs in the plasma of patients. Aberrantly expressed tRFs in sJIA were validated using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 245 tRFs were differentially expressed in sJIA samples than in HC samples. Through qRT-PCR validation, tRF-30-FP18LPMBQ4NK was identified as a potential biomarker. In the training cohort, plasma levels of tRF-30-FP18LPMBQ4NK were significantly higher in patients with sJIA than in HCs. Furthermore, the tRF-30-FP18LPMBQ4NK levels in patients in the active disease group were substantially higher than those in the inactive disease group. Additionally, the positive and negative predictive values of the selected tRF in the validation cohort reached 100% and 85%, respectively. Our results suggest that tRF-30-FP18LPMBQ4NK can be used as a promising biomarker candidate for sJIA and has the potential to aid in determining disease activity among patients with sJIA.
{"title":"tRF-30-FP18LPMBQ4NK in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Promising Diagnostic and Disease Activity Biomarker.","authors":"Jiqian Huang,Yuting Pan,Jing Jin,Xiaoyan Shao,Wenjie Zheng,Zhidan Fan,Haiguo Yu","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70148","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnosing systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) poses significant challenges. Accumulating evidence has indicated that tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) play integral roles in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Plasma samples were collected from individuals diagnosed with sJIA and healthy controls (HCs) from two medical centers and divided into training and validation cohorts. Small-RNA high-throughput sequencing was employed to investigate the expression profiles of tRFs in the plasma of patients. Aberrantly expressed tRFs in sJIA were validated using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 245 tRFs were differentially expressed in sJIA samples than in HC samples. Through qRT-PCR validation, tRF-30-FP18LPMBQ4NK was identified as a potential biomarker. In the training cohort, plasma levels of tRF-30-FP18LPMBQ4NK were significantly higher in patients with sJIA than in HCs. Furthermore, the tRF-30-FP18LPMBQ4NK levels in patients in the active disease group were substantially higher than those in the inactive disease group. Additionally, the positive and negative predictive values of the selected tRF in the validation cohort reached 100% and 85%, respectively. Our results suggest that tRF-30-FP18LPMBQ4NK can be used as a promising biomarker candidate for sJIA and has the potential to aid in determining disease activity among patients with sJIA.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145710812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yunxing Su,Xiaozhou Fan,Kyohei Onoue,Hamid Vejdani,Kenneth S Breuer
We present experimental and numerical studies aimed at improving models of animal flight at moderate Reynolds numbers ( 20 k $20k$ - 50 k $50k$ ). Quasi-steady aerodynamic force and moment data were collected using a rectangular wing across various angles of attack, α $alpha$ . The drag coefficient, C D ( α ) $C_D(alpha)$ , is well described by a simple trigonometric function, while the lift coefficient, C L ( α ) $C_L(alpha)$ , combines trigonometric and exponential terms-the latter capturing the linear behavior at small α $alpha$ predicted by inviscid theory. We also derive an empirical relation for the center of pressure as a function of α $alpha$ , allowing evaluation of the pitching moment coefficient, C M ( α ) $C_M(alpha)$ , about any axis. These formulas are integrated into a dynamic flapping wing model to simulate forward flight of a pigeon and a bat at different speeds. Compared to prior models, our approach yields better agreement with wingbeat frequency data, particularly at high speeds. The small α $alpha$ angle regime proves especially beneficial, offering higher C L / C D $C_L/C_D$ , which translates to reduced power demands and smaller body pitch variation-key considerations for the design of flapping wing robots.
{"title":"An Improved Aerodynamic Model for Quasi-Steady Simulations of Animal Flight at Moderate Reynolds Numbers.","authors":"Yunxing Su,Xiaozhou Fan,Kyohei Onoue,Hamid Vejdani,Kenneth S Breuer","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70142","url":null,"abstract":"We present experimental and numerical studies aimed at improving models of animal flight at moderate Reynolds numbers ( 20 k $20k$ - 50 k $50k$ ). Quasi-steady aerodynamic force and moment data were collected using a rectangular wing across various angles of attack, α $alpha$ . The drag coefficient, C D ( α ) $C_D(alpha)$ , is well described by a simple trigonometric function, while the lift coefficient, C L ( α ) $C_L(alpha)$ , combines trigonometric and exponential terms-the latter capturing the linear behavior at small α $alpha$ predicted by inviscid theory. We also derive an empirical relation for the center of pressure as a function of α $alpha$ , allowing evaluation of the pitching moment coefficient, C M ( α ) $C_M(alpha)$ , about any axis. These formulas are integrated into a dynamic flapping wing model to simulate forward flight of a pigeon and a bat at different speeds. Compared to prior models, our approach yields better agreement with wingbeat frequency data, particularly at high speeds. The small α $alpha$ angle regime proves especially beneficial, offering higher C L / C D $C_L/C_D$ , which translates to reduced power demands and smaller body pitch variation-key considerations for the design of flapping wing robots.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145710810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inconsistent reporting can bias suicidality research findings. This study focused on an overlooked pattern-endorsing suicide plans while denying suicidal ideation-and estimated its impact on suicidality prevalence in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Publicly available Youth Risk Behavior Survey data from 1993 to 2023 (n = 242,403) were analyzed. Four suicidality indicators were examined: active suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide attempts, and post-attempt medical treatment. Statistical analyses included proportion tests and Cohen's h. Overall, 3.1% of respondents reported suicide plans while denying suicidal ideation. Screening out inconsistent reporters systematically impacted the prevalence of suicide plans. By contrast, the prevalence of active suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and post-attempt medical treatment was only marginally affected. Decisions to include or exclude participants who endorsed suicide plans while denying suicidal ideation should be explicitly justified. Findings underscore the importance of addressing inconsistent reporting and suggest that the suicide plan item may require wording revision to enhance its validity.
{"title":"Inconsistent Reporting and Suicidality Prevalence: A 30-Year Analysis of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (1993-2023).","authors":"Romain Brisson","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70157","url":null,"abstract":"Inconsistent reporting can bias suicidality research findings. This study focused on an overlooked pattern-endorsing suicide plans while denying suicidal ideation-and estimated its impact on suicidality prevalence in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Publicly available Youth Risk Behavior Survey data from 1993 to 2023 (n = 242,403) were analyzed. Four suicidality indicators were examined: active suicidal ideation, suicide plans, suicide attempts, and post-attempt medical treatment. Statistical analyses included proportion tests and Cohen's h. Overall, 3.1% of respondents reported suicide plans while denying suicidal ideation. Screening out inconsistent reporters systematically impacted the prevalence of suicide plans. By contrast, the prevalence of active suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and post-attempt medical treatment was only marginally affected. Decisions to include or exclude participants who endorsed suicide plans while denying suicidal ideation should be explicitly justified. Findings underscore the importance of addressing inconsistent reporting and suggest that the suicide plan item may require wording revision to enhance its validity.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145696702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Learning to successfully participate in social interactions is a monumental task for infants, whose perceptual systems are immature and communicative signals complex and hard to parse. To support their infants, caregivers naturally modify their communicative behaviors to be more repetitive, redundant, and rhythmic, thus engaging infants’ perceptual biases. In this paper, we present the InCHORRRuS framework: which considers the role of rhythm in organizing caregivers’ communicative behaviors across modalities to scaffold communication and dyadic coordination in early social interactions. We argue rhythm's role in infant‐directed (ID) communication is particularly highlighted in ID singing, in which metrically structured beat‐based rhythms make the multimodal redundancy and repetition in ID communication also temporally predictable, thus “supercharging” the cues’ communicative value. Additionally, the repetition in songs, across verses and over time, offers caregivers a natural way of leveraging predictability and familiarity at the local level and at longer interactional timescales alike, increasing the impact of the enriched communicative signal. We review the current literature on timing and rhythm, redundancy, and repetition in ID signals; discuss the evidence on the confluence of redundancy and repetition in rhythmic contexts; and consider open questions and future directions our framework inspires.
{"title":"InCHORRRuS: Infant‐Directed Communication Highlights and Organizes Repetition and Redundancy Through Rhythmic Structure","authors":"Camila Alviar, Warren Jones, Miriam Lense","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70147","url":null,"abstract":"Learning to successfully participate in social interactions is a monumental task for infants, whose perceptual systems are immature and communicative signals complex and hard to parse. To support their infants, caregivers naturally modify their communicative behaviors to be more repetitive, redundant, and rhythmic, thus engaging infants’ perceptual biases. In this paper, we present the InCHORRRuS framework: which considers the role of rhythm in organizing caregivers’ communicative behaviors across modalities to scaffold communication and dyadic coordination in early social interactions. We argue rhythm's role in infant‐directed (ID) communication is particularly highlighted in ID singing, in which metrically structured beat‐based rhythms make the multimodal redundancy and repetition in ID communication also temporally predictable, thus “supercharging” the cues’ communicative value. Additionally, the repetition in songs, across verses and over time, offers caregivers a natural way of leveraging predictability and familiarity at the local level and at longer interactional timescales alike, increasing the impact of the enriched communicative signal. We review the current literature on timing and rhythm, redundancy, and repetition in ID signals; discuss the evidence on the confluence of redundancy and repetition in rhythmic contexts; and consider open questions and future directions our framework inspires.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lin Ma, Jing Chen, Qiyuan An, Xinggang Hou, Yidan Qiao, Jiahui Wu, Qiuyuan Zhu, Yizhou Li, Yuan Feng, Dengkai Chen
Immersive virtual nature (IVN) is an effective strategy for mitigating anxiety and stress associated with prolonged indoor lifestyles. This study evaluated stress recovery differences across various IVN scenes that incorporate different combinations of natural elements. Initial identification of key elements for creating relaxing digital environments was conducted through an online survey. Subsequently, a between‐subjects experiment involving six distinct scenario configurations was implemented with a participant pool of 61 individuals. Following stress induction, recovery was assessed, measuring physiological indices such as heart rate, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), skin conductance level (SCL), and the electroencephalography alpha/beta power ratio. Psychological responses were evaluated using the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory–State form and Subjective Coordinate Scale. The results indicated that IVN scenes featuring both water and plants significantly improved RMSSD and SCL recovery compared to scenarios devoid of any elements. Each element uniquely influenced the alpha/beta ratio, with notable variations in recovery rates across different scenarios. Participants reported enhanced emotional relaxation following exposure to IVN settings. This study substantiates the differential restorative effects of various element combinations and underscores the pivotal roles of water, plants, sunlight, and color–material–finish in the optimized design and development of digital nature scenes.
{"title":"Immersive Virtual Nature Environments for Stress Reduction: A Between‐Subjects Experimental Study","authors":"Lin Ma, Jing Chen, Qiyuan An, Xinggang Hou, Yidan Qiao, Jiahui Wu, Qiuyuan Zhu, Yizhou Li, Yuan Feng, Dengkai Chen","doi":"10.1111/nyas.70145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.70145","url":null,"abstract":"Immersive virtual nature (IVN) is an effective strategy for mitigating anxiety and stress associated with prolonged indoor lifestyles. This study evaluated stress recovery differences across various IVN scenes that incorporate different combinations of natural elements. Initial identification of key elements for creating relaxing digital environments was conducted through an online survey. Subsequently, a between‐subjects experiment involving six distinct scenario configurations was implemented with a participant pool of 61 individuals. Following stress induction, recovery was assessed, measuring physiological indices such as heart rate, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), skin conductance level (SCL), and the electroencephalography alpha/beta power ratio. Psychological responses were evaluated using the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory–State form and Subjective Coordinate Scale. The results indicated that IVN scenes featuring both water and plants significantly improved RMSSD and SCL recovery compared to scenarios devoid of any elements. Each element uniquely influenced the alpha/beta ratio, with notable variations in recovery rates across different scenarios. Participants reported enhanced emotional relaxation following exposure to IVN settings. This study substantiates the differential restorative effects of various element combinations and underscores the pivotal roles of water, plants, sunlight, and color–material–finish in the optimized design and development of digital nature scenes.","PeriodicalId":8250,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yun Zhou, Qingxiao Hong, Wenjin Xu, Shanshan Chen, Han Du, Xiaohu Xie, Miaojun Lai, Weisheng Chen, Wenhua Zhou, Zizhen Si, Huifen Liu
Methamphetamine addiction is a chronic disorder characterized by compulsive drug‐seeking and high relapse rates, driven by dopamine‐mediated neuroadaptations in reward circuits that induce persistent behavioral and synaptic changes that endure despite abstinence, making treatment challenging. In this study, we demonstrated significant downregulation of the tRNA‐derived small RNA (tsRNA) tRF‐M2 (tRF‐1:32‐Gly‐GCC‐2‐M2) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats exposed to methamphetamine self‐administration (METH SA). Through bioinformatic prediction and experimental validation via dual‐luciferase reporter assays, we identified that dopamine receptor D2 ( Drd2 ) mRNA is a direct molecular target of tRF‐M2. We found that NAc‐specific tRF‐M2 delivery attenuated reinstatement behaviors in METH SA rats, potentially mediated through downstream Akt‐Gsk3β signaling cascade and the transcriptional regulator CREB. The antireinstatement effect mirrored the behavioral outcomes observed following Drd2 knockdown in the NAc, which similarly showed concomitant changes in phosphorylated Akt (p‐Akt) and Gsk3β (p‐Gsk3β). These findings show that tRF‐M2 regulates Drd2 expression via Akt‐Gsk3β‐CREB signaling, thereby inhibiting drug‐seeking behavior in addiction models. These results provide valuable mechanistic insights into neuroepigenetic regulation of psychostimulant addiction and identify promising candidates for therapeutic intervention against methamphetamine relapse.
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