Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900305
R. Dunlap, M. Allen
HE ISSUE of environmental quality has often been viewed as a consensus issue which transcends the partisan differences characteristic of most political issues. This consensus and nonpartisan view of environmental politics is challenged in a recent study by Dunlap and Gale.l In contrast to many observers, Dunlap and Gale argue that there are important reasons for expecting significant partisan differences to emerge on environmental issues. On the one hand, "proenvironmental" measures generally are opposed by business and industry, entail an extension of governmental regulation and intervention, and imply the need for "radical" rather than "incremental" policies. On the other hand, traditionally the Republican party, relative to the Democratic, has maintained a more pro-business orientation, a greater opposition to the extension of governmental power, and a less innovative posture toward the use of governmental action to solve societal problems. For these reasons, Dunlap and Gale hypothesized that Republicans would give significantly less support to measures designed to protect the quality of the environment than would Democrats. They tested the hypothesis in the 1970 session of the Oregon legislature, where it received considerable support. Republican legislators were found to rank significantly lower than their Democratic counterparts in terms of "pro-environment" voting on relevant roll calls. Although the hypothesis presented by Dunlap and Gale is supported by their study of Oregon legislators, as well as recent studies of California2 and Utah legislators,3 it is by no means clear that similar partisan differences on the issue of environmental quality exist at the national level. It seems possible, for example, that partisan differences may not emerge at the congressional level because labor unions. which are extremely influential among the Democratic members of Congress, often oppose environmental measures which purportedly threaten to eliminate jobs for their members.4 Given the critical role of the U.S. Congress in providing federal funds and establishing national standards for preserving the quality of the environ-
{"title":"Partisan Differences On Environmental Issues: a Congressional Roll-Call Analysis","authors":"R. Dunlap, M. Allen","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900305","url":null,"abstract":"HE ISSUE of environmental quality has often been viewed as a consensus issue which transcends the partisan differences characteristic of most political issues. This consensus and nonpartisan view of environmental politics is challenged in a recent study by Dunlap and Gale.l In contrast to many observers, Dunlap and Gale argue that there are important reasons for expecting significant partisan differences to emerge on environmental issues. On the one hand, \"proenvironmental\" measures generally are opposed by business and industry, entail an extension of governmental regulation and intervention, and imply the need for \"radical\" rather than \"incremental\" policies. On the other hand, traditionally the Republican party, relative to the Democratic, has maintained a more pro-business orientation, a greater opposition to the extension of governmental power, and a less innovative posture toward the use of governmental action to solve societal problems. For these reasons, Dunlap and Gale hypothesized that Republicans would give significantly less support to measures designed to protect the quality of the environment than would Democrats. They tested the hypothesis in the 1970 session of the Oregon legislature, where it received considerable support. Republican legislators were found to rank significantly lower than their Democratic counterparts in terms of \"pro-environment\" voting on relevant roll calls. Although the hypothesis presented by Dunlap and Gale is supported by their study of Oregon legislators, as well as recent studies of California2 and Utah legislators,3 it is by no means clear that similar partisan differences on the issue of environmental quality exist at the national level. It seems possible, for example, that partisan differences may not emerge at the congressional level because labor unions. which are extremely influential among the Democratic members of Congress, often oppose environmental measures which purportedly threaten to eliminate jobs for their members.4 Given the critical role of the U.S. Congress in providing federal funds and establishing national standards for preserving the quality of the environ-","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"14 1","pages":"384 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89380068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900320
M. Nziramasanga
Since the changes in national patterns of authority have been so extensive in recent years, Prescott’s book is a timely one. As well, it is an imaginative attempt to measure the impact of geographical factors on the process of national claims. By concentrating on national zones of authority, Prescott’s approach is a statecentric one. He implies that the political geography of the seas is the study of ocean areas claimed by nation-states. Because of this bias, he does not examine existing patterns of intergovernmental and transnational authority in the oceans. For example, the regional fishery commissions and IMCO (the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization) are not discussed. The chapter on the high seas lacks the coherence of earlier chapters. Similarly, the politically vital questions associated with islets, islands, and straits are not fully treated. Nor does Prescott examine the common geographical problems of groups of states such as the archi-
{"title":"Book Reviews : Corporate Power in an African State: The Political Impact of Multinational Mining Companies in Zambia. By RICHARD L. SKLAR. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. Pp. 245. $12.00.)","authors":"M. Nziramasanga","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900320","url":null,"abstract":"Since the changes in national patterns of authority have been so extensive in recent years, Prescott’s book is a timely one. As well, it is an imaginative attempt to measure the impact of geographical factors on the process of national claims. By concentrating on national zones of authority, Prescott’s approach is a statecentric one. He implies that the political geography of the seas is the study of ocean areas claimed by nation-states. Because of this bias, he does not examine existing patterns of intergovernmental and transnational authority in the oceans. For example, the regional fishery commissions and IMCO (the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization) are not discussed. The chapter on the high seas lacks the coherence of earlier chapters. Similarly, the politically vital questions associated with islets, islands, and straits are not fully treated. Nor does Prescott examine the common geographical problems of groups of states such as the archi-","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"12 1","pages":"482 - 483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87805225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900304
J. Clayton
TT IS widely believed among scholars that defense spending in A-merica is excessively high and has gained an undue influence in setting national priorities which adversely affect our welfare programs. Some writers maintain defense expenditures are excessive because our defense effort has required a reduction in more desirable social welfare programs.' Others argue that in recent years our military system has become "economically non-productive" and causes stagnation and therefore rising welfare costs in the civilian sector.2 Still others believe that excessive and "wasteful" defense expenditures are deliberately planned and necessary for a capitalist system to survive.3 Finally, a substantial number of analysts simply believe that the fear of an external threat upon which defense budgets are based is grossly exaggerated, and, conversely, that welfare needs have been underestimated. Both our pacifistic and Judaeo-Christian t-raditions support this position. Those who argue for these propositions usually do so on the basis of a single and quite broad definition of defense spending and a fairly narrow definition of welfare spending. Moreover, the basis of funding is almost always limited to the federal budget. This method, of course, includes virtually all defense-related expenditures, but excludes much of the thrust of state and local welfare-related programs which have been rising almost as fast as federal outlays. These studies also focus on recent years and do not examine long-term trends in either defense or welfare spending. This essay will attempt to expand the number of working definitions of both defense and welfare spending, and compare the spending patterns derived by those different methods since these data first became available. In addition, a method of measurement common to both welfare and defense spending will be developed for purposes of better comparison. It is hoped that, by using a variety of definitions and methods of measurement and a more extensive longitudinal focus, the reader may gain a much more comprehensive picture of the interrelationship between defense spending and welfare spending in the United States and thereby be better able to determine whether either or both are excessive. Finally, I shall argue that our rapidly rising social welfare expenditure trends are far more unsettling than our shrinking defense commitments.
{"title":"The Fiscal Limits of the Warfare-Welfare State: Defense and Welfare Spending in the United States Since 1900","authors":"J. Clayton","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900304","url":null,"abstract":"TT IS widely believed among scholars that defense spending in A-merica is excessively high and has gained an undue influence in setting national priorities which adversely affect our welfare programs. Some writers maintain defense expenditures are excessive because our defense effort has required a reduction in more desirable social welfare programs.' Others argue that in recent years our military system has become \"economically non-productive\" and causes stagnation and therefore rising welfare costs in the civilian sector.2 Still others believe that excessive and \"wasteful\" defense expenditures are deliberately planned and necessary for a capitalist system to survive.3 Finally, a substantial number of analysts simply believe that the fear of an external threat upon which defense budgets are based is grossly exaggerated, and, conversely, that welfare needs have been underestimated. Both our pacifistic and Judaeo-Christian t-raditions support this position. Those who argue for these propositions usually do so on the basis of a single and quite broad definition of defense spending and a fairly narrow definition of welfare spending. Moreover, the basis of funding is almost always limited to the federal budget. This method, of course, includes virtually all defense-related expenditures, but excludes much of the thrust of state and local welfare-related programs which have been rising almost as fast as federal outlays. These studies also focus on recent years and do not examine long-term trends in either defense or welfare spending. This essay will attempt to expand the number of working definitions of both defense and welfare spending, and compare the spending patterns derived by those different methods since these data first became available. In addition, a method of measurement common to both welfare and defense spending will be developed for purposes of better comparison. It is hoped that, by using a variety of definitions and methods of measurement and a more extensive longitudinal focus, the reader may gain a much more comprehensive picture of the interrelationship between defense spending and welfare spending in the United States and thereby be better able to determine whether either or both are excessive. Finally, I shall argue that our rapidly rising social welfare expenditure trends are far more unsettling than our shrinking defense commitments.","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"19 1","pages":"364 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91102860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900326
J. Gerson
{"title":"More Power Than We Know: The People's Movement Toward Democracy. By DAVE DELLINGER. (New York: Anchor Press, Doubleday, 1975. Pp. 336. $3.95.)","authors":"J. Gerson","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900326","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"32 1","pages":"491 - 491"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81876966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900302
D. Yarwood, D. Nimmo
{"title":"Subjective Environments of Bureaucracy: Accuracies and Inaccuracies in Role-Taking Among Administrators, Legislators, and Citizens","authors":"D. Yarwood, D. Nimmo","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900302","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"8 1","pages":"337 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78460391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900307
S. Moore, K. Wagner, J. Lare, D. S. McHargue
IT is generally accepted in the behavioral sciences that "reality" is perceived individualistically, that behavior is to a large extent based on the individual's perception of and interaction with his environment, and that adult affective and cognitive mental structures are the outgrowth of the child's development.1 Consequently, students of political socialization have in the last decade and a half given much attention to the political awareness of school children. However, most of this attention has been concentrated on children old enough to respond to the researcher's most efficient data-gathering instrument the written questionnaire. This has been true in spite of the seminal observation of Easton and Hess in 1962:
{"title":"The Civic Awareness of Five and Six Year Olds","authors":"S. Moore, K. Wagner, J. Lare, D. S. McHargue","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900307","url":null,"abstract":"IT is generally accepted in the behavioral sciences that \"reality\" is perceived individualistically, that behavior is to a large extent based on the individual's perception of and interaction with his environment, and that adult affective and cognitive mental structures are the outgrowth of the child's development.1 Consequently, students of political socialization have in the last decade and a half given much attention to the political awareness of school children. However, most of this attention has been concentrated on children old enough to respond to the researcher's most efficient data-gathering instrument the written questionnaire. This has been true in spite of the seminal observation of Easton and Hess in 1962:","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"12 1","pages":"410 - 424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77112179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900322
G. Schiff
while the impact of early socialization may be overstated with regard to developing loyalties to the political system, it may be critical with respect to the inculcation of procedural modes for political participation. Cornelius’ contrast between rather fluid loyalties and rigid patron-client behavioral modes might indicate that the former should be viewed as contextually sensitive and the latter as more firmly rooted in both rural village life and the rural family structure. With regard to the implications of Cornelius’ findings for the future of the Mexican political system, his studv suggests that the urban migrant poor in Mexico City have. to this point served as a base of political support for the PRI. This
{"title":"Book Reviews : From Encroachment to Involvement, A Documentary Study of Soviet Policy in the Middle East, 1145-1973. Edited by YAACOV RO'I. (New York : Halstead Press. 1975. Pp. 592. $26.75.)","authors":"G. Schiff","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900322","url":null,"abstract":"while the impact of early socialization may be overstated with regard to developing loyalties to the political system, it may be critical with respect to the inculcation of procedural modes for political participation. Cornelius’ contrast between rather fluid loyalties and rigid patron-client behavioral modes might indicate that the former should be viewed as contextually sensitive and the latter as more firmly rooted in both rural village life and the rural family structure. With regard to the implications of Cornelius’ findings for the future of the Mexican political system, his studv suggests that the urban migrant poor in Mexico City have. to this point served as a base of political support for the PRI. This","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"45 1","pages":"484 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86602065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900315
John H. Culver
to adapt can probably not be argued to be superior to that of many viruses and insects.&dquo; Again: &dquo;... constant expansion is inherent in man’s energy-using role within the thermodynamic system.&dquo; Happily for readers tired of the abstractions, but unhappily for the human race, the book ends with a look at the physical really physical energy crisis: the consumption of fossil fuels, the heating up of the earth’s atmosphere, the need to get to a steady-state econcmy. Adams sketches the solutions proposed by others and says they all break down into invocations of will, education or religion, which are &dquo;errors&dquo; or &dquo;magic,&dquo; and will not solve the problem. It is barely possible that we could go back to agrarian or nomadic existence, but, in any case, there is nowhere to go but down, as his final diagram symbolizes. Political scientists will be interested to note that while there is extended discussion of information-processing, there is no discussion at all in the book of speech, language, or human communication, those elements without which politics does not come into existence. No wonder Adams despairingly believes there is nowhere to go but down.
{"title":"Book Reviews : Human Jurisprudence: Public Law as Political Science. By GLENDON SCHUBERT (Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1975. Pp. 347. $15.00.)","authors":"John H. Culver","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900315","url":null,"abstract":"to adapt can probably not be argued to be superior to that of many viruses and insects.&dquo; Again: &dquo;... constant expansion is inherent in man’s energy-using role within the thermodynamic system.&dquo; Happily for readers tired of the abstractions, but unhappily for the human race, the book ends with a look at the physical really physical energy crisis: the consumption of fossil fuels, the heating up of the earth’s atmosphere, the need to get to a steady-state econcmy. Adams sketches the solutions proposed by others and says they all break down into invocations of will, education or religion, which are &dquo;errors&dquo; or &dquo;magic,&dquo; and will not solve the problem. It is barely possible that we could go back to agrarian or nomadic existence, but, in any case, there is nowhere to go but down, as his final diagram symbolizes. Political scientists will be interested to note that while there is extended discussion of information-processing, there is no discussion at all in the book of speech, language, or human communication, those elements without which politics does not come into existence. No wonder Adams despairingly believes there is nowhere to go but down.","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"255 1","pages":"478 - 478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76762914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900334
E. Eagle
{"title":"The Politics of Oil in Venezuela. By FRANKLIN TUGWELL. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1975. Pp. xii, 210. $8.95.)","authors":"E. Eagle","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900334","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"1 1","pages":"493 - 494"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76258427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1177/106591297602900306
Loch k. Johnson
ETWEEN January 1965 and January 1972, 45,929 American servicemen lost their lives in the Republic of Vietnam through action by hostile forces.2 In the same period, U.S. military forces suffered 303,598 injuries from enemy action. A little over half of these men (153,291) required hospital care. Army personnel, mainly infantrymen, accounted for the majority of the killed and wounded. This paper examines the political attitudes of Army veterans hospitalized from wounds incurred while serving in Vietnam.
{"title":"Political Alienation Among Vietnam Veterans","authors":"Loch k. Johnson","doi":"10.1177/106591297602900306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591297602900306","url":null,"abstract":"ETWEEN January 1965 and January 1972, 45,929 American servicemen lost their lives in the Republic of Vietnam through action by hostile forces.2 In the same period, U.S. military forces suffered 303,598 injuries from enemy action. A little over half of these men (153,291) required hospital care. Army personnel, mainly infantrymen, accounted for the majority of the killed and wounded. This paper examines the political attitudes of Army veterans hospitalized from wounds incurred while serving in Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":83314,"journal":{"name":"The Western political quarterly","volume":"60 1","pages":"398 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77185113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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