Applied Ocean Research最新文献_第7页

A massive MPI parallel framework of 3D local discontinuous Galerkin method for simulating large-scale underwater explosion problems 模拟大规模水下爆炸问题的三维局部不连续Galerkin方法的海量MPI并行框架

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104895

Zhaoxu Lian , Wenbin Wu , Moubin Liu

The discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM) has showed appealing performances in addressing underwater explosion (UNDEX) problems with strong discontinuities. However, most of the DGM are limited to the axisymmetric modeling due to the expensive computational cost required in 3D simulations. In this work, we develop a massive MPI parallel framework of 3D local discontinuous Galerkin method (LDGM) for simulating large-scale UNDEX problems with the cavitation effects. The 3D LDGM based on unstructured tetrahedron elements is adopted to solve the wave equation about dynamic pressure excited by the UNDEX and simulate the propagation of the UNDEX shock waves in the fluid domain. To accelerate the calculation of 3D LDGM, the MPI parallel framework scalable on a high-performance computer is designed. In order to improve the parallel efficiency and expand the computational scalability, some optimized techniques are incorporated into the parallel 3D LDGM model. In particular, the information for data communication is stored contiguously in the access-friendly data structures to efficiently implement concurrent non-blocking communications. The real-time memory management strategies with local parallel I/O are developed in terms of reducing latency and restraining memory utilization. Several numerical examples are performed to assess the accuracy, efficiency and scalability of the MPI-based parallel 3D LDGM model. It is demonstrated that the present model can accurately and efficiently simulate the propagation of UNDEX shock waves and well capture the evolution of the cavitation region in 3D spaces. The parallel efficiency can achieve up to 94.1 % even for 155 million tetrahedral elements on 12,000 CPU cores.

不连续伽辽金方法（DGM）在求解强不连续的水下爆炸问题中表现出了令人满意的性能。然而，由于三维模拟的计算成本昂贵，大多数DGM都局限于轴对称建模。在这项工作中，我们开发了一个三维局部不连续伽辽金方法（LDGM）的大规模MPI并行框架，用于模拟具有空化效应的大规模UNDEX问题。采用基于非结构四面体单元的三维LDGM求解UNDEX激发的动压力波动方程，模拟UNDEX激波在流体域中的传播。为了加快三维LDGM的计算速度，设计了可在高性能计算机上扩展的MPI并行框架。为了提高并行效率和扩展计算可扩展性，在三维LDGM并行模型中引入了一些优化技术。特别地，将用于数据通信的信息连续存储在易访问的数据结构中，以有效地实现并发非阻塞通信。从降低延迟和限制内存使用的角度出发，提出了具有本地并行I/O的实时内存管理策略。通过数值算例验证了基于mpi的并行三维LDGM模型的精度、效率和可扩展性。实验结果表明，该模型能够准确、高效地模拟UNDEX冲击波的传播，并能很好地捕捉空化区域在三维空间中的演化过程。即使在12,000个CPU内核上处理1.55亿个四面体元素，并行效率也可以达到94.1%。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental validation of a modular navigation architecture for marine autonomous surface vehicles with reactive collision avoidance 基于响应式避碰的海上自主水面车辆模块化导航体系结构的实验验证

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104903

Raphael Zaccone, Filippo Ponzini, Michele Martelli

This paper presents a modular software architecture for the autonomous navigation of surface vehicles, designed around a layered awareness, navigation, guidance, and control structure. The proposed framework separates global path management, reactive local planning for collision avoidance, and control, while situation awareness combines LiDAR perception with INS/GNSS localization to maintain an up-to-date, and realistic representation of the surrounding environment. The architecture is designed around the concepts of modularity and scalability, enabling distributed computation and the flexible integration of modules. The implementation employs a lightweight publish/subscribe protocol to enable efficient real-time communication among modules. The experimental validation of the proposed architecture in a collision avoidance test featuring a research ASV is reported and discussed. The vehicle successfully executed polygonal paths, adapting its trajectory to avoid multiple unexpected obstacles while still reaching its prescribed waypoints. These results demonstrated the reliability of the proposed framework in supporting path following and adaptive collision avoidance under realistic operating conditions.

本文提出了一种基于分层感知、导航、制导和控制结构的地面车辆自主导航模块化软件体系结构。提出的框架分离了全局路径管理、避免碰撞的反应性局部规划和控制，而态势感知将激光雷达感知与INS/GNSS定位相结合，以保持对周围环境的最新和真实的表示。该体系结构是围绕模块化和可伸缩性的概念设计的，支持分布式计算和模块的灵活集成。该实现采用轻量级发布/订阅协议来实现模块之间的高效实时通信。本文报道并讨论了该架构在一辆研究型自动驾驶汽车避碰测试中的实验验证。车辆成功地执行多边形路径，调整其轨迹以避免多个意外障碍物，同时仍然到达指定的路径点。这些结果证明了该框架在实际操作条件下支持路径跟踪和自适应避碰的可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Landslide impacts on built environment: Numerical analysis of the forces exerted by granular material collapsing on dry and submerged conditions 滑坡对建筑环境的影响：干燥和淹没条件下颗粒状物质崩塌力的数值分析

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104902

Gabriel Barajas , Javier L. Lara , Alessandro Romano , Eduard Puig Montellà

Landslide-generated impacts represent a critical hazard for coastal and reservoir infrastructures, yet their underlying fluid dynamics remain poorly understood due to the complexity of turbulent, free-surface flows. In this work, OpenFOAM® is used to investigate sudden impacts on surfaces caused by granular landslides. First, three sets of experiments are used to validate the numerical framework: a dry granular flow impact on a wall in an inclined flume, a debris avalanche impacting a pier and a dam-break interaction of a fluid impact on a vertical cylinder. For each case, numerical predictions are compared with experiments in terms of impact forces, providing confidence that the solver can reproduce sudden loads caused by granular and fluid masses. Then, the validated numerical setup is used to study submerged landslide impacts on slender cylinders, capturing the interaction between the granular slide and the free surface, resolving large-scale vortical structures and their role in energy transfer and dissipation. Results highlight two distinct stages of the phenomenon: (i) the initial impact and jet formation, and (ii) turbulent dissipation and recirculation. The analysis provides quantitative insights into velocity fields, pressure distributions, and turbulence intensities, and identifies key mechanisms driving energy loss. These findings contribute to a deeper physical understanding of landslide–impacts and offer a basis for improved hazard assessment and engineering design of protective structures.

滑坡产生的影响对沿海和水库基础设施构成了严重的危害，但由于湍流、自由表面流动的复杂性，人们对其潜在的流体动力学知之甚少。在这项工作中，OpenFOAM®用于研究颗粒状滑坡对表面造成的突然影响。首先，用三组实验验证了数值框架：干颗粒流对倾斜水槽壁面的冲击，碎片雪崩对桥墩的冲击以及流体对垂直圆柱体的冲击溃坝相互作用。对于每一种情况，数值预测与实验在冲击力方面进行了比较，为求解器可以重现由颗粒和流体质量引起的突然载荷提供了信心。在此基础上，采用验证的数值模拟方法研究了滑坡体对细长圆柱体的冲击，捕捉了颗粒状滑坡体与自由表面的相互作用，解析了大尺度的螺旋结构及其在能量传递和耗散中的作用。结果强调了该现象的两个不同阶段：(i)初始撞击和射流形成阶段，以及（ii）湍流耗散和再循环阶段。该分析提供了对速度场、压力分布和湍流强度的定量见解，并确定了导致能量损失的关键机制。这些发现有助于加深对滑坡影响的物理认识，并为改进危害评估和防护结构的工程设计提供基础。

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引用次数: 0

POD-Galerkin reduced-order modeling of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Niño-Southern振荡（ENSO）的POD-Galerkin降阶模型

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104893

Yusuf Aydogdu , Navaratnam Sri Namachchivaya

Reduced-order modeling (ROM) aims to mitigate computational complexity by reducing the size of a high-dimensional state space. In this study, we demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy, and stability of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-Galerkin ROM when applied to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation model, which integrates coupled atmosphere, ocean, and sea surface temperature (SST) mechanisms in the equatorial Pacific. While POD identifies the most energetic modes of a system from simulation data, the Galerkin projection maps the governing equations onto these reduced modes to derive a simplified dynamical system. Leveraging the unique coupling properties of the model, we propose a novel approach to formulate a reduced-order model derived from Galerkin projection. Our approach achieves remarkable computational efficiency, requiring only four POD modes. The results provide highly stable and accurate solutions over 95% compared to the high-dimensional full-order model (FOM), highlighting the potential of POD-Galerkin reduction for efficient and accurate climate simulations.

降阶建模（ROM）旨在通过减小高维状态空间的大小来降低计算复杂度。在这项研究中，我们证明了适当正交分解(POD)-Galerkin ROM应用于El Niño-Southern振荡模式时的效率、准确性和稳定性，该模式集成了赤道太平洋大气、海洋和海表温度（SST）耦合机制。当POD从模拟数据中识别系统的最高能量模式时，伽辽金投影将控制方程映射到这些简化模式上，从而推导出简化的动力系统。利用该模型独特的耦合特性，提出了一种基于伽辽金投影的降阶模型的构造方法。我们的方法实现了显著的计算效率，只需要四个POD模式。与高维全阶模型（FOM）相比，结果提供了95%以上的高度稳定和精确的解，突出了POD-Galerkin约简在高效和准确的气候模拟中的潜力。

引用次数: 0

Stern pressure identification using CNN-BiLSTM model based on bayesian optimisation and attention mechanism 基于贝叶斯优化和注意机制的CNN-BiLSTM模型艉部压力识别

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104897

Weizhe Ren , Yao Wang , Xianqiang Qu , Hongbing Liu , Yuan Liu , Kai Liu , Yongxin Zhou

Accurate identification of the stern pressure field holds significant engineering implications for controlling hull structure vibrations and propeller excitation effects. In order to address the accuracy defects of the traditional distributed load inversion method when applied to complex surface structures, a baseline neural network model has been introduced and improved. Furthermore, a method of intelligent identification of stern pressure based on the Bayesian optimization algorithm and the attention mechanism of the CNN- BiLSTM model has been proposed. Taking the KCS container ship as the research object, we constructed a multi-physical-field coupled dataset containing 65 stern pressure measurement points and 9 structural strain measurement points through CFD simulations under five propeller rotational speed conditions. CNN and BiLSTM are used to extract spatio-temporal features from the dataset. Dynamic feature weight allocation is achieved through an attention mechanism, while Bayesian optimisation determines hyperparameter values to reduce bias. Results demonstrate that compared with basic models (CNN-BiLSTM, GRU, etc.), BOA-CNN-BiLSTM achieves optimal performance across MAE, MSE, RMSE, and MAPE metrics, with R² reaching 0.987. This method achieves high-precision and high-reliability reconstruction of multi-point pressure data at the stern through finite strain monitoring, providing an effective solution for distributed load identification in complex curved structures.

船尾压力场的准确识别对于控制船体结构振动和螺旋桨激励效应具有重要的工程意义。为了解决传统分布载荷反演方法在复杂表面结构中精度不足的问题，引入并改进了基线神经网络模型。在此基础上，提出了一种基于贝叶斯优化算法和CNN- BiLSTM模型注意机制的舰尾压力智能识别方法。以KCS集装箱船为研究对象，通过CFD模拟，构建了5种螺旋桨转速工况下包含65个尾压测点和9个结构应变测点的多物理场耦合数据集。使用CNN和BiLSTM从数据集中提取时空特征。动态特征权重分配通过注意机制实现，而贝叶斯优化确定超参数值以减少偏差。结果表明，与基本模型（CNN-BiLSTM、GRU等）相比，BOA-CNN-BiLSTM在MAE、MSE、RMSE和MAPE指标上的性能最优，R2达到0.987。该方法通过有限应变监测实现了艉部多点压力数据的高精度、高可靠性重构，为复杂弯曲结构的分布载荷识别提供了有效的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Shallow-water acoustic analysis with an accelerated isogeometric boundary element approach 用加速等几何边界元方法进行浅水声学分析

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104894

Yongsong Li , Jinsheng Xuan , Chengmiao Liu , Gaochao Zhao , Yanming Xu

Underwater acoustic modeling plays a crucial role in marine engineering applications, especially in shallow-water environments where complex boundary interactions dominate sound propagation. Traditional numerical approaches like the finite element method often struggle with the challenges posed by unbounded domains and artificial boundary conditions. In contrast, the isogeometric boundary element method (IGABEM) offers a powerful alternative by combining the dimensionality reduction and infinite domain handling capabilities of the boundary element method with the exact geometry representation and smooth basis functions of isogeometric analysis. This paper presents a novel IGABEM framework tailored for acoustic simulations in shallow-water settings, where acoustic propagation is governed by coupled reflections from the sea surface and sea floor. Additionally, in order to enhance computational efficiency and scalability, we integrate and adapt advanced acceleration techniques, including the fast multipole method, frequency decoupling via Taylor expansion, and the second-order arnoldi algorithm. The numerical results validate the accuracy, robustness, and computational advantages of the proposed method, establishing it as a promising tool for high-fidelity underwater acoustic analysis.

水声建模在海洋工程应用中起着至关重要的作用，特别是在复杂的边界相互作用主导声音传播的浅水环境中。传统的数值方法，如有限元法，经常受到无界域和人工边界条件的挑战。而等高边界元法（IGABEM）将边界元法的降维和无限域处理能力与等高分析的精确几何表示和光滑基函数相结合，提供了一种强大的替代方法。本文提出了一种新的IGABEM框架，专门用于浅水环境下的声学模拟，在浅水环境下，声音传播受海面和海底的耦合反射控制。此外，为了提高计算效率和可扩展性，我们集成并采用了先进的加速技术，包括快速多极子方法、Taylor展开频率解耦和二阶arnoldi算法。数值结果验证了该方法的精度、鲁棒性和计算优势，表明该方法是一种很有前途的高保真水声分析工具。

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引用次数: 0

A data-driven model for combined current-wave induced boundary layers 复合流波边界层的数据驱动模型

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104877

Guang Yin , Muk Chen Ong , Svein Sævik , Janne Kristin Økland Gjøsteen , Egil Giertsen , Naiquan Ye

This study introduces a novel data-driven framework for efficiently predicting the time-varying velocity profiles of combined current-wave induced boundary layers, which are crucial for analyzing the on-bottom stability of near-seabed pipelines and cables. The characteristics of the combined wave-current boundary layer are strongly dependent on various parameters such as the wave period, the wave semi-excursion and the seabed roughness. Furthermore, there are also interactions between the current part and the wave part of the boundary layer, which influence the behaviors of their velocity profiles. To address these challenges, a data-driven model integrating one-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and parametric mathematical expressions is proposed to predict the velocity profiles of the current and the first harmonic of the wave part for the boundary layer. CFD simulations are performed to generate the velocity profiles under different flow conditions and the database for the variables in the mathematical expression is built. An interpolation methodology based on the database is used to obtain the corresponding variables under a new given flow parameter set. This framework is then validated against numerical simulations and experimental data.

该研究提出了一种新的数据驱动框架，用于有效预测组合流波边界层的时变速度剖面，这对于分析近海底管道和电缆的海底稳定性至关重要。波流联合边界层的特征与波浪周期、波浪半偏移和海底粗糙度等参数密切相关。此外，边界层的电流部分和波部分之间还存在相互作用，影响了它们的速度分布特征。为了解决这些问题，提出了一种将一维计算流体力学（CFD）模拟和参数化数学表达式相结合的数据驱动模型，用于预测边界层的电流速度分布和波部分的一次谐波。通过CFD仿真得到了不同流动条件下的速度分布，并建立了数学表达式中变量的数据库。采用基于数据库的插值方法，在给定的流量参数集下得到相应的变量。然后通过数值模拟和实验数据验证了该框架。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical modelling of air-induced drag reduction allowing the transition between bubbly, air layer and mixed regimes 允许在气泡、空气层和混合状态之间转换的空气诱导阻力减少的数值模拟

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104892

Benjamin Krull , Kasper Bilde , Christian Kringel , Richard Meller , Victor Molbak , Georgios Papaioannou , Fabian Schlegel , Matej Tekavčič , Filotas Tziaros

Air lubrication can reduce the frictional resistance of ships, leading to significant fuel cost savings. However, the performance of air lubrication systems varies considerably, depending on the operating conditions. Complex gas morphologies play a crucial role here but are difficult to predict. Such a variety of morphologies (bubbly flow, air layers, or mixed regimes) requires morphology-adaptive methods, such as MultiMorph. This method allows for multiple morphologies of a given phase, including the transfer between them. The injection of gas can result in air bubbles, air layers, or a mixed regime, based on local transfer mechanisms. The ability to predict these morphologies is a distinctive feature of this method. Alternative methods prescribe a specific regime a priori, and do not allow a transition. To assess the suitability of MultiMorph for air lubrication problems, two geometries with different complexities are considered. The first test validates the method against flat plate experiments. Various water velocity and gas flow rate combinations were considered to investigate their influence on gas morphology and the associated drag reduction. The second case features a three-dimensional ship hull geometry with two bubble injectors to test the applicability of the method to a more complex scenario, including a curved geometry. The method performs well in both test cases and qualifies as a useful tool for numerical investigations of air lubrication phenomena.

空气润滑可以减少船舶的摩擦阻力，从而大大节省燃料成本。然而，根据操作条件的不同，空气润滑系统的性能变化很大。复杂的气体形态在这里起着至关重要的作用，但很难预测。如此多样的形态（气泡流、空气层或混合状态）需要形态自适应方法，例如MultiMorph。这种方法允许给定相的多种形态，包括它们之间的转移。气体的注入可以产生气泡、空气层或基于局部传递机制的混合状态。预测这些形态的能力是这种方法的一个显著特征。替代方法预先规定了特定的制度，不允许过渡。为了评估multiorph对空气润滑问题的适用性，考虑了两种不同复杂程度的几何形状。第一个测试通过平板实验验证了该方法。考虑了不同的水流速和气体流速组合，以研究它们对气体形态和相关减阻的影响。第二种情况是三维船体几何形状，带有两个气泡喷射器，以测试该方法在更复杂场景（包括弯曲几何形状）中的适用性。该方法在两个试验用例中均表现良好，可作为空气润滑现象数值研究的有用工具。

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引用次数: 0

The catastrophic failure of thick composite cylindrical pressure hulls: Analytical, numerical and experimental investigations 复合材料厚圆柱耐压壳体的突变破坏：分析、数值和实验研究

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104866

Yongsheng Li , Changli Yu , Weibo Wang , Xu Jiang , Xinlong Zuo , Hongyun Li

The catastrophic failure of thick composite cylindrical pressure hulls under high external hydrostatic pressure was investigated by analytical, numerical and experimental methods. Buckling failure and material failure were both considered to identify which failure mode of such thick hulls initiates first. An elastic buckling analytical model for thick composite cylinders based on Sander theory principles was applied to derive the critical buckling load. Meanwhile, a progressive damage model (PDM) was developed to simulate the material behavior in the region between the first-ply failure and ultimate failure, and the effects of failure criteria and geometrical defects on the implosion load of the test model were investigated. Then ultimate strength were obtained by comprehensive analysis of buckling failure and material failure via analytical and numerical methods. A group of two thick T700 carbon fiber/epoxy composite cylindrical pressure hulls were designed and manufactured, hydrostatic pressure tests were conducted to derive the catastrophic failure characteristics of thick composite pressure hulls and to validate the analytical and numerical results and methodology for the failure analysis of thick composite cylindrical pressure hulls.

采用解析、数值和实验方法研究了复合材料厚圆柱耐压壳在高静水压力作用下的突变破坏。同时考虑了屈曲破坏和材料破坏，以确定这种厚船体的哪种破坏模式首先开始。基于Sander理论，建立了复合材料厚柱弹性屈曲分析模型，推导了复合材料厚柱的临界屈曲载荷。同时，建立了模拟材料在第一层破坏和最终破坏之间区域行为的渐进损伤模型（PDM），研究了破坏准则和几何缺陷对试验模型内爆载荷的影响。然后通过解析和数值方法对屈曲破坏和材料破坏进行综合分析，得出极限强度。设计制造了两组T700型厚碳纤维/环氧复合材料耐压圆柱壳体，进行了静水压力试验，推导了厚复合材料耐压圆柱壳体的突变破坏特征，验证了厚复合材料耐压圆柱壳体失效分析的解析和数值结果及方法。

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引用次数: 0

Seawater-mixed concrete – A review with focus on durability properties 海水混合混凝土的耐久性研究进展

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, OCEAN

Applied Ocean Research

Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104878

Iman Aghajanzadeh , Nima Khodadadi , Prannoy Suraneni , Antonio Nanni

Freshwater scarcity remains a major global concern, particularly in coastal regions. Utilizing seawater for concrete production offers a sustainable approach to conserve freshwater resources while supporting construction in marine environments. This study conducts a systematic and data-driven review of seawater-mixed concrete research using the Scopus database, focusing on durability aspects. The analysis reveals that seawater accelerates the early hydration of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) due to the ionic activity of Cl⁻, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺, leading to a denser early-age microstructure and enhanced initial strength. However, long-term strength and durability outcomes remain inconsistent across studies, influenced by curing conditions, ionic composition, and mixture design. Seawater-mixed concrete generally exhibits improved sulfate resistance but shows variable carbonation behavior and increased susceptibility to alkali–silica reaction (ASR), shrinkage, and freeze–thaw damage. The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as metakaolin (MK), fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) enhances chloride binding and refines the microstructure, mitigating some adverse effects. Overall, this review identifies key research gaps in long-term durability and emphasizes the need for standardized methodologies and data-driven investigations to optimize seawater-mixed concrete for sustainable coastal and marine infrastructure.

淡水短缺仍然是全球关注的一个主要问题，特别是在沿海地区。利用海水生产混凝土提供了一种可持续的方法来保护淡水资源，同时支持海洋环境中的建筑。本研究使用Scopus数据库对海水混合混凝土的研究进行了系统和数据驱动的回顾，重点关注耐久性方面。分析表明，由于Cl⁻、Na⁺和Mg 2⁺的离子活性，海水加速了普通硅酸盐水泥（OPC）的早期水化，导致其早期微观结构更致密，初始强度增强。然而，长期强度和耐久性结果在研究中仍然不一致，受固化条件、离子组成和混合物设计的影响。海水混合混凝土通常表现出更好的抗硫酸盐性，但表现出可变的碳化行为，并增加了对碱-硅反应（ASR）、收缩和冻融损伤的敏感性。掺加偏高岭土（MK）、粉煤灰（FA）和磨粒高炉渣（GGBS）等补充胶凝材料（SCMs）增强了氯化物的结合，细化了微观结构，减轻了一些不利影响。总体而言，本综述确定了长期耐久性方面的关键研究差距，并强调需要标准化方法和数据驱动的调查来优化海水混合混凝土，以实现可持续的沿海和海洋基础设施。

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引用次数: 0