Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104860
Kyu-Tae Shim , Bumshick Shin , Kyu-Han Kim
This study investigates the erosion and accretion characteristics of the surrounding coastline during the installation of an approximately 1.5 km-long impermeable slit caisson breakwater on the east coast of Korea. Three-dimensional physical model tests were conducted to predict morphological changes and to clarify sediment transport mechanisms with and without the breakwater. Submerged breakwaters were employed at critical points prone to erosion, and their coastal protection effectiveness was assessed using 11 different spatial configurations. Experimental waves were chosen to represent erosion-inducing conditions (Hs: 3 m, Ts: 10 s) prevalent at the study site. The results revealed that the breakwater generated strong diffracted waves in the sheltered area, promoting erosion, while the effectiveness of submerged breakwaters depended on installation conditions. In all cases, shoreline retreat was observed behind the opening and at the ends of the submerged breakwater. Field surveys over five years since 2020 confirmed pronounced erosion and accretion behind the submerged breakwaters, attributed to a single 600 m-long, zero-opening configuration that reduced flow velocity behind the submerged breakwater causing accretion and intensified diffracted wave-induced erosion at both ends.
{"title":"Analysis of Shoreline Response to Large-Scale Breakwaters Based on Physical and Field Studies","authors":"Kyu-Tae Shim , Bumshick Shin , Kyu-Han Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the erosion and accretion characteristics of the surrounding coastline during the installation of an approximately 1.5 km-long impermeable slit caisson breakwater on the east coast of Korea. Three-dimensional physical model tests were conducted to predict morphological changes and to clarify sediment transport mechanisms with and without the breakwater. Submerged breakwaters were employed at critical points prone to erosion, and their coastal protection effectiveness was assessed using 11 different spatial configurations. Experimental waves were chosen to represent erosion-inducing conditions (Hs: 3 m, Ts: 10 s) prevalent at the study site. The results revealed that the breakwater generated strong diffracted waves in the sheltered area, promoting erosion, while the effectiveness of submerged breakwaters depended on installation conditions. In all cases, shoreline retreat was observed behind the opening and at the ends of the submerged breakwater. Field surveys over five years since 2020 confirmed pronounced erosion and accretion behind the submerged breakwaters, attributed to a single 600 m-long, zero-opening configuration that reduced flow velocity behind the submerged breakwater causing accretion and intensified diffracted wave-induced erosion at both ends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104860"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104881
Jie Pang , Bo Gao , Zhou Zhen , Li Gongyun , Zhuang Tianyi , Yuan Shihai
We address weak bottom-target feature enhancement under strong rough-seabed reverberation with a physics-informed, online delay-spectrum (DS) separation framework. A roughness-aware ray model reveals that, in the DS domain, the stationary propagating field is low-rank while target returns are sparse. We develop two streaming algorithms: DS-incremental singular value decomposition (DS-iSVD) for single-pass, low-latency updates, and DS-Grassmannian optimization (DS-GO) for iterative refinement. Scaled-tank experiments with scaling factor (SF) 1000, peak signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) dB, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 14.2 dB show that both methods demonstrate recovery of targets 20 dB below interference. DS-GO achieves mean SIR improvement SIR dB and improves separation accuracy versus DS-iSVD: mean center offset distance (COD) decreases from 0.112 s to 0.092 s () and from 0.121 s to 0.100 s (); the mean 1-Wasserstein distance (W1) is 0.173 s. Monte Carlo (MC) SNR sweeps (0–10 dB) confirm robustness: DS-GO attains the best overall ridge score (RS), lowest W1 and COD, and highest peak hit rate (PHR) consistency with small variance, while DS-iSVD is a close second with the lowest latency. The approach enables real-time, physically interpretable feature enhancement for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) in rough-bottom environments.
{"title":"Physics-informed online low-rank separation for weak target enhancement in rough seabed waveguides","authors":"Jie Pang , Bo Gao , Zhou Zhen , Li Gongyun , Zhuang Tianyi , Yuan Shihai","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We address weak bottom-target feature enhancement under strong rough-seabed reverberation with a physics-informed, online delay-spectrum (DS) separation framework. A roughness-aware ray model reveals that, in the DS domain, the stationary propagating field is low-rank while target returns are sparse. We develop two streaming algorithms: DS-incremental singular value decomposition (DS-iSVD) for single-pass, low-latency updates, and DS-Grassmannian optimization (DS-GO) for iterative refinement. Scaled-tank experiments with scaling factor (SF) 1000, peak signal-to-interference ratio (SIR<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mtext>peak</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>) <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>20</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow></math></span> dB, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 14.2 dB show that both methods demonstrate recovery of targets 20 dB below interference. DS-GO achieves mean SIR improvement <span><math><mi>Δ</mi></math></span>SIR <span><math><mrow><mo>≈</mo><mn>14</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></math></span> dB and improves separation accuracy versus DS-iSVD: mean center offset distance (COD) decreases from 0.112 s to 0.092 s (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) and from 0.121 s to 0.100 s (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ℓ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>); the mean 1-Wasserstein distance (W1) is 0.173 s. Monte Carlo (MC) SNR sweeps (0–10 dB) confirm robustness: DS-GO attains the best overall ridge score (RS), lowest W1 and COD, and highest peak hit rate (PHR) consistency with small variance, while DS-iSVD is a close second with the lowest latency. The approach enables real-time, physically interpretable feature enhancement for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) in rough-bottom environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104881"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104838
B.B. Dong , R.Q. Xu , J.Q. Jiang
The widespread use of multilayer cylindrical shell structures in engineering has created a demand for theoretical models and analytical solutions that are applicable under various working conditions. In this study, the classical two-dimensional plane elasticity theory for multilayer media is extended to an axisymmetric cylindrical shell configuration, incorporating imperfect interfaces represented by distributed tangential and radial springs. The formulation incorporates layer-wise material properties and interfacial stiffness, allowing for the analysis of both homogeneous and functionally graded materials. The solution is obtained by applying boundary and interlayer continuity conditions, combined with Fourier series expansion in the circumferential and radial directions to accommodate arbitrary loading patterns. The effects of different material gradation functions and interface stiffness values on the stress distribution are investigated in detail. The model is particularly suited for analyzing infinitely long cylindrical shells, such as those used in subsea multilayer pipeline systems. Numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the model in handling plane elasticity problems for both isotropic and graded structures. The choice of material distribution function influences not only the extrema but also the shape of the stress profiles. It is found that when the interface stiffness exceeds, the interface can be treated as perfectly bonded. Conversely, imperfect bonding alters the stress distribution trends and increases stress concentrations within layers. In underwater pipeline configurations, stress increases from the inner to outer layers, with radial stresses remaining continuous and circumferential stresses exhibiting discontinuities at the interfaces. Significant stress variations are observed across interlayer boundaries.
{"title":"A multi-layer functionally graded cylindrical shell model with imperfect interfaces and its application to subsea pipeline engineering","authors":"B.B. Dong , R.Q. Xu , J.Q. Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread use of multilayer cylindrical shell structures in engineering has created a demand for theoretical models and analytical solutions that are applicable under various working conditions. In this study, the classical two-dimensional plane elasticity theory for multilayer media is extended to an axisymmetric cylindrical shell configuration, incorporating imperfect interfaces represented by distributed tangential and radial springs. The formulation incorporates layer-wise material properties and interfacial stiffness, allowing for the analysis of both homogeneous and functionally graded materials. The solution is obtained by applying boundary and interlayer continuity conditions, combined with Fourier series expansion in the circumferential and radial directions to accommodate arbitrary loading patterns. The effects of different material gradation functions and interface stiffness values on the stress distribution are investigated in detail. The model is particularly suited for analyzing infinitely long cylindrical shells, such as those used in subsea multilayer pipeline systems. Numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the model in handling plane elasticity problems for both isotropic and graded structures. The choice of material distribution function influences not only the extrema but also the shape of the stress profiles. It is found that when the interface stiffness exceeds<span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mn>8</mn></msup><mrow><mtext>MPa</mtext><mo>/</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></mrow></math></span>, the interface can be treated as perfectly bonded. Conversely, imperfect bonding alters the stress distribution trends and increases stress concentrations within layers. In underwater pipeline configurations, stress increases from the inner to outer layers, with radial stresses remaining continuous and circumferential stresses exhibiting discontinuities at the interfaces. Significant stress variations are observed across interlayer boundaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104838"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104830
Lulu Liu , Ian A. Milne , Hugh A. Wolgamot , Wenhua Zhao , Raúl Guanche
Floating offshore wind energy represents a promising frontier in marine renewable energy, enabling deployment in deeper waters. Among the various solutions for floating wind energy, semi-submersible platforms have emerged as the most viable option. The success of this technology depends on their hydrodynamic performance. Current engineering practice for design and operability assessment has primarily focused on short wave excitation, with less attention to long-period waves. Swells carry energy near the natural periods of these structures and are more likely to induce resonant responses in heave, in which scenario the prediction is challenging and less understood. This may lead to over-conservative designs and thus unnecessarily high cost. To address this gap, this study examines resonant responses driven by long-period waves through linear processes. In resonance, viscous effects play a critical role, e.g., in determining response amplitudes. However, estimating viscous effects is challenging as a result of their underlying complex physics and nonlinearity. To better understand the viscous effects and their impact on floating wind turbines, a series of scaled model tests was analysed for a 10-MW floating wind energy platform. To facilitate the interpretation of the experimental results, inviscid flow calculations were also performed. The results indicate that viscous damping is positively correlated with the Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) number that characterizes the relative velocity between the floating system and the surrounding water particles. A striking observation is that viscosity can significantly alter the added mass, which is key to the estimation of the natural frequency of the floating system.
{"title":"Viscosity and nonlinear resonant heave response of a semi–submersible floating wind energy platform","authors":"Lulu Liu , Ian A. Milne , Hugh A. Wolgamot , Wenhua Zhao , Raúl Guanche","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floating offshore wind energy represents a promising frontier in marine renewable energy, enabling deployment in deeper waters. Among the various solutions for floating wind energy, semi-submersible platforms have emerged as the most viable option. The success of this technology depends on their hydrodynamic performance. Current engineering practice for design and operability assessment has primarily focused on short wave excitation, with less attention to long-period waves. Swells carry energy near the natural periods of these structures and are more likely to induce resonant responses in heave, in which scenario the prediction is challenging and less understood. This may lead to over-conservative designs and thus unnecessarily high cost. To address this gap, this study examines resonant responses driven by long-period waves through linear processes. In resonance, viscous effects play a critical role, e.g., in determining response amplitudes. However, estimating viscous effects is challenging as a result of their underlying complex physics and nonlinearity. To better understand the viscous effects and their impact on floating wind turbines, a series of scaled model tests was analysed for a 10-MW floating wind energy platform. To facilitate the interpretation of the experimental results, inviscid flow calculations were also performed. The results indicate that viscous damping is positively correlated with the Keulegan–Carpenter (<em>KC</em>) number that characterizes the relative velocity between the floating system and the surrounding water particles. A striking observation is that viscosity can significantly alter the added mass, which is key to the estimation of the natural frequency of the floating system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104876
Maria Luisa Celesti, Nicolás Faedo
Design, control, and optimisation of offshore floating structures have undergone significant evolution in recent years, driven by cutting-edge technology, including novel marine renewable energy sources and autonomous underwater vehicles. A key cornerstone is the availability of mathematical models capable of providing an accurate (yet computationally tractable) prediction of their behaviour, under different ocean conditions. The most widely adopted approach for capturing fluid–structure interactions is based on linear potential flow theory, where the system’s hydrodynamic behaviour is described through a finite set of frequency-dependent linear coefficients. A well-known limitation of this frequency-domain approach is its inherently non-parametric nature: if not parameterised accordingly, effective time-domain simulation necessitates the numerical solution of a convolution operator, which describes memory effects due to the surrounding fluid, an approach inconvenient for both simulation (computational) and control design (representational compatibility). Not only is a closed-form expression fundamental, but any candidate parametric model also needs to comply with the physical properties characterising a floating structure, including input/output stability, minimum-phase behaviour, and passivity. This paper presents a novel approach to producing physically consistent parametric structures for time-domain modelling of floating systems, utilising a Loewner-based method. The models, capable of providing approximate interpolation of raw frequency-domain data computed with off-the-shelf hydrodynamic solvers, accurately capture the complex behaviour of multi-mode and multi-body offshore structures, while respecting the dynamical properties associated with the system’s physics. The technique is illustrated in detail, using four different offshore structures from various fields of ocean engineering, highlighting the benefits of the proposed time-domain modelling framework.
{"title":"Time-domain parametric models for floating structures: A Loewner-based approach","authors":"Maria Luisa Celesti, Nicolás Faedo","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Design, control, and optimisation of offshore floating structures have undergone significant evolution in recent years, driven by cutting-edge technology, including novel marine renewable energy sources and autonomous underwater vehicles. A key cornerstone is the availability of mathematical models capable of providing an accurate (yet computationally tractable) prediction of their behaviour, under different ocean conditions. The most widely adopted approach for capturing fluid–structure interactions is based on linear potential flow theory, where the system’s hydrodynamic behaviour is described through a finite set of frequency-dependent linear coefficients. A well-known limitation of this frequency-domain approach is its inherently non-parametric nature: if not parameterised accordingly, effective time-domain simulation necessitates the numerical solution of a convolution operator, which describes memory effects due to the surrounding fluid, an approach inconvenient for both simulation (computational) and control design (representational compatibility). Not only is a closed-form expression fundamental, but any candidate parametric model also needs to comply with the physical properties characterising a floating structure, including input/output stability, minimum-phase behaviour, and passivity. This paper presents a novel approach to producing physically consistent parametric structures for time-domain modelling of floating systems, utilising a Loewner-based method. The models, capable of providing approximate interpolation of raw frequency-domain data computed with off-the-shelf hydrodynamic solvers, accurately capture the complex behaviour of multi-mode and multi-body offshore structures, while respecting the dynamical properties associated with the system’s physics. The technique is illustrated in detail, using four different offshore structures from various fields of ocean engineering, highlighting the benefits of the proposed time-domain modelling framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104876"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104883
Jinyu Zhou, Toshihiro Maki
With their advanced autonomous navigation capabilities, AUVs are highly effective tools for detecting and analyzing intricate underwater structures. The challenges associated with real-time manual control place significant demands on AUV intelligence, particularly in data processing and environmental understanding. To enhance AUVs’ capacity for thorough exploration and identification of complex underwater structures, this research aims to develop an adaptive approach for processing MBES data. Conventional MBES data processing methods are largely designed for post-processing or real-time processing under predefined conditions. However, these methods are insufficient for addressing the unpredictable and complex scenarios encountered during AUV surveys. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a novel strategy for MBES data processing. At its core is an adaptive algorithm designed to suppress unreliable MBES data, optimized for handling complex 3D targets, combined with a customized approach for target surface reconstruction. The proposed method significantly enhances AUVs’ ability to process MBES data and analyze underwater target surfaces in real time, thereby advancing their capabilities for autonomous exploration.
{"title":"A reliability-prioritized adaptive real-time MBES data processing method for AUVs in complex environments","authors":"Jinyu Zhou, Toshihiro Maki","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With their advanced autonomous navigation capabilities, AUVs are highly effective tools for detecting and analyzing intricate underwater structures. The challenges associated with real-time manual control place significant demands on AUV intelligence, particularly in data processing and environmental understanding. To enhance AUVs’ capacity for thorough exploration and identification of complex underwater structures, this research aims to develop an adaptive approach for processing MBES data. Conventional MBES data processing methods are largely designed for post-processing or real-time processing under predefined conditions. However, these methods are insufficient for addressing the unpredictable and complex scenarios encountered during AUV surveys. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a novel strategy for MBES data processing. At its core is an adaptive algorithm designed to suppress unreliable MBES data, optimized for handling complex 3D targets, combined with a customized approach for target surface reconstruction. The proposed method significantly enhances AUVs’ ability to process MBES data and analyze underwater target surfaces in real time, thereby advancing their capabilities for autonomous exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104883"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104875
Gang Wang , Xianwei Zhang , Xinyu Liu , Yiqing Xu , Haodong Gao , Lei Yan
The marine diatomaceous deposits are frequently encountered in ocean engineering, including ocean drilling projects, subsea foundations and the marine resource recovery systems. The diatom microfossils significantly affect the physical and mechanical properties of diatomaceous soils, distinguishing them from soils without diatoms. Such properties are directly related to seabed mechanics, and consequently the stability and design of ocean engineering infrastructures. However, how diatoms control the soil compression behaviors and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This paper systematically examines the compression behaviors of diatomaceous soils through compression tests on artificially prepared diatom-kaolin mixtures, quantifying the impact of diatom content and stress levels. Mercury-intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to trace the microstructural evolution of the soils with diatom addition and compressive loading. The results indicate that diatoms significantly contribute to high compressibility of diatomaceous soils. This phenomenon can be explained by microstructural evolution, where alterations in pore characteristics and the breakage of diatom particles play critical roles during compression. Low vertical stress induced minor microstructural changes, compressing both intra- and inter-aggregate pores. Higher vertical stress triggers brittle breakage of diatom’s hollow structure, leading to pronounced rearrangement of soil structure and pore distribution, and consequently elevated compressibility. This work enhances comprehension of the mechanical behaviors of marine diatomaceous soils.
{"title":"Compression behavior of marine diatomaceous soils: Effect of diatom content and microstructure","authors":"Gang Wang , Xianwei Zhang , Xinyu Liu , Yiqing Xu , Haodong Gao , Lei Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The marine diatomaceous deposits are frequently encountered in ocean engineering, including ocean drilling projects, subsea foundations and the marine resource recovery systems. The diatom microfossils significantly affect the physical and mechanical properties of diatomaceous soils, distinguishing them from soils without diatoms. Such properties are directly related to seabed mechanics, and consequently the stability and design of ocean engineering infrastructures. However, how diatoms control the soil compression behaviors and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This paper systematically examines the compression behaviors of diatomaceous soils through compression tests on artificially prepared diatom-kaolin mixtures, quantifying the impact of diatom content and stress levels. Mercury-intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to trace the microstructural evolution of the soils with diatom addition and compressive loading. The results indicate that diatoms significantly contribute to high compressibility of diatomaceous soils. This phenomenon can be explained by microstructural evolution, where alterations in pore characteristics and the breakage of diatom particles play critical roles during compression. Low vertical stress induced minor microstructural changes, compressing both intra- and inter-aggregate pores. Higher vertical stress triggers brittle breakage of diatom’s hollow structure, leading to pronounced rearrangement of soil structure and pore distribution, and consequently elevated compressibility. This work enhances comprehension of the mechanical behaviors of marine diatomaceous soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 104875"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145652091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104869
Yuansheng Cheng , Zhe Tian , Donghong Ning , Atilla Incecik , Zhixiong Li , Lu Liu
Deep learning-based object detectors exhibit strong generalization capabilities and have been widely applied in the field of vibration measurement. However, errors often occur in the generation of candidate boxes during the deep learning processing, leading to a decrease in the measurement accuracy. More importantly, high computational cost and slow inference speed hinder the efficiency of the vision methods in practical applications. To address these issues, this work proposes a new vision method, named as the Fast Real-Time Low-Frequency Vibration Measurement (FRLF-VM), to measure small structural vibration displacements. In this new method, the keypoint localization process is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the deep learning is used to localize the target region; while in the second stage, a new keypoint detection algorithm is developed by combining the data-driven methods to achieve precise localization of the target points. Furthermore, after completing the coarse localization in the first stage, the system automatically cancels the subsequent computations of the candidate boxes, which effectively reduces the computational costs. To further establish a temporal correlation between video frames, an efficient keypoint tracking algorithm is proposed. Lastly, using the binocular vision technology, small structural vibration can be precisely measured. Based on this new method, a prototype (including hardware and software) is designed, manufactured and evaluated. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over existing popular techniques by achieving subpixel-level accuracy. As a result, the FRLF-VM method provides a new solution for real-time vibration measurement.
{"title":"A novel machine vision method for fast real-time low-frequency vibration measurement of engineering structures","authors":"Yuansheng Cheng , Zhe Tian , Donghong Ning , Atilla Incecik , Zhixiong Li , Lu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep learning-based object detectors exhibit strong generalization capabilities and have been widely applied in the field of vibration measurement. However, errors often occur in the generation of candidate boxes during the deep learning processing, leading to a decrease in the measurement accuracy. More importantly, high computational cost and slow inference speed hinder the efficiency of the vision methods in practical applications. To address these issues, this work proposes a new vision method, named as the Fast Real-Time Low-Frequency Vibration Measurement (FRLF-VM), to measure small structural vibration displacements. In this new method, the keypoint localization process is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the deep learning is used to localize the target region; while in the second stage, a new keypoint detection algorithm is developed by combining the data-driven methods to achieve precise localization of the target points. Furthermore, after completing the coarse localization in the first stage, the system automatically cancels the subsequent computations of the candidate boxes, which effectively reduces the computational costs. To further establish a temporal correlation between video frames, an efficient keypoint tracking algorithm is proposed. Lastly, using the binocular vision technology, small structural vibration can be precisely measured. Based on this new method, a prototype (including hardware and software) is designed, manufactured and evaluated. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over existing popular techniques by achieving subpixel-level accuracy. As a result, the FRLF-VM method provides a new solution for real-time vibration measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145619972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104828
Liwei Cao , Aifeng Tao , Jian Zeng , Jianhao Liu , Gang Wang , Jinhai Zheng , Qiuhua Liang
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Key differences of swells around China induced by two calculation domains” [Applied Ocean Research, Volume 165, 16 October 2025, 104804]","authors":"Liwei Cao , Aifeng Tao , Jian Zeng , Jianhao Liu , Gang Wang , Jinhai Zheng , Qiuhua Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104828","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104828"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2025.104872
Xiao-Ting Huang , Peng-Nan Sun
Violent sloshing flows under various conditions including wave traveling, entrapped air bubbles/pockets and high-frequency tank motions are investigated through comparative simulations using single-phase and multi-phase consistent -SPH models. To enhance numerical robustness in violent sloshing simulations, a boundary shield technique (BST) is proposed to prevent unphysical penetration at solid walls. The consistent -SPH results are validated against analytical solutions and experimental data. Numerical results show that the multi-phase consistent -SPH simulations accurately capture pressure evolution and complex liquid–gas interface dynamics, particularly in cases involving entrapped air bubbles. For sloshing cases without significant air entrainment, the single-phase model achieves comparable accuracy with much lower computational cost. Moreover, for cases where air bubbles are entrapped but rapidly breaking up, such as the sloshing under high-frequency tank motions, both single-phase and multi-phase simulations provide similar predictions of global sloshing behavior and impact forces on the tank wall. This study clarifies the applicability of both single-phase and multi-phase SPH models, providing practical guidelines for efficient and accurate simulation of violent sloshing in marine and aeronautical engineering applications.
{"title":"Comparative study of single-phase and multi-phase consistent δ＋-SPH models with a boundary shield technique for simulating violent sloshing flows","authors":"Xiao-Ting Huang , Peng-Nan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Violent sloshing flows under various conditions including wave traveling, entrapped air bubbles/pockets and high-frequency tank motions are investigated through comparative simulations using single-phase and multi-phase consistent <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-SPH models. To enhance numerical robustness in violent sloshing simulations, a boundary shield technique (BST) is proposed to prevent unphysical penetration at solid walls. The consistent <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-SPH results are validated against analytical solutions and experimental data. Numerical results show that the multi-phase consistent <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>δ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>-SPH simulations accurately capture pressure evolution and complex liquid–gas interface dynamics, particularly in cases involving entrapped air bubbles. For sloshing cases without significant air entrainment, the single-phase model achieves comparable accuracy with much lower computational cost. Moreover, for cases where air bubbles are entrapped but rapidly breaking up, such as the sloshing under high-frequency tank motions, both single-phase and multi-phase simulations provide similar predictions of global sloshing behavior and impact forces on the tank wall. This study clarifies the applicability of both single-phase and multi-phase SPH models, providing practical guidelines for efficient and accurate simulation of violent sloshing in marine and aeronautical engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8261,"journal":{"name":"Applied Ocean Research","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 104872"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145619970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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