Applied Ocean Research最新文献_第2页

Experimental investigation on the sloshing dynamics of first- and super-harmonic resonances in a rectangular tank with and without a vertical baffle 带垂直障板和不带垂直障板的矩形水槽中首谐波和超谐波共振的荡涤动力学实验研究

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104315

Yiran Li , Dongxi Liu , Jin Wang

The sloshing dynamics of the first- and super-harmonic resonances in clean and baffled tanks were experimentally investigated within a wide excitation frequency range. The first-harmonic resonance (i.e., primary resonance) was generated on the liquid surface when the excitation frequency approached the natural frequency in the sloshing system. The installation of the vertical baffle effectively suppressed the violent sloshing at the excitation frequency near the lowest natural frequency. However, the vertical baffle negligibly suppressed the sloshing at higher frequencies. Additionally, the vertical baffle installation locations influenced the natural frequency of the system. In addition to the first-harmonic resonance, the super-harmonic resonance (i.e., secondary resonance) was excited, even when the excitation frequency was far from the natural frequency of the system. Furthermore, the effect of liquid viscosity on the sloshing dynamics of first- and super-harmonic resonances is investigated. It demonstrates that the liquid viscosity has a significant suppression effect on the resonant sloshing at the lowest and the higher modes. Due to the reduction of the nonlinearity, the super-harmonic resonance become difficult to be excited.

实验研究了在较宽的激励频率范围内，洁净水箱和障板水箱中的首谐波共振和超谐波共振的滑动动力学。当激励频率接近荡流系统的固有频率时，液面上会产生首谐波共振（即主共振）。垂直障板的安装有效抑制了激振频率接近最低固有频率时的剧烈荡动。然而，垂直障板对较高频率荡流的抑制作用可以忽略不计。此外，垂直障板的安装位置也会影响系统的固有频率。除了第一谐波共振外，超谐波共振（即次级共振）也被激发，即使激励频率与系统的固有频率相差甚远。此外，还研究了液体粘度对一次谐振和超谐振荡动力的影响。结果表明，液体粘度对最低和较高模态的共振荡动有显著的抑制作用。由于非线性降低，超谐波共振变得难以激发。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization of the solidity of knotted single-twine diamond mesh netting 打结单线菱形网的坚固性表征

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104295

Francisco Bottero, Manuel González

Solidity is an essential parameter of netting in fishing and aquaculture applications, since it is used to derive and apply empirical formulae of drag and lift coefficients. This work derives an analytical formula for calculating the solidity of knotted polyethylene single-twine diamond mesh netting, a very common netting in the fishing industry. It also introduces the concept of line-of-sight solidity at a given angle of attack, as opposed to traditional normal solidity, which could help better explain the hydrodynamic behavior of this kind of netting under different conditions. Based on a detailed 3D geometric model of the netting, an analytical expression for the line-of-sight solidity is also derived, as a function of twine diameter, mesh length, mesh opening, orientation (T0 or T90) and angle of attack of the netting. The analytical expression for solidity was validated with experimental measurements from digital images of netting at different configurations, showing excellent agreement across the entire range of parameters. It was investigated how different netting parameters influence the solidity, which increases non-linearly as the angle of attack decreases. It was found that the normalized solidity, the ratio between line-of-sight solidity and normal solidity, does not depend the twine diameter or mesh length, except in some particular cases. In general, the line-of-sight solidity begins to be greater than the normal solidity for angles of attack less than approximately 65°, although this depends on the orientation and mesh opening of the netting.

坚实度是捕鱼和水产养殖应用中网具的一个基本参数，因为它用于推导和应用阻力和升力系数的经验公式。这项研究推导出了一个分析公式，用于计算打结聚乙烯单线菱形网（捕鱼业中一种非常常见的网具）的稳固性。它还引入了在给定攻角下的视线稳固性概念，而不是传统的法线稳固性，这有助于更好地解释这种网具在不同条件下的流体力学行为。根据网具的详细三维几何模型，还推导出了视线稳固性的分析表达式，它是麻绳直径、网孔长度、网孔开度、网具方向（T0 或 T90）和攻角的函数。固结度的分析表达式与不同配置下网具数字图像的实验测量结果进行了验证，结果表明在整个参数范围内都非常吻合。研究还探讨了不同的网布参数对稳固性的影响，稳固性随着攻角的减小而非线性增加。研究发现，归一化稳固性，即视线稳固性和正常稳固性之间的比率，与麻绳直径或网眼长度无关，某些特殊情况除外。一般来说，在攻角小于约 65° 时，视线稳固性开始大于正常稳固性，尽管这取决于网的方向和网眼开度。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study on face stability of shield tunnel in water-rich inclined composite strata considering different inclination angles 考虑不同倾角的富水倾斜复合地层盾构隧道工作面稳定性试验研究

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104323

Xiaopu Cui , Pengfei Li , Zhaoguo Ge , Shaohua Li , Yang Chen

Shield method has developed rapidly in the construction of underground or subsea tunnels. The stability of the tunnel excavation face is essential for the safe construction of tunnels, particularly in water-rich and inclined strata. The present study conducted shield model tests in water-rich inclined strata to analyze the surface settlement, ground earth pressure, areas of instability, and failure mechanism during the process of instability. The results indicate a decrease in settlement of the longitudinal monitoring points as the backward distance from the tunnel boundary line increases. Additionally, the settlement analysis of transverse monitoring sections reveals that the most significant settlement occurs directly above the tunnel. When equidistant from the tunnel excavation face, the surface settlement exhibits a significantly greater magnitude in front of it compared to behind it. The extent of influence is maximized when the inclination angle is negative, regardless of whether it pertains to the collapse in width or height on the surface. The application of DIC image analysis reveals that distinct failure mechanisms are observed for varying stratum inclination angles. The shear strain concentration becomes more pronounced with an increase in the backward distance, resulting in predominant distribution of shear bands in front of and above the tunnel. Compared to water-rich horizontal stratification or homogeneous soil layers, there are distinct variations in surface collapse magnitude, stratum disturbance range, and the instability mechanism of stratum instability in water-rich inclined strata. Therefore, when confronted with engineering projects involving inclined strata, it is imperative to consider the influence of geological factors.

盾构法在地下或海底隧道施工中发展迅速。隧道开挖面的稳定性对隧道的安全施工至关重要，尤其是在富水地层和倾斜地层中。本研究在富水倾斜地层中进行了盾构模型试验，分析了地表沉降、地面土压力、失稳区域以及失稳过程中的破坏机制。结果表明，随着隧道边界线向后距离的增加，纵向监测点的沉降量减少。此外，横向监测断面的沉降分析表明，最显著的沉降发生在隧道正上方。当与隧道开挖面距离相等时，隧道前方的地表沉降量明显大于隧道后方。当倾斜角为负值时，无论地表塌陷的宽度还是高度，影响程度都最大。DIC 图像分析的应用表明，在不同的地层倾角下会观察到不同的破坏机制。随着向后距离的增加，剪切应变集中变得更加明显，导致剪切带主要分布在隧道前方和上方。与富水水平分层或均质土层相比，富水倾斜地层的地表塌陷程度、地层扰动范围和地层失稳机理都存在明显差异。因此，在面对涉及倾斜地层的工程项目时，必须考虑地质因素的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Underwater experimental study on breaking characteristics of deep-sea seafloor massive sulfide 深海海底块状硫化物破碎特性的水下实验研究

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104311

Bei Zhang , Haining Lu , Jianmin Yang , Zhongqin Lin , Shihang Liu

Research on cutting seafloor massive sulfide is in its initial stages; however, the breaking characteristics are unclear. In addition, the influence of water was not considered in the experimental research, and the reliability of the experimental results was low. Therefore, this study conducted experimental research on underwater cutting characteristics based on a high-fidelity simulation material. The mean and maximum cutting forces increased linearly with the cutting depth. The load of cutting high compressive strength (HUCS) rocks is 2.78 times that of cutting low compressive strength (LUCS) rocks. With an increase in the cutting depth, the percentage of powdered rock decreased, the percentage of blocks increased, and the overall chip size increased. The overall chip size obtained by cutting the HUCS rock was larger than that obtained by cutting the LUCS rock. As the cutting depth increases, the cutting-specific energy consumption decreases. Cutting HUCS rock consumes more energy than cutting LUCS rock. In summary, the cutting depth of HUCS and LUCS rocks should be recommended to be 16mm. This research is of guiding significance for the optimisation of the mining head structure and mining engineering practice.

有关切割海底块状硫化物的研究正处于起步阶段，但其破碎特性尚不明确。此外，实验研究未考虑水的影响，实验结果的可靠性较低。因此，本研究以高保真模拟材料为基础，对水下切割特性进行了实验研究。平均切削力和最大切削力随切削深度呈线性增长。切割高抗压强度（HUCS）岩石的负荷是切割低抗压强度（LUCS）岩石的 2.78 倍。随着切割深度的增加，粉末状岩石的比例减少，块状岩石的比例增加，整体切屑尺寸增大。切割高抗压强度（HUCS）岩石得到的总体切屑尺寸大于切割低抗压强度（LUCS）岩石得到的总体切屑尺寸。随着切割深度的增加，切割能耗也在降低。切割 HUCS 岩石比切割 LUCS 岩石消耗更多能量。综上所述，建议 HUCS 和 LUCS 岩石的切割深度为 16 毫米。这项研究对优化采矿头结构和采矿工程实践具有指导意义。

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引用次数: 0

Acoustic emission signals characterization and damage source localization in composite heterogeneous panels 复合异质板中的声发射信号特征和损伤源定位

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104308

Zhimin Zhao , Nian-Zhong Chen

Geometry and materials of wind turbine blades are becoming more and more complex, leading to great challenges in the structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades. In particular, a large number of composite heterogeneous structures are used in wind turbine blades. In this paper, a novel acoustic emission (AE) based method is proposed for structural damage localization in such composite heterogeneous panels. Firstly, the attenuation and frequency propagation characteristics of AE signals are systematically investigated. Subsequently, AE signals undergo a transformation into graph-structured data utilizing graph theory and wavelet coefficients to extract intricate signal features. Then, a graph convolutional network (GCN)-based method is proposed to learn the features of the constructed graphs and to predict the coordinates of AE sources. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by pencil lead break (PLB) experiments conducted on a composite heterogeneous panel. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately locate the position of AE sources and it outperforms traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) approaches.

风力涡轮机叶片的几何形状和材料越来越复杂，给风力涡轮机叶片的结构健康监测带来了巨大挑战。特别是，风力涡轮机叶片中使用了大量复合异质结构。本文提出了一种基于声发射（AE）的新型方法，用于此类复合异质板的结构损伤定位。首先，系统地研究了声发射信号的衰减和频率传播特性。随后，利用图论和小波系数将 AE 信号转换为图结构数据，以提取复杂的信号特征。然后，提出一种基于图卷积网络（GCN）的方法来学习所构建图的特征，并预测 AE 信号源的坐标。在复合异质面板上进行的铅笔芯断裂（PLB）实验验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明，所提出的方法可以准确定位 AE 源的位置，其性能优于传统的卷积神经网络 (CNN) 方法。

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引用次数: 0

A review of pressure loss characteristics during water waves passaging through perforated plates 水波通过穿孔板时的压力损失特性综述

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104300

Ai-jun Li, Yong Liu, Hua-jun Li

When water waves pass through a perforated thin plate (wall), the wave energy will be partially dissipated and the phase of wave motion is also shifted. In the potential flow analysis, an appropriate boundary condition needs to be imposed on the perforated plate to consider the energy dissipation and phase shift. This paper reviews the pressure loss conditions on perforated plates used in the potential flow analysis, i.e., the relationships between the pressure difference on both sides of the plate and the normal fluid velocity across the plate. These conditions include two kinds of linear boundary conditions based on Darcy law and porous medium theory, respectively, and two kinds of quadratic boundary conditions based on the viewpoints of Mei et al. (1974) and Molin (1992), respectively. Several methods for estimating the control parameters (such as porous effect parameter, linearized resistance coefficient, discharge coefficient, and blockage coefficient) in the pressure loss conditions are also reviewed. The internal relations between two linear conditions, between two nonlinear conditions, and between linear and nonlinear conditions are expounded. Then, water wave interaction with a perforated caisson breakwater is considered to show the application of different pressure loss conditions on perforated plates. Finally, the possible research orientation of the pressure loss conditions and their control parameters are prospected.

当水波通过穿孔薄板（壁）时，波能将被部分耗散，波浪运动的相位也会发生偏移。在势流分析中，需要对穿孔板施加适当的边界条件，以考虑能量耗散和相位偏移。本文回顾了势流分析中使用的穿孔板压力损失条件，即穿孔板两侧的压力差与穿过穿孔板的法向流体速度之间的关系。这些条件包括分别基于达西定律和多孔介质理论的两种线性边界条件，以及分别基于 Mei 等人（1974 年）和 Molin（1992 年）观点的两种二次边界条件。此外，还综述了估算压力损失条件中控制参数（如多孔效应参数、线性化阻力系数、排流系数和堵塞系数）的几种方法。还阐述了两个线性条件之间、两个非线性条件之间以及线性和非线性条件之间的内部关系。然后，考虑了水波与穿孔沉箱防波堤的相互作用，以说明不同压力损失条件在穿孔板上的应用。最后，探讨了压力损失条件及其控制参数的可能研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Bubble plume dispersion from underwater gas leakage: An experimental and dimensionless modelling study 水下气体泄漏产生的气泡羽流扩散：实验和无量纲模型研究

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104305

Qingyuan Wang , Long Ding , Zhenming Xue , Tao Chen , Xuhai Pan , Michael Short

The large-scale bubble plume and intense fountain effect induced by accidental subsea gas releases pose significant safety and environmental risks. This paper aims to experimentally investigate the effects of different leakage conditions on bubble plume dispersion dynamics and quantitatively study the fountain effect, with a focus on the maximum fountain height modelling and prediction. Typical underwater bubble plume dispersion and surface flow evolution were analysed, revealing their related dynamic features. It was found that there was a transition from bubble flow to jet flow with a decrease in nozzle diameter and an increase in leakage pressure in the establishment zone. Both leakage pressure and nozzle diameter could positively strengthen the connection between the frontal bubble cluster and the plume body to prevent rupture. Two surface flow modes dominated by buoyancy force and momentum drive were proposed, and the effects of different leakage conditions on the bubble plume's characteristic parameters, like rising time, steady propagation velocity, maximum plume diameter, open angle and fountain height were discussed. Finally, the correlation between the dimensionless maximum fountain height and

E u

,

F r

,

u_{s} t_{r} / d

was established by dimensionless and multiple regression analysis. This predictive model exhibits strong generalisation ability that can provide support for potential risk assessment and quantification of underwater gas leakage accidents.

海底气体意外泄漏引发的大规模气泡羽流和强烈的喷泉效应具有重大的安全和环境风险。本文旨在通过实验研究不同泄漏条件对气泡羽流扩散动力学的影响，并对喷泉效应进行定量研究，重点是最大喷泉高度的建模和预测。分析了典型的水下气泡羽流弥散和表面流动演变，揭示了其相关的动态特征。研究发现，随着喷嘴直径的减小和建立区泄漏压力的增加，气泡流向喷射流过渡。泄漏压力和喷嘴直径都能从正面加强正面气泡团与羽流体之间的连接，防止破裂。提出了以浮力和动量驱动为主的两种表面流动模式，并讨论了不同泄漏条件对气泡羽流特征参数的影响，如上升时间、稳定传播速度、最大羽流直径、开口角和喷泉高度等。最后，通过无量纲和多元回归分析，确定了无量纲最大喷泉高度与 Eu、Fr、ustr/d 之间的相关性。该预测模型具有很强的概括能力，可为水下气体泄漏事故的潜在风险评估和量化提供支持。

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引用次数: 0

Real-time hybrid model tank testing for aero-hydro-servo-elastic assessment of a monopile offshore wind turbine 用于单桩海上风力涡轮机气液伺服弹性评估的实时混合模型槽测试

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104304

Jie Fu , Xu Han , Wei Shi , Madjid Karimirad , Xin Li

Physical model-scale testing could assist in identifying important coupling effects and validating numerical simulations. However, the requirement regarding the dynamic similarity for the offshore wind turbine model is difficult to meet due to the scaling effects. To address this challenge, a testing method is proposed, using a linear actuator to reproduce the required aerodynamic force for the real-time hybrid model test. The magnitudes of the applied force were simulated using a numerical substructure developed based on the aerodynamic coupling analysis. This paper designed the physical substructure of offshore wind turbines, selected the "Hardware in the Loop" method, and conducted relevant experiments in a wave tank. The turbulent wind and pitch control were reproduced during the testing process. The experimental data and simulation results were compared and analyzed. The maximum error of the average values of different physical quantities (Rotor thrust force, Tower top displacement) measured was 5.51 %, while the maximum error in the standard values was −10.59 %. The data indicate good consistency between the experimental and simulation results. From the analysis of power spectral density (PSD) results of different physical quantities, it was found that turbulent wind provides significant excitation and energy in the frequency range below wave excitation. The frequency of turbulent wind loads hides the low-frequency second-order wave forces, indicating the necessity of reproducing turbulent winds in experiments. The real-time hybrid model test method can accurately reproduce the turbulent wind load, achieve the combined action of random wind and waves, and improve the model testing level of existing monopile offshore wind turbines.

物理模型尺度测试有助于确定重要的耦合效应和验证数值模拟。然而，由于缩放效应，海上风力涡轮机模型的动态相似性要求很难满足。为了应对这一挑战，我们提出了一种测试方法，使用线性致动器再现实时混合模型测试所需的空气动力。使用基于空气动力耦合分析开发的数值子结构对施加力的大小进行了模拟。本文设计了海上风力涡轮机的物理子结构，选择了 "硬件在环 "方法，并在波浪槽中进行了相关实验。试验过程中再现了湍流风和变桨控制。对实验数据和模拟结果进行了对比和分析。不同物理量（转子推力、塔顶位移）测量平均值的最大误差为 5.51%，而标准值的最大误差为 -10.59%。这些数据表明实验结果与模拟结果之间具有良好的一致性。通过分析不同物理量的功率谱密度 (PSD) 结果发现，湍流风在低于波浪激励的频率范围内提供了显著的激励和能量。湍流风载荷的频率掩盖了低频二阶波力，这表明在实验中再现湍流风的必要性。实时混合模型试验方法可精确再现湍流风载荷，实现随机风和波浪的联合作用，提高现有单桩海上风电机组的模型试验水平。

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引用次数: 0

Validation of OpenFOAM with respect to the elementary processes involved in the generation of waves by subaerial landslides 验证 OpenFOAM 与陆下滑坡产生波浪相关的基本过程

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104296

Amir H. Parvin , Stéphane Abadie , Kamal El Omari , Yves Le Guer

This study presents a validation of the OpenFOAM multiphase solver (i.e., multiphaseInterFoam) with respect to the elementary processes involved in the simulation of waves generated by high mobility subaerial landslide with a specific focus on the computation of energy terms. These processes include slide flow over a slope, impulse wave generation, wave dispersion, wave propagation and breaking. The simulations are conducted in 2D. The results allow to determine the minimum number of cells and the appropriate model tuning to reach acceptable accuracy while maintaining the computation time in a reasonable limit. To respect energy conservation, the choice of the turbulence model appears critical. Only, with a turbulence including a buoyancy term in the equations to account for the multiphase flow, and optimized initial values of the turbulence model parameters, could be the energy components of the flow accurately calculated. This study highlights the complexity of the phenomenon and the care with which, simulations should be conducted for the accurate computation of the energy transfers in the context of subaerial landslides.

本研究介绍了 OpenFOAM 多相求解器（即 multiphaseInterFoam）在模拟高流动性亚高空滑坡产生的波浪时所涉及的基本过程的验证，特别侧重于能量项的计算。这些过程包括斜坡上的滑流、脉冲波的产生、波的扩散、波的传播和破碎。模拟以二维形式进行。模拟结果有助于确定最小单元数和适当的模型调整，以达到可接受的精度，同时将计算时间保持在合理范围内。为了尊重能量守恒，湍流模型的选择显得至关重要。只有在湍流方程中加入浮力项以考虑多相流，并优化湍流模型参数的初始值，才能准确计算出流动的能量成分。这项研究凸显了这一现象的复杂性，以及为准确计算亚高山滑坡的能量传递而进行模拟时的谨慎性。

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引用次数: 0

Signal separation and continuous missing value imputation of strain gauge in the icebreaker sensor system 破冰船传感器系统中应变仪的信号分离和连续缺失值估算

IF 4.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2024.104290

Hyo Beom Heo , Eun-Jin Oh , Seung Hwan Park

Korea's first icebreaking research vessel, ARAON, has been conducting icebreaking performance tests in polar waters since 2010. These tests collect data to calculate design factors for the structural safety and load optimization of icebreakers. However, due to ARAON's operation in extreme environments, missing values frequently occur in the collected data, leading to unreliable results. This study focuses on imputing missing values from the three-axis strain gauges among various sensors attached to ARAON. Strain gauges, located on the hull plate where collisions with ice occur for local ice load estimation, experience a high frequency of missing values. Imputing missing values from strain gauges presents two major challenges. The first challenge is handling the composite signal. Strain data is a mixture of response signals caused by various external factors, such as hull-ice collisions and engine noise, making it difficult to impute missing values using raw data alone. The second challenge is with continuous missing data. There are still limitations to imputing continuous missing data, which is commonly encountered in real-world scenarios. To address these challenges, locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) regression and Tukey's fences method are used to separate the strain data according to strain components. Subsequently, the within and inter-sensor relationship-based linear regression (WIRLI) is proposed to have good imputation performance even for continuous missing data. The results demonstrate that the WIRLI performs robust imputation even when the missing rate changes. Hence, this model can be applied to impute the missing values in icebreaking performance tests where various missing scenarios occur.

韩国首艘破冰研究船 ARAON 号自 2010 年以来一直在极地水域进行破冰性能测试。这些测试收集的数据用于计算破冰船结构安全和载荷优化的设计系数。然而，由于 ARAON 在极端环境中运行，收集的数据中经常出现缺失值，导致结果不可靠。本研究的重点是对 ARAON 上各种传感器中的三轴应变片的缺失值进行归类。应变片位于船壳板上，在此发生与冰的碰撞以估算局部冰载荷，其缺失值出现的频率很高。对应变片的缺失值进行推算面临两大挑战。第一个挑战是处理复合信号。应变数据是由各种外部因素（如冰船碰撞和发动机噪音）引起的响应信号的混合物，因此很难单独使用原始数据来估算缺失值。第二个挑战是连续缺失数据。归因连续缺失数据仍然存在局限性，而这在现实世界中是经常遇到的。为了应对这些挑战，我们采用了局部加权散点图平滑（LOWESS）回归和 Tukey 栅栏法，根据应变成分分离应变数据。随后，提出了基于传感器内和传感器间关系的线性回归（WIRLI），即使对于连续缺失数据也具有良好的估算性能。结果表明，即使缺失率发生变化，WIRLI 也能进行稳健的估算。因此，该模型可用于发生各种缺失情况的破冰性能测试中的缺失值估算。

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引用次数: 0