Applied Ocean Research最新文献_第6页

A multi-layer functionally graded cylindrical shell model with imperfect interfaces and its application to subsea pipeline engineering 具有非完美界面的多层功能梯度圆柱壳模型及其在海底管道工程中的应用

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104838

B.B. Dong , R.Q. Xu , J.Q. Jiang

The widespread use of multilayer cylindrical shell structures in engineering has created a demand for theoretical models and analytical solutions that are applicable under various working conditions. In this study, the classical two-dimensional plane elasticity theory for multilayer media is extended to an axisymmetric cylindrical shell configuration, incorporating imperfect interfaces represented by distributed tangential and radial springs. The formulation incorporates layer-wise material properties and interfacial stiffness, allowing for the analysis of both homogeneous and functionally graded materials. The solution is obtained by applying boundary and interlayer continuity conditions, combined with Fourier series expansion in the circumferential and radial directions to accommodate arbitrary loading patterns. The effects of different material gradation functions and interface stiffness values on the stress distribution are investigated in detail. The model is particularly suited for analyzing infinitely long cylindrical shells, such as those used in subsea multilayer pipeline systems. Numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the model in handling plane elasticity problems for both isotropic and graded structures. The choice of material distribution function influences not only the extrema but also the shape of the stress profiles. It is found that when the interface stiffness exceeds

2 \times 10^{8} MPa / m

, the interface can be treated as perfectly bonded. Conversely, imperfect bonding alters the stress distribution trends and increases stress concentrations within layers. In underwater pipeline configurations, stress increases from the inner to outer layers, with radial stresses remaining continuous and circumferential stresses exhibiting discontinuities at the interfaces. Significant stress variations are observed across interlayer boundaries.

多层圆柱壳结构在工程中的广泛应用，产生了对适用于各种工况的理论模型和解析解的需求。在本研究中，将多层介质的经典二维平面弹性理论扩展到轴对称圆柱壳结构，其中包含以分布的切向和径向弹簧为代表的不完美界面。该配方结合了分层材料特性和界面刚度，允许对均质和功能梯度材料进行分析。采用边界和层间连续条件，结合在周向和径向的傅里叶级数展开，以适应任意加载模式。详细研究了不同材料级配函数和界面刚度值对应力分布的影响。该模型特别适用于分析无限长圆柱壳，例如用于海底多层管道系统的圆柱壳。数值结果证明了该模型在处理各向同性和梯度结构平面弹性问题时的准确性和适用性。材料分布函数的选择不仅影响极值，而且影响应力剖面的形状。当界面刚度为exceeds2×108MPa/m时，界面可视为完美粘结。相反，不完美的结合改变了应力分布趋势，增加了层内的应力集中。在水下管道结构中，应力从内层向外层增加，径向应力保持连续，而周向应力在界面处表现为不连续。在层间边界上观察到显著的应力变化。

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引用次数: 0

Viscosity and nonlinear resonant heave response of a semi–submersible floating wind energy platform 半潜式浮式风能平台的黏度与非线性共振升沉响应

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104830

Lulu Liu , Ian A. Milne , Hugh A. Wolgamot , Wenhua Zhao , Raúl Guanche

Floating offshore wind energy represents a promising frontier in marine renewable energy, enabling deployment in deeper waters. Among the various solutions for floating wind energy, semi-submersible platforms have emerged as the most viable option. The success of this technology depends on their hydrodynamic performance. Current engineering practice for design and operability assessment has primarily focused on short wave excitation, with less attention to long-period waves. Swells carry energy near the natural periods of these structures and are more likely to induce resonant responses in heave, in which scenario the prediction is challenging and less understood. This may lead to over-conservative designs and thus unnecessarily high cost. To address this gap, this study examines resonant responses driven by long-period waves through linear processes. In resonance, viscous effects play a critical role, e.g., in determining response amplitudes. However, estimating viscous effects is challenging as a result of their underlying complex physics and nonlinearity. To better understand the viscous effects and their impact on floating wind turbines, a series of scaled model tests was analysed for a 10-MW floating wind energy platform. To facilitate the interpretation of the experimental results, inviscid flow calculations were also performed. The results indicate that viscous damping is positively correlated with the Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) number that characterizes the relative velocity between the floating system and the surrounding water particles. A striking observation is that viscosity can significantly alter the added mass, which is key to the estimation of the natural frequency of the floating system.

浮动海上风能代表了海洋可再生能源的一个有前途的前沿，可以在更深的水域部署。在浮式风能的各种解决方案中，半潜式平台已成为最可行的选择。这项技术的成功取决于它们的水动力性能。目前的工程设计和可操作性评估主要集中在短波激励上，而对长周期波的关注较少。在这些结构的自然周期附近，涌浪携带能量，更有可能引起起伏时的共振反应，在这种情况下，预测是具有挑战性的，而且人们对其了解较少。这可能会导致过度保守的设计，从而导致不必要的高成本。为了解决这一差距，本研究通过线性过程考察了长周期波驱动的共振响应。在共振中，粘性效应起着关键作用，例如，在确定响应振幅方面。然而，由于其潜在的复杂物理和非线性，估计粘性效应是具有挑战性的。为了更好地了解粘性效应及其对浮式风力发电机组的影响，对一个10兆瓦的浮式风力发电平台进行了一系列比例模型试验分析。为了便于对实验结果的解释，还进行了无粘流计算。结果表明，粘性阻尼与表征漂浮系统与周围水颗粒之间相对速度的Keulegan-Carpenter （KC）数呈正相关。一个引人注目的观察是，粘度可以显著改变增加的质量，这是估计浮动系统固有频率的关键。

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引用次数: 0

Time-domain parametric models for floating structures: A Loewner-based approach 浮动结构的时域参数模型：一种基于loewner的方法

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104876

Maria Luisa Celesti, Nicolás Faedo

Design, control, and optimisation of offshore floating structures have undergone significant evolution in recent years, driven by cutting-edge technology, including novel marine renewable energy sources and autonomous underwater vehicles. A key cornerstone is the availability of mathematical models capable of providing an accurate (yet computationally tractable) prediction of their behaviour, under different ocean conditions. The most widely adopted approach for capturing fluid–structure interactions is based on linear potential flow theory, where the system’s hydrodynamic behaviour is described through a finite set of frequency-dependent linear coefficients. A well-known limitation of this frequency-domain approach is its inherently non-parametric nature: if not parameterised accordingly, effective time-domain simulation necessitates the numerical solution of a convolution operator, which describes memory effects due to the surrounding fluid, an approach inconvenient for both simulation (computational) and control design (representational compatibility). Not only is a closed-form expression fundamental, but any candidate parametric model also needs to comply with the physical properties characterising a floating structure, including input/output stability, minimum-phase behaviour, and passivity. This paper presents a novel approach to producing physically consistent parametric structures for time-domain modelling of floating systems, utilising a Loewner-based method. The models, capable of providing approximate interpolation of raw frequency-domain data computed with off-the-shelf hydrodynamic solvers, accurately capture the complex behaviour of multi-mode and multi-body offshore structures, while respecting the dynamical properties associated with the system’s physics. The technique is illustrated in detail, using four different offshore structures from various fields of ocean engineering, highlighting the benefits of the proposed time-domain modelling framework.

近年来，在新型海洋可再生能源和自主水下航行器等尖端技术的推动下，海上浮动结构的设计、控制和优化发生了重大变化。一个关键的基石是数学模型的可用性，这些模型能够在不同的海洋条件下对它们的行为提供准确（但在计算上易于处理）的预测。捕获流体-结构相互作用的最广泛采用的方法是基于线性势流理论，其中系统的水动力行为通过一组有限的频率相关线性系数来描述。这种频域方法的一个众所周知的局限性是其固有的非参数性：如果没有相应的参数化，有效的时域模拟需要卷积算子的数值解，它描述了由于周围流体引起的记忆效应，这种方法对模拟（计算）和控制设计（表示兼容性）都不方便。不仅闭式表达式是基本的，而且任何候选参数模型也需要符合浮动结构的物理特性，包括输入/输出稳定性、最小相位行为和无源性。本文提出了一种新的方法来产生物理一致的参数结构的时域建模的浮动系统，利用一个基于loewner的方法。该模型能够提供用现成的流体动力求解器计算的原始频域数据的近似插值，准确捕捉多模式和多体海上结构的复杂行为，同时尊重与系统物理相关的动力学特性。详细说明了该技术，使用了来自海洋工程各个领域的四种不同的海上结构，突出了所提出的时域建模框架的好处。

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引用次数: 0

A reliability-prioritized adaptive real-time MBES data processing method for AUVs in complex environments 复杂环境下auv的可靠性优先自适应实时MBES数据处理方法

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104883

Jinyu Zhou, Toshihiro Maki

With their advanced autonomous navigation capabilities, AUVs are highly effective tools for detecting and analyzing intricate underwater structures. The challenges associated with real-time manual control place significant demands on AUV intelligence, particularly in data processing and environmental understanding. To enhance AUVs’ capacity for thorough exploration and identification of complex underwater structures, this research aims to develop an adaptive approach for processing MBES data. Conventional MBES data processing methods are largely designed for post-processing or real-time processing under predefined conditions. However, these methods are insufficient for addressing the unpredictable and complex scenarios encountered during AUV surveys. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a novel strategy for MBES data processing. At its core is an adaptive algorithm designed to suppress unreliable MBES data, optimized for handling complex 3D targets, combined with a customized approach for target surface reconstruction. The proposed method significantly enhances AUVs’ ability to process MBES data and analyze underwater target surfaces in real time, thereby advancing their capabilities for autonomous exploration.

auv具有先进的自主导航能力，是探测和分析复杂水下结构的高效工具。与实时手动控制相关的挑战对AUV的智能提出了重大要求，特别是在数据处理和环境理解方面。为了提高auv对复杂水下结构进行深入探测和识别的能力，本研究旨在开发一种自适应的MBES数据处理方法。传统的MBES数据处理方法在很大程度上是为了在预定义条件下进行后处理或实时处理而设计的。然而，这些方法不足以解决AUV调查过程中遇到的不可预测和复杂情况。为了克服这些限制，本文提出了一种新的MBES数据处理策略。其核心是一种自适应算法，旨在抑制不可靠的MBES数据，针对处理复杂的3D目标进行了优化，并结合了目标表面重建的定制方法。该方法显著增强了auv处理MBES数据和实时分析水下目标表面的能力，从而提高了auv自主探测能力。

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引用次数: 0

Compression behavior of marine diatomaceous soils: Effect of diatom content and microstructure 海洋硅藻土的压缩特性：硅藻含量和微观结构的影响

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104875

Gang Wang , Xianwei Zhang , Xinyu Liu , Yiqing Xu , Haodong Gao , Lei Yan

The marine diatomaceous deposits are frequently encountered in ocean engineering, including ocean drilling projects, subsea foundations and the marine resource recovery systems. The diatom microfossils significantly affect the physical and mechanical properties of diatomaceous soils, distinguishing them from soils without diatoms. Such properties are directly related to seabed mechanics, and consequently the stability and design of ocean engineering infrastructures. However, how diatoms control the soil compression behaviors and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This paper systematically examines the compression behaviors of diatomaceous soils through compression tests on artificially prepared diatom-kaolin mixtures, quantifying the impact of diatom content and stress levels. Mercury-intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to trace the microstructural evolution of the soils with diatom addition and compressive loading. The results indicate that diatoms significantly contribute to high compressibility of diatomaceous soils. This phenomenon can be explained by microstructural evolution, where alterations in pore characteristics and the breakage of diatom particles play critical roles during compression. Low vertical stress induced minor microstructural changes, compressing both intra- and inter-aggregate pores. Higher vertical stress triggers brittle breakage of diatom’s hollow structure, leading to pronounced rearrangement of soil structure and pore distribution, and consequently elevated compressibility. This work enhances comprehension of the mechanical behaviors of marine diatomaceous soils.

海洋硅藻沉积是海洋工程中经常遇到的问题，包括海洋钻井工程、海底基础和海洋资源回收系统。硅藻微化石显著影响硅藻土的物理力学性质，使硅藻土区别于无硅藻土。这些特性直接关系到海底力学，从而关系到海洋工程基础设施的稳定性和设计。然而，硅藻如何控制土壤压缩行为及其潜在机制仍然知之甚少。本文通过对人工制备的硅藻-高岭土混合物进行压缩试验，系统地考察了硅藻土的压缩行为，量化了硅藻含量和应力水平的影响。采用汞侵入孔隙度法和扫描电镜对添加硅藻和压缩载荷作用下土体的微观结构演化进行了研究。结果表明，硅藻对硅藻土的高压缩性有显著的促进作用。这种现象可以用微观结构演化来解释，其中孔隙特征的改变和硅藻颗粒的破碎在压缩过程中起着关键作用。低垂直应力引起了微小的微观结构变化，压缩了团聚体内部和团聚体之间的孔隙。较高的垂直应力触发硅藻中空结构脆性断裂，导致土壤结构和孔隙分布发生明显的重排，压缩性升高。这项工作提高了对海洋硅藻土力学行为的认识。

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引用次数: 0

A novel machine vision method for fast real-time low-frequency vibration measurement of engineering structures 一种用于工程结构快速实时低频振动测量的新型机器视觉方法

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104869

Yuansheng Cheng , Zhe Tian , Donghong Ning , Atilla Incecik , Zhixiong Li , Lu Liu

Deep learning-based object detectors exhibit strong generalization capabilities and have been widely applied in the field of vibration measurement. However, errors often occur in the generation of candidate boxes during the deep learning processing, leading to a decrease in the measurement accuracy. More importantly, high computational cost and slow inference speed hinder the efficiency of the vision methods in practical applications. To address these issues, this work proposes a new vision method, named as the Fast Real-Time Low-Frequency Vibration Measurement (FRLF-VM), to measure small structural vibration displacements. In this new method, the keypoint localization process is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the deep learning is used to localize the target region; while in the second stage, a new keypoint detection algorithm is developed by combining the data-driven methods to achieve precise localization of the target points. Furthermore, after completing the coarse localization in the first stage, the system automatically cancels the subsequent computations of the candidate boxes, which effectively reduces the computational costs. To further establish a temporal correlation between video frames, an efficient keypoint tracking algorithm is proposed. Lastly, using the binocular vision technology, small structural vibration can be precisely measured. Based on this new method, a prototype (including hardware and software) is designed, manufactured and evaluated. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over existing popular techniques by achieving subpixel-level accuracy. As a result, the FRLF-VM method provides a new solution for real-time vibration measurement.

基于深度学习的目标检测器具有很强的泛化能力，在振动测量领域得到了广泛的应用。然而，在深度学习处理过程中，候选盒的生成往往会出现误差，导致测量精度下降。更重要的是，高计算成本和缓慢的推理速度阻碍了视觉方法在实际应用中的效率。为了解决这些问题，本工作提出了一种新的视觉方法，称为快速实时低频振动测量（FRLF-VM），用于测量小结构振动位移。在该方法中，关键点定位过程分为两个阶段。第一阶段，利用深度学习对目标区域进行定位；在第二阶段，结合数据驱动方法，提出了一种新的关键点检测算法，实现了目标点的精确定位。此外，在完成第一阶段的粗定位后，系统自动取消候选框的后续计算，有效降低了计算成本。为了进一步建立视频帧间的时间相关性，提出了一种高效的关键点跟踪算法。最后，利用双目视觉技术，可以精确测量结构的微小振动。在此基础上，设计、制造和评估了一个样机（包括硬件和软件）。实验结果表明，该方法在亚像素级的精度上优于现有的流行技术。因此，FRLF-VM方法为实时振动测量提供了一种新的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Key differences of swells around China induced by two calculation domains” [Applied Ocean Research, Volume 165, 16 October 2025, 104804] “由两个计算域引起的中国周边涌浪的关键差异”的更正[应用海洋研究，165卷，2025年10月16日，104804]

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104828

Liwei Cao , Aifeng Tao , Jian Zeng , Jianhao Liu , Gang Wang , Jinhai Zheng , Qiuhua Liang

引用次数: 0

Comparative study of single-phase and multi-phase consistent δ＋-SPH models with a boundary shield technique for simulating violent sloshing flows 基于边界屏蔽技术的单相和多相一致δ+-SPH模型模拟强晃动流动的对比研究

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104872

Xiao-Ting Huang , Peng-Nan Sun

Violent sloshing flows under various conditions including wave traveling, entrapped air bubbles/pockets and high-frequency tank motions are investigated through comparative simulations using single-phase and multi-phase consistent

δ^{+}

-SPH models. To enhance numerical robustness in violent sloshing simulations, a boundary shield technique (BST) is proposed to prevent unphysical penetration at solid walls. The consistent

δ^{+}

-SPH results are validated against analytical solutions and experimental data. Numerical results show that the multi-phase consistent

δ^{+}

-SPH simulations accurately capture pressure evolution and complex liquid–gas interface dynamics, particularly in cases involving entrapped air bubbles. For sloshing cases without significant air entrainment, the single-phase model achieves comparable accuracy with much lower computational cost. Moreover, for cases where air bubbles are entrapped but rapidly breaking up, such as the sloshing under high-frequency tank motions, both single-phase and multi-phase simulations provide similar predictions of global sloshing behavior and impact forces on the tank wall. This study clarifies the applicability of both single-phase and multi-phase SPH models, providing practical guidelines for efficient and accurate simulation of violent sloshing in marine and aeronautical engineering applications.

采用单相和多相一致的δ+-SPH模型，研究了不同条件下的剧烈晃动流动，包括波行、气泡/气泡夹持和高频储罐运动。为了提高强晃动模拟的数值鲁棒性，提出了一种边界屏蔽技术（BST）来防止固体壁面的非物性侵彻。通过解析解和实验数据验证了δ+-SPH结果的一致性。数值结果表明，多相一致的δ+-SPH模拟准确地捕捉了压力演化和复杂的液气界面动力学，特别是在涉及气泡的情况下。对于没有明显空气夹带的晃动情况，单相模型以更低的计算成本获得了相当的精度。此外，对于气泡被困但迅速破裂的情况，例如在高频储罐运动下的晃动，单相和多相模拟都提供了类似的整体晃动行为和对储罐壁的冲击力的预测。本研究阐明了单相和多相SPH模型的适用性，为船舶和航空工程应用中高效、准确地模拟剧烈晃动提供了实用指导。

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引用次数: 0

Real-time open ocean wind waves from navigation radars for a truly global wind wave operational observing system 导航雷达的实时开放海洋风波，用于真正的全球风波操作观测系统

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104867

Elizaveta Ezhova , Natalia Tilinina , Sergey Gulev , Vitali Sharmar , Alexander Gavrikov , Boris Trofimov , Sergey Bargman , Peter Koltermann , Vika Grigorieva , Alexander Suslov

Global information about ocean wind waves is crucial for understanding their role in the climate system, validating model outputs, and assessing risks for shipping and marine structures. Recent advances in marine radar technologies have enabled accurate, high-resolution measurements of surface wind waves and their spectral characteristics. Making these measurements available in real-time opens a wide new range of products for many user communities. Here we introduce SeaVision, a ship-based monitoring system that, once integrated into a standard shipborne X-band radar, considerably improves real-time observational networks along major shipping routes. SeaVision automatically measures significant wave height, peak period and directional wave spectra at temporal resolutions down to seconds. First developed for research purposes in 2020, SeaVision passed an extensive period of validation using Spotter wave buoys and satellite data. Validation onboard research vessels was conducted for a wide range of latitudes, from the Arctic to Antarctica. SeaVision is fully operational, cost-effective, and capable of transmitting wave parameters continuously via satellite. Further developments of SeaVision allow for retrieving near surface wind speed, surface currents and ice parameters with the same resolution. Extensive installations of SeaVision (as well as similar systems) onboard commercial and research vessels allow for establishing a near-global observational network (as a part of GCOS and GOOS) largely exceeding capabilities of the present VOS network which over the last few decades are experiencing a dramatic decline and is also regionally complementing satellite missions. SeaVision will enhance coverage of the so far inadequately sampled global oceans.

关于海洋风浪的全球信息对于了解其在气候系统中的作用、验证模型输出以及评估航运和海洋结构的风险至关重要。海洋雷达技术的最新进展已经能够精确、高分辨率地测量表面风波及其光谱特征。使这些测量实时可用，为许多用户社区打开了广泛的新产品范围。在这里，我们介绍SeaVision，这是一种基于船舶的监测系统，一旦集成到标准的船载x波段雷达中，就可以大大改善主要航线上的实时观测网络。SeaVision自动测量显著波高，峰值周期和方向波光谱的时间分辨率低至秒。SeaVision于2020年首次开发用于研究目的，使用Spotter波浮标和卫星数据通过了广泛的验证期。在从北极到南极洲的广泛纬度范围内，在研究船上进行了验证。SeaVision是完全可操作的，具有成本效益，并且能够通过卫星连续传输波参数。SeaVision的进一步发展允许以相同的分辨率检索近地面风速，表面电流和冰参数。在商业和研究船上广泛安装SeaVision（以及类似的系统）可以建立一个近全球观测网络（作为GCOS和GOOS的一部分），这在很大程度上超过了目前VOS网络的能力，后者在过去几十年中正在急剧下降，并且还在区域上补充卫星任务。SeaVision将扩大迄今为止采样不足的全球海洋的覆盖范围。

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引用次数: 0

Underestimated penalty of hull fouling: A scenario-based analysis of GHG emissions from global shipping 低估了船体污染的惩罚：基于场景的全球航运温室气体排放分析

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104870

Youngrong Kim , Refik Ozyurt

A ship's hydrodynamic performance is fundamental to her operational efficiency, yet it is significantly degraded by hull fouling. The significant fuel penalty from hull fouling represents a critical operational challenge, but it is often underestimated. This is frequently due to focus on direct maintenance costs and off-hire periods, or the recent emphasis on other energy-saving devices, which leads to a gap in quantifying the performance loss from the hull condition itself. To systematically quantify this penalty, this study performs a scenario-based analysis on 52,636 vessels across six major ship types. By integrating Granville's similarity law for added resistance with dynamic fouling growth models and vessel-specific operational profiles, we estimate the emission penalties for the global fleet. Findings reveal that moderate fouling can increase annual fuel consumption and GHG emissions by an average of 20–30 %. Notably, large container ships, tankers, and bulk carriers are identified as 'global hotspots' accounting for the majority of these emissions. For instance, a single large container ship with a capacity over 15,000 TEU can emit as much as 20,000 tons of additional CO2 annually due to hull fouling. This study provides quantitative evidence that proactive hull management is a fundamental lever for enhancing ship hydrodynamic performance and, consequently, a highly effective and immediate decarbonization measure.

船舶的水动力性能是其运行效率的基础，但它是显著降低船体污垢。船体污垢造成的巨大燃油损失是一个关键的运营挑战，但它往往被低估了。这通常是由于对直接维护成本和非租用期的关注，或者最近对其他节能设备的强调，导致在量化船体状况本身的性能损失方面存在差距。为了系统地量化这种惩罚，本研究对六种主要船型的52,636艘船进行了基于场景的分析。通过将附加阻力的Granville相似定律与动态污染增长模型和船舶特定的运营概况相结合，我们估计了全球船队的排放处罚。研究结果表明，中度污染可使年油耗和温室气体排放量平均增加20 - 30%。值得注意的是，大型集装箱船、油轮和散货船被确定为“全球热点”，占这些排放的大部分。例如，一艘容量超过15,000 TEU的大型集装箱船，由于船体结垢，每年可额外排放多达20,000吨的二氧化碳。本研究提供了定量证据，表明主动船体管理是提高船舶水动力性能的基本杠杆，因此是一种高效、即时的脱碳措施。

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引用次数: 0