M. Oosterman, J. Kohlhoff, B. Barnett, F. C. Kunseler, C. Schuengel, J. Wernand, M. Flykt
Maternal mental health problems are linked to negative parenting and child outcomes. However, evidence for mechanisms that may explain the undermining influence of psychological problems is less well specified and the influence of possible moderators is relatively unexplored. (Dix & Meunier, 2009). This symposium brings into the discussion intervention as well as longitudinal studies focusing on processes at the cognitive, affective and behavioral level, which may explain the adverse effects of mental health problems in the perinatal period and help to evaluate and select pre- and postnatal intervention targets which are most critical for adaptation to parenthood. The first presentation will report results from three studies (involving over 300 mother-infant dyads) to comment on links among maternal state of mind with respect to attachment, adult separation anxiety, childhood parenting experiences, postnatal psychological distress, parenting confidence and early infant behavior. Results identified attachment and separation anxiety issues as important mechanisms in the development of postnatal difficulties. The second presentation focuses on the impact of anxiety and depression on the development of parental self-efficacy and the moderating role of marital and social support. As part of a longitudinal study, 296 primiparous expecting women were followed from pregnancy (12, 22, 32 weeks) to 3 months postpartum. Controlled for concurrent levels of PSE, state anxiety symptoms (12 weeks) were uniquely associated with prenatal PSE at 32 weeks of pregnancy. Prenatal depressive symptoms were no longer significant when anxiety was taken into account. The association between state anxiety symptoms (32 weeks) and postnatal PSE was mediated by prenatal PSE (32 weeks). Marital and social support showed a compensating effect on postnatal PSE. The third presentation focuses on the role of violated expectations in mediating the effects of parental mental health, marital quality and birth experience on parent-child relationship. The findings are based on a sample of 745 couples, followed from pregnancy to 12 months postpartum, half having conceived via infertility treatment. The effect of marital and mental health problems on parent-child relationship was partly mediated via negatively violated expectations. The role of negative prenatal expectations was also crucial, whereas former infertility had little impact. The fourth presentation presents results from a postnatal intervention (Mom Power) aimed at engaging high-risk families, specifically, low-income mothers with a history of childhood abuse. The intervention addressed potential mediators and moderators in five core domains: attachment-based parenting education, enhancing social support, connecting families to care, practicing self-care skills, and supporting child-parent interaction. Evaluation results on 100 families demonstrated improved parent mental health, and enhanced maternal representations of thei
{"title":"Perinatal mental health, parenting and infant outcomes: Studies on the mechanisms","authors":"M. Oosterman, J. Kohlhoff, B. Barnett, F. C. Kunseler, C. Schuengel, J. Wernand, M. Flykt","doi":"10.1037/E579192013-235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E579192013-235","url":null,"abstract":"Maternal mental health problems are linked to negative parenting and child outcomes. However, evidence for mechanisms that may explain the undermining influence of psychological problems is less well specified and the influence of possible moderators is relatively unexplored. (Dix & Meunier, 2009). This symposium brings into the discussion intervention as well as longitudinal studies focusing on processes at the cognitive, affective and behavioral level, which may explain the adverse effects of mental health problems in the perinatal period and help to evaluate and select pre- and postnatal intervention targets which are most critical for adaptation to parenthood. The first presentation will report results from three studies (involving over 300 mother-infant dyads) to comment on links among maternal state of mind with respect to attachment, adult separation anxiety, childhood parenting experiences, postnatal psychological distress, parenting confidence and early infant behavior. Results identified attachment and separation anxiety issues as important mechanisms in the development of postnatal difficulties. The second presentation focuses on the impact of anxiety and depression on the development of parental self-efficacy and the moderating role of marital and social support. As part of a longitudinal study, 296 primiparous expecting women were followed from pregnancy (12, 22, 32 weeks) to 3 months postpartum. Controlled for concurrent levels of PSE, state anxiety symptoms (12 weeks) were uniquely associated with prenatal PSE at 32 weeks of pregnancy. Prenatal depressive symptoms were no longer significant when anxiety was taken into account. The association between state anxiety symptoms (32 weeks) and postnatal PSE was mediated by prenatal PSE (32 weeks). Marital and social support showed a compensating effect on postnatal PSE. The third presentation focuses on the role of violated expectations in mediating the effects of parental mental health, marital quality and birth experience on parent-child relationship. The findings are based on a sample of 745 couples, followed from pregnancy to 12 months postpartum, half having conceived via infertility treatment. The effect of marital and mental health problems on parent-child relationship was partly mediated via negatively violated expectations. The role of negative prenatal expectations was also crucial, whereas former infertility had little impact. The fourth presentation presents results from a postnatal intervention (Mom Power) aimed at engaging high-risk families, specifically, low-income mothers with a history of childhood abuse. The intervention addressed potential mediators and moderators in five core domains: attachment-based parenting education, enhancing social support, connecting families to care, practicing self-care skills, and supporting child-parent interaction. Evaluation results on 100 families demonstrated improved parent mental health, and enhanced maternal representations of thei","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"2 1","pages":"131-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88869834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Schuengel, M. Verhage, M. Oosterman, S. Schoppe-Sullivan, C. K. Dush, J. Kohlhoff, B. Barnett
Expectation of competence in parenting infants, or parenting self-efficacy (PSE), is an elusive concept both for parents and professionals. High PSE may have different consequences for infant development depending on the basis of PSE (e.g., actual experience vs. persuasion). High PSE may also not be maintained when actual parenting starts. Experimental studies, intervention studies, and longitudinal studies starting during pregnancy are yielding novel findings on PSE, which serve as input for a discussion that should deepen understanding of PSE and increase the utility of the concept for practice. The first presentation tests robustness of PSE in two ways. The first approach is based on a computerized task in which prenatal PSE was challenged among 179 pregnant women by manipulating success in regulating the baby. The second approach followed first-time mothers (intended N=1000) across all trimesters of pregnancy and during the first year to examine patterns of change in PSE in relation to infant temperament. Analyses of the experimental data demonstrated that PSE decreased in response to regulation difficulty. The longitudinal data (preliminary n = 138) indicated that PSE on average increased across pregnancy and first year, but not for mothers of more irritable babies. Is there a common mechanism involved? The second presentation focuses on the course of PSE from pregnancy to 9 months postpartum in 180 new mothers and fathers, and the role that coparenting support plays in initial levels of PSE and change in PSE over time. Expectant parents completed a survey regarding task-specific PSE during the third trimester of pregnancy, and again 3 months and 9 months after their infant’s birth. At 3 months and 9 months postpartum, new parents completed a survey about coparenting. Preliminary SEM analyses of associations between PSE and coparenting support over time indicate that for fathers, increases in PSE from 3 to 9 months postpartum were precipitated by greater perceived coparenting support, but a similar effect was not observed for mothers. The third presentation focuses on PSE and early persistent infant behavior disturbance (i.e., excessive crying, sleeping and feeding difficulties in the first year postpartum). The study included 80 first-time mothers participating in a residential parent-infant intervention with an unsettled infant. Results show clear associations between infant behavior and PSE, and support the effectiveness of the intervention with respect to both variables. Associations between PSE and various maternal variables including depression and anxiety, attachment security and perceived parenting during childhood will also be reported and discussed. Professor Bryanne Barnett will relate in her discussion to links with perinatal mental health, to open up the discussion with the symposium participants about including PSE in building resilience in at-risk families.
{"title":"From expecting to experiencing: Sources of resilient parenting self-efficacy","authors":"C. Schuengel, M. Verhage, M. Oosterman, S. Schoppe-Sullivan, C. K. Dush, J. Kohlhoff, B. Barnett","doi":"10.1037/E579192013-330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E579192013-330","url":null,"abstract":"Expectation of competence in parenting infants, or parenting self-efficacy (PSE), is an elusive concept both for parents and professionals. High PSE may have different consequences for infant development depending on the basis of PSE (e.g., actual experience vs. persuasion). High PSE may also not be maintained when actual parenting starts. Experimental studies, intervention studies, and longitudinal studies starting during pregnancy are yielding novel findings on PSE, which serve as input for a discussion that should deepen understanding of PSE and increase the utility of the concept for practice. The first presentation tests robustness of PSE in two ways. The first approach is based on a computerized task in which prenatal PSE was challenged among 179 pregnant women by manipulating success in regulating the baby. The second approach followed first-time mothers (intended N=1000) across all trimesters of pregnancy and during the first year to examine patterns of change in PSE in relation to infant temperament. Analyses of the experimental data demonstrated that PSE decreased in response to regulation difficulty. The longitudinal data (preliminary n = 138) indicated that PSE on average increased across pregnancy and first year, but not for mothers of more irritable babies. Is there a common mechanism involved? The second presentation focuses on the course of PSE from pregnancy to 9 months postpartum in 180 new mothers and fathers, and the role that coparenting support plays in initial levels of PSE and change in PSE over time. Expectant parents completed a survey regarding task-specific PSE during the third trimester of pregnancy, and again 3 months and 9 months after their infant’s birth. At 3 months and 9 months postpartum, new parents completed a survey about coparenting. Preliminary SEM analyses of associations between PSE and coparenting support over time indicate that for fathers, increases in PSE from 3 to 9 months postpartum were precipitated by greater perceived coparenting support, but a similar effect was not observed for mothers. The third presentation focuses on PSE and early persistent infant behavior disturbance (i.e., excessive crying, sleeping and feeding difficulties in the first year postpartum). The study included 80 first-time mothers participating in a residential parent-infant intervention with an unsettled infant. Results show clear associations between infant behavior and PSE, and support the effectiveness of the intervention with respect to both variables. Associations between PSE and various maternal variables including depression and anxiety, attachment security and perceived parenting during childhood will also be reported and discussed. Professor Bryanne Barnett will relate in her discussion to links with perinatal mental health, to open up the discussion with the symposium participants about including PSE in building resilience in at-risk families.","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"22 1","pages":"181-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85676986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Spies, C. Schuengel, P. Sterkenburg, E. V. Rensburg
Aim: South Africa has the world’s highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS: in 2009 approximately 5.6 million people lived with HIV/AIDS, that is approximately 11% of the national population. HIV/AIDS is reported for 32.7% of the women aged between 25 and 29 years and 29.1% between 30 and 34 years. Psychotic disorder associated with HIV tends to surface when the illness has progressed to its later stages of development and affects an estimated 0.2 to 15% of HIV+ patients. Due to her chronic physical symptoms, but also due to her psychiatric symptoms the infected mother may be less physically or emotionally available for her developing child or display confusing or frightening behavior, resulting in insecure or disorganized attachment relationships. This systematic literature review describes and synthesises studies addressing the parenting difficulties of mothers with HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS-psychosis in order to better understand its effects on parenting. Method: Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL, ERIC, Health Source, Medline/Pubmed, PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO databases were searched via EBSCOhost for relevant articles from 1997 to 2011 resulting in 4370 articles. Findings from fifty-one peer reviewed articles were deemed relevant using defined inclusion criteria. Results: None of the studies simultaneously focused on the topics HIV/AIDS, psychotic disorders and parenting. Studies identified a number of resilience factors that partly offset the risk of HIV/AIDS, namely an improved maternal bond and motherhood being a source of hope, esteem, motivation. Identified risks include parental concerns and stressors as well as physical illness and hospitalization; with social relations and support being a risk factor as well as a resiliency factor. Studies on parents with psychosis report decreased theory of mind and -mentalization, poor social relationships and –support networks, abnormal parental behavior, insensitive caregiving and problematic attachment representations which result in poor parenting outcomes. Conclusion: A moderation model integrates the results. Psychosis is likely to exacerbate the effects of HIV/AIDS on parenting. Increased awareness of the likelihood and importance of these symptoms may be used to improve care for families with a mother affected by HIV/AIDS-psychosis.
{"title":"Parenting difficulties of mothers with HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS-psychosis: a systematic literature review","authors":"R. Spies, C. Schuengel, P. Sterkenburg, E. V. Rensburg","doi":"10.1037/E579192013-181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E579192013-181","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: South Africa has the world’s highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS: in 2009 approximately 5.6 million people lived with HIV/AIDS, that is approximately 11% of the national population. HIV/AIDS is reported for 32.7% of the women aged between 25 and 29 years and 29.1% between 30 and 34 years. Psychotic disorder associated with HIV tends to surface when the illness has progressed to its later stages of development and affects an estimated 0.2 to 15% of HIV+ patients. Due to her chronic physical symptoms, but also due to her psychiatric symptoms the infected mother may be less physically or emotionally available for her developing child or display confusing or frightening behavior, resulting in insecure or disorganized attachment relationships. This systematic literature review describes and synthesises studies addressing the parenting difficulties of mothers with HIV/AIDS and HIV/AIDS-psychosis in order to better understand its effects on parenting. Method: Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL, ERIC, Health Source, Medline/Pubmed, PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO databases were searched via EBSCOhost for relevant articles from 1997 to 2011 resulting in 4370 articles. Findings from fifty-one peer reviewed articles were deemed relevant using defined inclusion criteria. Results: None of the studies simultaneously focused on the topics HIV/AIDS, psychotic disorders and parenting. Studies identified a number of resilience factors that partly offset the risk of HIV/AIDS, namely an improved maternal bond and motherhood being a source of hope, esteem, motivation. Identified risks include parental concerns and stressors as well as physical illness and hospitalization; with social relations and support being a risk factor as well as a resiliency factor. Studies on parents with psychosis report decreased theory of mind and -mentalization, poor social relationships and –support networks, abnormal parental behavior, insensitive caregiving and problematic attachment representations which result in poor parenting outcomes. Conclusion: A moderation model integrates the results. Psychosis is likely to exacerbate the effects of HIV/AIDS on parenting. Increased awareness of the likelihood and importance of these symptoms may be used to improve care for families with a mother affected by HIV/AIDS-psychosis.","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"13 1","pages":"100-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78807100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paternal experiences during pregnancy : An explorative study of paternal working models of fetus and prenatal attachment","authors":"C. Vreeswijk, A. Maas, H. Bakel","doi":"10.1037/e579192013-385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e579192013-385","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"15 1","pages":"211-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84980356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Verhage, S. D. Hartog, M. Oosterman, C. Schuengel
Young infants need their caregivers to help them regulate their affect. When the caregiver does this successfully, infants gradually learn to regulate their affect themselves. However, regulating the affect of the infant is challenging for new parents; they have to learn which methods are effective from the signals the baby emits. To interpret these signals, caregivers have to be in control of their own emotions as well, which might be more difficult if an infant is hard to soothe, since research has shown that exposure to infant cries leads to strong physiological arousal (Donovan & Leavitt, 1989). The current study investigated with a simulated cry response task whether perceptions of a crying infant and physiological reactions were influenced by difficulty of regulating the infant’s affect. We were also interested in whether this had an effect on the response latency and the amount and consistency of the caregiver’s responses. This study has been executed with first-time pregnant women, because we expected them to be able to relate to this task more than any other group of non-parent adults, while their responses were not colored by previous parenting experiences. 179 women (age 18-40 years) who were pregnant with their first child participated at 22 weeks of pregnancy in a computerized cry response task involving audio taped baby cries. They listened to 2x10 baby cries during which they could choose one of four responses (feeding, distracting, changing the diaper or picking up the infant) to terminate the cry. The first series of cries simulated an easy to regulate infant (soothing success rate 80%, short cry duration); the second series represented a difficult to regulate infant (soothing success rate 20%, longer cry duration). After each series, the women filled out four questions regarding their perception of the cries. Physiological reactivity was measured using the VU-AMS (De Geus & Van Doornen, 1996), an ambulatory device that records ECG and ICG, allowing calculation of indicators of sympathetic (PEP; pre-ejection period) and parasympathetic nervous system activity (RSA: respiratory sinus arrhythmia). The cries of the difficult infant were perceived as more urgent, stressful, unpleasant and piercing (p<.01) than the cries of the easy infant. Women also gave more responses (p<.001) and changed their responses more often (p<.001) for the difficult infant. Perceived urgency was positively related to faster responses (p<.01), a larger number of responses (p=.064) and more altered responses (p<.01). Preliminary physiological data (n=76) showed that lower PEP (more sympathetic stress) was related to faster (p<.05) and more responses (p<.01). Longer, difficult to calm crying alters pregnant women’s perceptions of the meaning of the cries. Differences in perception and arousal may partly explain response tendencies to crying infants. Heightened physiological arousal may lead to excessive soothing behaviors.Nurturing Role Questionnaire) at 32 w
年幼的婴儿需要照顾者帮助他们调节自己的情绪。当照顾者成功地做到这一点时,婴儿就会逐渐学会自己调节自己的情绪。然而,调节婴儿的影响对新父母来说是一个挑战;他们必须从婴儿发出的信号中学习哪些方法是有效的。为了解释这些信号,照顾者也必须控制自己的情绪,如果婴儿很难安抚,这可能会更加困难,因为研究表明,接触婴儿的哭声会导致强烈的生理唤醒(Donovan & Leavitt, 1989)。本研究通过模拟哭闹反应任务调查了婴儿哭闹知觉和生理反应是否受到婴儿情绪调节困难的影响。我们也感兴趣的是,这是否对反应延迟和照顾者反应的数量和一致性有影响。这项研究是在第一次怀孕的妇女中进行的,因为我们希望她们比其他任何一组没有父母的成年人更能胜任这项任务,而她们的反应不受以前为人父母经历的影响。179名怀孕第一个孩子的妇女(年龄在18-40岁之间)在怀孕22周时参加了一项计算机化的哭泣反应任务,该任务涉及录制婴儿哭声。他们听了2x10个婴儿的哭声,在此期间,他们可以从四种反应(喂食、分散注意力、换尿布或抱起婴儿)中选择一种来结束哭声。第一个系列的哭声模拟了一个容易调节的婴儿(安抚成功率80%,哭声持续时间短);第二组表现为难以调节的婴儿(安抚成功率20%,哭闹持续时间较长)。在每个系列之后,这些女性填写了四个关于她们对哭泣的看法的问题。使用VU-AMS (De Geus & Van Doornen, 1996)测量生理反应性,这是一种记录心电图和ICG的移动设备,可以计算交感神经指标(PEP;和副交感神经系统活动(RSA:呼吸性窦性心律失常)。难相处婴儿的哭声被认为比易相处婴儿的哭声更紧急、更紧张、更不愉快、更刺耳(p< 0.01)。对于有困难的婴儿,妇女也给出了更多的回答(p<.001),并且更频繁地改变他们的回答(p<.001)。感知紧迫性与更快的反应(p< 0.01)、更多的反应(p= 0.064)和更多的改变反应(p< 0.01)正相关。初步生理数据(n=76)显示,PEP越低(交感神经压力越大)反应越快(p< 0.05),反应越多(p< 0.01)。长时间的、难以平息的哭泣会改变孕妇对哭泣意义的认知。知觉和觉醒的差异可能部分解释了对哭闹婴儿的反应倾向。增强的生理唤醒可能导致过度的安抚行为。在妊娠32周(T1)和出生后3个月(T2)进行养育角色问卷调查。在产前(1岁时),这些母亲表示她们更喜欢母乳喂养,而不是用奶瓶喂养婴儿。关于产后母乳喂养问卷(T2),母亲们用5分李克特量表对她们的感受进行打分:1)母乳喂养从非常困难到非常容易;2)母乳喂养从非常累到不累。首先输入PSE T1评分的两次分层回归分析的初步结果显示,在T1至T2期间,经历母乳喂养更容易或更少疲劳的母亲PSE得分增加(分别为= 0.16,p < 0.05和= 0.18,p < 0.01)。两个时间点的PSE评分与T2的母乳喂养无关。一部分母亲(n = 77)在婴儿3个月前停止母乳喂养。与没有比计划更早停止治疗的母亲相比,表明她们比计划更早停止治疗的母亲在T2时的PSE分数略低(p = .08)。对于卫生保健实践,目前的研究结果强调了支持母亲早期母乳喂养经验的重要性,特别是因为基于成功的效能信念与积极的养育和儿童结果有关。
{"title":"Perceived urgency and physiological reactivity predict maternal behaviors in infant affect regulation during a simulated cry response task","authors":"M. Verhage, S. D. Hartog, M. Oosterman, C. Schuengel","doi":"10.1037/E579192013-167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E579192013-167","url":null,"abstract":"Young infants need their caregivers to help them regulate their affect. When the caregiver does this successfully, infants gradually learn to regulate their affect themselves. However, regulating the affect of the infant is challenging for new parents; they have to learn which methods are effective from the signals the baby emits. To interpret these signals, caregivers have to be in control of their own emotions as well, which might be more difficult if an infant is hard to soothe, since research has shown that exposure to infant cries leads to strong physiological arousal (Donovan & Leavitt, 1989). The current study investigated with a simulated cry response task whether perceptions of a crying infant and physiological reactions were influenced by difficulty of regulating the infant’s affect. We were also interested in whether this had an effect on the response latency and the amount and consistency of the caregiver’s responses. This study has been executed with first-time pregnant women, because we expected them to be able to relate to this task more than any other group of non-parent adults, while their responses were not colored by previous parenting experiences. 179 women (age 18-40 years) who were pregnant with their first child participated at 22 weeks of pregnancy in a computerized cry response task involving audio taped baby cries. They listened to 2x10 baby cries during which they could choose one of four responses (feeding, distracting, changing the diaper or picking up the infant) to terminate the cry. The first series of cries simulated an easy to regulate infant (soothing success rate 80%, short cry duration); the second series represented a difficult to regulate infant (soothing success rate 20%, longer cry duration). After each series, the women filled out four questions regarding their perception of the cries. Physiological reactivity was measured using the VU-AMS (De Geus & Van Doornen, 1996), an ambulatory device that records ECG and ICG, allowing calculation of indicators of sympathetic (PEP; pre-ejection period) and parasympathetic nervous system activity (RSA: respiratory sinus arrhythmia). The cries of the difficult infant were perceived as more urgent, stressful, unpleasant and piercing (p<.01) than the cries of the easy infant. Women also gave more responses (p<.001) and changed their responses more often (p<.001) for the difficult infant. Perceived urgency was positively related to faster responses (p<.01), a larger number of responses (p=.064) and more altered responses (p<.01). Preliminary physiological data (n=76) showed that lower PEP (more sympathetic stress) was related to faster (p<.05) and more responses (p<.01). Longer, difficult to calm crying alters pregnant women’s perceptions of the meaning of the cries. Differences in perception and arousal may partly explain response tendencies to crying infants. Heightened physiological arousal may lead to excessive soothing behaviors.Nurturing Role Questionnaire) at 32 w","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"3 1 1","pages":"94-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85104470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"Abominable Mixtures\": The Liber vaccae in the Medieval West, or The Dangers and Attractions of Natural Magic","authors":"M. Lugt","doi":"10.1353/TRD.2009.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TRD.2009.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"12 1","pages":"229-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88668946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zu Aristoteles' Physik hat Walter Burley drei Kommentare verfasst: eine umfangreiche, selbstandige Quastionenreihe und zwei Texterklarungen ad modum commenti mit eingestreuten Quastionen. Der erste Literalkommentar entstand vor 1316, der zweite in zwei Schuben 1324–27 (zu den Buchern 1–6) und 1334–37 (zu den Buchern 7 und 8). Die Quastionenreihe stammt nach der hier vorgeschlagenen Datierung aus der Zeit vor Abfassung des ersten Literalkommentars.
{"title":"Walter Burley, Quid sit subiectum scientiae naturalis: Eine Edition von Quaestiones super Librum Physicorum, q. 2, und von Expositio vetus cum quaestionibus super Librum physicorum, q. 1.1","authors":"Mischa von Perger","doi":"10.1353/TRD.2007.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/TRD.2007.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Zu Aristoteles' Physik hat Walter Burley drei Kommentare verfasst: eine umfangreiche, selbstandige Quastionenreihe und zwei Texterklarungen ad modum commenti mit eingestreuten Quastionen. Der erste Literalkommentar entstand vor 1316, der zweite in zwei Schuben 1324–27 (zu den Buchern 1–6) und 1334–37 (zu den Buchern 7 und 8). Die Quastionenreihe stammt nach der hier vorgeschlagenen Datierung aus der Zeit vor Abfassung des ersten Literalkommentars.","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"5 1","pages":"59-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79952720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Training and reliability issues with the Emotional Availability Scales","authors":"Z. Biringen","doi":"10.1002/IMHJ.20060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/IMHJ.20060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"78 1","pages":"404-405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88336802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing early emotional development: Guiding parents of young children","authors":"M. O'brien","doi":"10.1002/IMHJ.20049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/IMHJ.20049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"92 2 1","pages":"284-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86468455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tomorrow's baby: The art and science of parenting from conception through infancy","authors":"J. Coldren","doi":"10.1002/IMHJ.20050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/IMHJ.20050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83356,"journal":{"name":"Tradition (Rabbinical Council of America)","volume":"43 1","pages":"287-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85284862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}