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Perinatal mental health, parenting and infant outcomes: Studies on the mechanisms 围产期心理健康、养育与婴儿结局:机制研究
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/E579192013-235
M. Oosterman, J. Kohlhoff, B. Barnett, F. C. Kunseler, C. Schuengel, J. Wernand, M. Flykt
Maternal mental health problems are linked to negative parenting and child outcomes. However, evidence for mechanisms that may explain the undermining influence of psychological problems is less well specified and the influence of possible moderators is relatively unexplored. (Dix & Meunier, 2009). This symposium brings into the discussion intervention as well as longitudinal studies focusing on processes at the cognitive, affective and behavioral level, which may explain the adverse effects of mental health problems in the perinatal period and help to evaluate and select pre- and postnatal intervention targets which are most critical for adaptation to parenthood. The first presentation will report results from three studies (involving over 300 mother-infant dyads) to comment on links among maternal state of mind with respect to attachment, adult separation anxiety, childhood parenting experiences, postnatal psychological distress, parenting confidence and early infant behavior. Results identified attachment and separation anxiety issues as important mechanisms in the development of postnatal difficulties. The second presentation focuses on the impact of anxiety and depression on the development of parental self-efficacy and the moderating role of marital and social support. As part of a longitudinal study, 296 primiparous expecting women were followed from pregnancy (12, 22, 32 weeks) to 3 months postpartum. Controlled for concurrent levels of PSE, state anxiety symptoms (12 weeks) were uniquely associated with prenatal PSE at 32 weeks of pregnancy. Prenatal depressive symptoms were no longer significant when anxiety was taken into account. The association between state anxiety symptoms (32 weeks) and postnatal PSE was mediated by prenatal PSE (32 weeks). Marital and social support showed a compensating effect on postnatal PSE. The third presentation focuses on the role of violated expectations in mediating the effects of parental mental health, marital quality and birth experience on parent-child relationship. The findings are based on a sample of 745 couples, followed from pregnancy to 12 months postpartum, half having conceived via infertility treatment. The effect of marital and mental health problems on parent-child relationship was partly mediated via negatively violated expectations. The role of negative prenatal expectations was also crucial, whereas former infertility had little impact. The fourth presentation presents results from a postnatal intervention (Mom Power) aimed at engaging high-risk families, specifically, low-income mothers with a history of childhood abuse. The intervention addressed potential mediators and moderators in five core domains: attachment-based parenting education, enhancing social support, connecting families to care, practicing self-care skills, and supporting child-parent interaction. Evaluation results on 100 families demonstrated improved parent mental health, and enhanced maternal representations of thei
产妇心理健康问题与消极的养育方式和子女结局有关。然而,可能解释心理问题的破坏性影响的机制的证据不太明确,可能的调节因素的影响也相对未被探索。(Dix & Meunier, 2009)。本次研讨会将从认知、情感和行为三个层面对围产期心理健康问题的不良影响进行讨论和纵向研究,以帮助评估和选择对适应为人父母最关键的产前和产后干预目标。第一个报告将报告三项研究的结果(涉及300多对母婴),以评论母亲的心理状态与依恋、成人分离焦虑、童年育儿经历、产后心理困扰、育儿信心和婴儿早期行为之间的联系。结果确定依恋和分离焦虑问题是产后困难发展的重要机制。第二部分主要探讨焦虑和抑郁对父母自我效能感发展的影响,以及婚姻和社会支持的调节作用。作为一项纵向研究的一部分,296名初产妇从怀孕(12、22、32周)到产后3个月被跟踪调查。对照PSE的同时水平,状态焦虑症状(12周)与妊娠32周的产前PSE有独特的相关性。当考虑到焦虑时,产前抑郁症状不再显著。状态焦虑症状(32周)与产后PSE之间的关联通过产前PSE(32周)介导。婚姻和社会支持对产后PSE有补偿作用。第三部分着重讨论了违反期望在父母心理健康、婚姻质量和生育经历对亲子关系的影响中的中介作用。研究结果基于745对夫妇的样本,从怀孕到产后12个月,其中一半是通过不孕治疗怀孕的。婚姻和心理健康问题对亲子关系的影响部分通过负性违背期望中介。负面的产前预期也起着至关重要的作用,而以前的不孕症几乎没有影响。第四份报告介绍了产后干预(母亲力量)的结果,旨在吸引高风险家庭,特别是有童年虐待史的低收入母亲。干预措施解决了五个核心领域的潜在中介和调节因素:基于依恋的父母教育,加强社会支持,将家庭与照顾联系起来,练习自我照顾技能,以及支持亲子互动。对100个家庭的评价结果表明,父母的心理健康有所改善,母亲对子女的代表有所增加。
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引用次数: 0
From expecting to experiencing: Sources of resilient parenting self-efficacy 从期待到体验:弹性育儿自我效能感的来源
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/E579192013-330
C. Schuengel, M. Verhage, M. Oosterman, S. Schoppe-Sullivan, C. K. Dush, J. Kohlhoff, B. Barnett
Expectation of competence in parenting infants, or parenting self-efficacy (PSE), is an elusive concept both for parents and professionals. High PSE may have different consequences for infant development depending on the basis of PSE (e.g., actual experience vs. persuasion). High PSE may also not be maintained when actual parenting starts. Experimental studies, intervention studies, and longitudinal studies starting during pregnancy are yielding novel findings on PSE, which serve as input for a discussion that should deepen understanding of PSE and increase the utility of the concept for practice. The first presentation tests robustness of PSE in two ways. The first approach is based on a computerized task in which prenatal PSE was challenged among 179 pregnant women by manipulating success in regulating the baby. The second approach followed first-time mothers (intended N=1000) across all trimesters of pregnancy and during the first year to examine patterns of change in PSE in relation to infant temperament. Analyses of the experimental data demonstrated that PSE decreased in response to regulation difficulty. The longitudinal data (preliminary n = 138) indicated that PSE on average increased across pregnancy and first year, but not for mothers of more irritable babies. Is there a common mechanism involved? The second presentation focuses on the course of PSE from pregnancy to 9 months postpartum in 180 new mothers and fathers, and the role that coparenting support plays in initial levels of PSE and change in PSE over time. Expectant parents completed a survey regarding task-specific PSE during the third trimester of pregnancy, and again 3 months and 9 months after their infant’s birth. At 3 months and 9 months postpartum, new parents completed a survey about coparenting. Preliminary SEM analyses of associations between PSE and coparenting support over time indicate that for fathers, increases in PSE from 3 to 9 months postpartum were precipitated by greater perceived coparenting support, but a similar effect was not observed for mothers. The third presentation focuses on PSE and early persistent infant behavior disturbance (i.e., excessive crying, sleeping and feeding difficulties in the first year postpartum). The study included 80 first-time mothers participating in a residential parent-infant intervention with an unsettled infant. Results show clear associations between infant behavior and PSE, and support the effectiveness of the intervention with respect to both variables. Associations between PSE and various maternal variables including depression and anxiety, attachment security and perceived parenting during childhood will also be reported and discussed. Professor Bryanne Barnett will relate in her discussion to links with perinatal mental health, to open up the discussion with the symposium participants about including PSE in building resilience in at-risk families.
父母对幼儿的能力期望,即父母自我效能感(PSE),对父母和专业人士来说都是一个难以捉摸的概念。高PSE可能会对婴儿的发展产生不同的影响,这取决于PSE的基础(例如,实际经验vs.说服)。当真正开始养育子女时,高PSE也可能无法维持。实验研究、干预研究和在怀孕期间开始的纵向研究都产生了关于PSE的新发现,这些发现作为讨论的输入,应该加深对PSE的理解,并增加该概念在实践中的实用性。第一个演示以两种方式测试PSE的健壮性。第一种方法是基于一项计算机化的任务,在这项任务中,179名孕妇通过操纵婴儿的成功调节来挑战产前PSE。第二种方法是对首次怀孕的母亲(N=1000)在怀孕的所有三个月和第一年进行随访,以检查PSE变化模式与婴儿气质的关系。实验数据分析表明,PSE随调节难度的增大而降低。纵向数据(初步n = 138)表明PSE在怀孕期间和第一年平均增加,但对于更容易烦躁的婴儿的母亲没有。是否有一个共同的机制?第二份报告的重点是180位新妈妈和新爸爸从怀孕到产后9个月的PSE过程,以及父母支持在PSE初始水平和PSE随时间变化的作用。准父母在妊娠晚期完成了一项关于特定任务PSE的调查,在婴儿出生后3个月和9个月再次完成了调查。在产后3个月和9个月,新父母完成了一项关于父母教养的调查。初步的扫描电镜分析表明,随着时间的推移,PSE和父母支持之间的关系表明,对于父亲来说,产后3至9个月PSE的增加是由于更多的父母支持,但对母亲没有观察到类似的效果。第三个报告侧重于PSE和早期持续性婴儿行为障碍(即产后第一年的过度哭泣,睡眠和喂养困难)。这项研究包括80位第一次做母亲的妇女,她们参加了一个有未安置婴儿的家庭亲子干预。结果显示婴儿行为与PSE之间存在明显的关联,并支持干预在两个变量方面的有效性。PSE与母亲的各种变量之间的关系,包括抑郁和焦虑,依恋安全和童年时期的父母感知,也将被报道和讨论。Bryanne Barnett教授将在她的讨论中涉及与围产期心理健康的联系,与研讨会参与者展开讨论,将PSE纳入建立风险家庭的复原力。
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引用次数: 0
Parenting difficulties of mothers with HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS-psychosis: a systematic literature review HIV/AIDS母亲的养育困难和HIV/AIDS-精神病:系统的文献综述
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/E579192013-181
R. Spies, C. Schuengel, P. Sterkenburg, E. V. Rensburg
Aim: South Africa has the world’s highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS: in 2009 approximately 5.6 million people lived with HIV/AIDS, that is approximately 11% of the national population. HIV/AIDS is reported for 32.7% of the women aged between 25 and 29 years and 29.1% between 30 and 34 years. Psychotic disorder associated with HIV tends to surface when the illness has progressed to its later stages of development and affects an estimated 0.2 to 15% of HIV+ patients. Due to her chronic physical symptoms, but also due to her psychiatric symptoms the infected mother may be less physically or emotionally available for her developing child or display confusing or frightening behavior, resulting in insecure or disorganized attachment relationships. This systematic literature review describes and synthesises studies addressing the parenting difficulties of mothers with HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS-psychosis in order to better understand its effects on parenting. Method: Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL, ERIC, Health Source, Medline/Pubmed, PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO databases were searched via EBSCOhost for relevant articles from 1997 to 2011 resulting in 4370 articles. Findings from fifty-one peer reviewed articles were deemed relevant using defined inclusion criteria. Results: None of the studies simultaneously focused on the topics HIV/AIDS, psychotic disorders and parenting. Studies identified a number of resilience factors that partly offset the risk of HIV/AIDS, namely an improved maternal bond and motherhood being a source of hope, esteem, motivation. Identified risks include parental concerns and stressors as well as physical illness and hospitalization; with social relations and support being a risk factor as well as a resiliency factor. Studies on parents with psychosis report decreased theory of mind and -mentalization, poor social relationships and –support networks, abnormal parental behavior, insensitive caregiving and problematic attachment representations which result in poor parenting outcomes. Conclusion: A moderation model integrates the results. Psychosis is likely to exacerbate the effects of HIV/AIDS on parenting. Increased awareness of the likelihood and importance of these symptoms may be used to improve care for families with a mother affected by HIV/AIDS-psychosis.
目的:南非是世界上艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行率最高的国家:2009年,大约有560万人患有艾滋病毒/艾滋病,约占全国人口的11%。25岁至29岁的妇女中有32.7%感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病,30岁至34岁的妇女中有29.1%感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病。与艾滋病毒相关的精神障碍往往在疾病发展到后期阶段时出现,估计影响0.2%至15%的艾滋病毒阳性患者。由于她的慢性身体症状,也由于她的精神症状,受感染的母亲可能在身体上或情感上较少与她正在发育的孩子在一起,或表现出困惑或可怕的行为,导致不安全或无组织的依恋关系。这篇系统的文献综述描述并综合了针对患有艾滋病毒/艾滋病和艾滋病毒/艾滋病-精神病的母亲的育儿困难的研究,以便更好地了解其对育儿的影响。方法:通过EBSCOhost检索1997 - 2011年学术检索Premier、Africa-Wide Information、CINAHL、ERIC、Health Source、Medline/Pubmed、PsycARTICLES和PsycINFO数据库的相关文章,共4370篇。使用定义的纳入标准,51篇同行评议文章的发现被认为是相关的。结果:没有一项研究同时关注艾滋病毒/艾滋病、精神障碍和养育子女的主题。研究确定了一些能够部分抵消艾滋病毒/艾滋病风险的复原力因素,即改善的母性纽带和母性是希望、尊重和动力的来源。确定的风险包括父母的担忧和压力源以及身体疾病和住院治疗;社会关系和支持既是风险因素也是恢复因素。对患有精神疾病的父母的研究表明,心理理论和心理化能力下降,社会关系和支持网络不良,父母行为异常,照顾不敏感,依恋表征有问题,这些都会导致不良的养育结果。结论:一个调节模型整合了结果。精神病可能会加剧艾滋病毒/艾滋病对养育子女的影响。提高对这些症状的可能性和重要性的认识,可用于改善对母亲感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病-精神病的家庭的护理。
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引用次数: 1
Paternal experiences during pregnancy : An explorative study of paternal working models of fetus and prenatal attachment 孕期父亲经验:胎儿父亲工作模式与产前依恋的探索性研究
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/e579192013-385
C. Vreeswijk, A. Maas, H. Bakel
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引用次数: 0
Perceived urgency and physiological reactivity predict maternal behaviors in infant affect regulation during a simulated cry response task 在模拟啼哭反应任务中,感知紧迫性和生理反应性预测母亲在婴儿情感调节中的行为
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.1037/E579192013-167
M. Verhage, S. D. Hartog, M. Oosterman, C. Schuengel
Young infants need their caregivers to help them regulate their affect. When the caregiver does this successfully, infants gradually learn to regulate their affect themselves. However, regulating the affect of the infant is challenging for new parents; they have to learn which methods are effective from the signals the baby emits. To interpret these signals, caregivers have to be in control of their own emotions as well, which might be more difficult if an infant is hard to soothe, since research has shown that exposure to infant cries leads to strong physiological arousal (Donovan & Leavitt, 1989). The current study investigated with a simulated cry response task whether perceptions of a crying infant and physiological reactions were influenced by difficulty of regulating the infant’s affect. We were also interested in whether this had an effect on the response latency and the amount and consistency of the caregiver’s responses. This study has been executed with first-time pregnant women, because we expected them to be able to relate to this task more than any other group of non-parent adults, while their responses were not colored by previous parenting experiences. 179 women (age 18-40 years) who were pregnant with their first child participated at 22 weeks of pregnancy in a computerized cry response task involving audio taped baby cries. They listened to 2x10 baby cries during which they could choose one of four responses (feeding, distracting, changing the diaper or picking up the infant) to terminate the cry. The first series of cries simulated an easy to regulate infant (soothing success rate 80%, short cry duration); the second series represented a difficult to regulate infant (soothing success rate 20%, longer cry duration). After each series, the women filled out four questions regarding their perception of the cries. Physiological reactivity was measured using the VU-AMS (De Geus & Van Doornen, 1996), an ambulatory device that records ECG and ICG, allowing calculation of indicators of sympathetic (PEP; pre-ejection period) and parasympathetic nervous system activity (RSA: respiratory sinus arrhythmia). The cries of the difficult infant were perceived as more urgent, stressful, unpleasant and piercing (p<.01) than the cries of the easy infant. Women also gave more responses (p<.001) and changed their responses more often (p<.001) for the difficult infant. Perceived urgency was positively related to faster responses (p<.01), a larger number of responses (p=.064) and more altered responses (p<.01). Preliminary physiological data (n=76) showed that lower PEP (more sympathetic stress) was related to faster (p<.05) and more responses (p<.01). Longer, difficult to calm crying alters pregnant women’s perceptions of the meaning of the cries. Differences in perception and arousal may partly explain response tendencies to crying infants. Heightened physiological arousal may lead to excessive soothing behaviors.Nurturing Role Questionnaire) at 32 w
年幼的婴儿需要照顾者帮助他们调节自己的情绪。当照顾者成功地做到这一点时,婴儿就会逐渐学会自己调节自己的情绪。然而,调节婴儿的影响对新父母来说是一个挑战;他们必须从婴儿发出的信号中学习哪些方法是有效的。为了解释这些信号,照顾者也必须控制自己的情绪,如果婴儿很难安抚,这可能会更加困难,因为研究表明,接触婴儿的哭声会导致强烈的生理唤醒(Donovan & Leavitt, 1989)。本研究通过模拟哭闹反应任务调查了婴儿哭闹知觉和生理反应是否受到婴儿情绪调节困难的影响。我们也感兴趣的是,这是否对反应延迟和照顾者反应的数量和一致性有影响。这项研究是在第一次怀孕的妇女中进行的,因为我们希望她们比其他任何一组没有父母的成年人更能胜任这项任务,而她们的反应不受以前为人父母经历的影响。179名怀孕第一个孩子的妇女(年龄在18-40岁之间)在怀孕22周时参加了一项计算机化的哭泣反应任务,该任务涉及录制婴儿哭声。他们听了2x10个婴儿的哭声,在此期间,他们可以从四种反应(喂食、分散注意力、换尿布或抱起婴儿)中选择一种来结束哭声。第一个系列的哭声模拟了一个容易调节的婴儿(安抚成功率80%,哭声持续时间短);第二组表现为难以调节的婴儿(安抚成功率20%,哭闹持续时间较长)。在每个系列之后,这些女性填写了四个关于她们对哭泣的看法的问题。使用VU-AMS (De Geus & Van Doornen, 1996)测量生理反应性,这是一种记录心电图和ICG的移动设备,可以计算交感神经指标(PEP;和副交感神经系统活动(RSA:呼吸性窦性心律失常)。难相处婴儿的哭声被认为比易相处婴儿的哭声更紧急、更紧张、更不愉快、更刺耳(p< 0.01)。对于有困难的婴儿,妇女也给出了更多的回答(p<.001),并且更频繁地改变他们的回答(p<.001)。感知紧迫性与更快的反应(p< 0.01)、更多的反应(p= 0.064)和更多的改变反应(p< 0.01)正相关。初步生理数据(n=76)显示,PEP越低(交感神经压力越大)反应越快(p< 0.05),反应越多(p< 0.01)。长时间的、难以平息的哭泣会改变孕妇对哭泣意义的认知。知觉和觉醒的差异可能部分解释了对哭闹婴儿的反应倾向。增强的生理唤醒可能导致过度的安抚行为。在妊娠32周(T1)和出生后3个月(T2)进行养育角色问卷调查。在产前(1岁时),这些母亲表示她们更喜欢母乳喂养,而不是用奶瓶喂养婴儿。关于产后母乳喂养问卷(T2),母亲们用5分李克特量表对她们的感受进行打分:1)母乳喂养从非常困难到非常容易;2)母乳喂养从非常累到不累。首先输入PSE T1评分的两次分层回归分析的初步结果显示,在T1至T2期间,经历母乳喂养更容易或更少疲劳的母亲PSE得分增加(分别为= 0.16,p < 0.05和= 0.18,p < 0.01)。两个时间点的PSE评分与T2的母乳喂养无关。一部分母亲(n = 77)在婴儿3个月前停止母乳喂养。与没有比计划更早停止治疗的母亲相比,表明她们比计划更早停止治疗的母亲在T2时的PSE分数略低(p = .08)。对于卫生保健实践,目前的研究结果强调了支持母亲早期母乳喂养经验的重要性,特别是因为基于成功的效能信念与积极的养育和儿童结果有关。
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引用次数: 0
"Abominable Mixtures": The Liber vaccae in the Medieval West, or The Dangers and Attractions of Natural Magic “可恶的混合物”:中世纪西方的自由妖,或自然魔法的危险和吸引力
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2009-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/TRD.2009.0006
M. Lugt
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引用次数: 30
Walter Burley, Quid sit subiectum scientiae naturalis: Eine Edition von Quaestiones super Librum Physicorum, q. 2, und von Expositio vetus cum quaestionibus super Librum physicorum, q. 1.1
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/TRD.2007.0005
Mischa von Perger
Zu Aristoteles' Physik hat Walter Burley drei Kommentare verfasst: eine umfangreiche, selbstandige Quastionenreihe und zwei Texterklarungen ad modum commenti mit eingestreuten Quastionen. Der erste Literalkommentar entstand vor 1316, der zweite in zwei Schuben 1324–27 (zu den Buchern 1–6) und 1334–37 (zu den Buchern 7 und 8). Die Quastionenreihe stammt nach der hier vorgeschlagenen Datierung aus der Zeit vor Abfassung des ersten Literalkommentars.
对于亚里士多德的物理学,Walter Burley发表了三篇评论:一组完善的自制八边组,还有两组使用自带八边组的修改文本。第一部文学注释是在1316年之前写成的,第二卷则是1324—27段(对1至6段和13到8段)。在这两卷中提出的年代注释是在写第一部文学注释之前写成的。
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引用次数: 1
Training and reliability issues with the Emotional Availability Scales 情绪可得性量表的训练和可靠性问题
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2005-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.20060
Z. Biringen
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引用次数: 53
Enhancing early emotional development: Guiding parents of young children 促进幼儿早期情感发展:指导幼儿家长
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2005-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.20049
M. O'brien
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引用次数: 2
Tomorrow's baby: The art and science of parenting from conception through infancy 明天的宝宝:从受孕到婴儿期育儿的艺术和科学
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2005-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/IMHJ.20050
J. Coldren
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)
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