Applied Water Science最新文献

The purification of water is not only essential for human consumption but is becoming a necessity considering the limited freshwater reserves of the planet. Over the last few decades advancements in material sciences and technology have paved the way for the development of novel purification techniques. Amongst these techniques membrane-based filtration is considered as the least expensive and most effective. These membrane-based filtration techniques can be broadly categorized into reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration, microfiltration and activated carbon filters (ACF). The mode of operation, research evolution and practical applications of each technique are compared in this holistic analysis. Although RO is the oldest and most established membrane-based filtration technique in the literature, it is ACF that is ranked as the most promising new technique with much simplicity and effectiveness.

The quality of river and borehole water fluctuates because of both agricultural and industrial pollutants. Surface runoff during the rainy seasons is high which promote increased turbidity levels in water sources, and this exerts pressure on the quality and usability of the water for domestic use. Unfortunately, most municipalities in developing countries are poor to afford conventional water treatment methods. This study assessed the use of natural coagulants extracted from sunflower seeds for turbidity treatment. Water samples were collected during summer, winter, and autumn from 10 randomly selected groundwater sources and three segments of the Mwerahari River in Buhera District, Zimbabwe. Results captured seasonal turbidity variations across the river segments and the boreholes. Summer season recorded the maximum average levels of turbidity (76 NTU) while autumn and winter recorded 38.7 NTU 36.7 NTU, respectively. Water turbidity levels were above the acceptable 5 NTU Standard Association of Zimbabwe and WHO. The maximum removal efficiency of turbidity was achieved at 80 min at the dose of 4 g/l. These results revealed that the removal efficiency of 95% with 4.6 NTU turbidity is a function of dose; removal efficiency increases as dose of coagulant increases. These results demonstrated that sunflower seed is an effective low-cost natural coagulant for turbidity water treatment.

Water availability is of paramount importance for sustainable development and environmental planning, specifically in regions such as the Iberian Peninsula, renowned for diverse landscapes and varying climatic conditions. Due to climate change, understanding the potential impacts on water resources becomes essential for effective water management strategies. This research effort aims to assess future potential water availability for the Iberian Peninsula in different climate scenarios, employing cutting-edge water resource modelling techniques integrated within a geographic information system (GIS) framework. In this study, potential water availability is defined as the annual demand for water that can be satisfied at a specific point in the fluvial network with certain reliability. An ensemble of state-of-the-art climate models is utilised to project runoff for the Iberian Peninsula during the mid- and late-twenty-first century periods. These climate projections were subsequently processed using the GIS-based water resource management model, WAAPA, to derive potential water availability under a range of realistic hypotheses. The results indicate that anticipated shifts in precipitation patterns will lead to alterations in hydrological regimes across the region, significantly impacting future water availability. By using GIS-based methodologies, we can facilitate the identification of vulnerable areas susceptible to changes in water availability, offering spatially explicit information along the main rivers of the Iberian Peninsula for decision-makers and stakeholders. High-resolution spatial outputs from this research and detailed water availability estimates serve as valuable input for integrated water resource management and climate change adaptation planning. By combining advanced GIS-based hydrological modelling with climate scenarios, this research presents a robust framework for assessing water resources amidst a changing climate, applicable to other regions struggling with analogous challenges. Ultimately, our study provides vital insights for policymakers and stakeholders, empowering them to make informed decisions and devise adaptive measures to ensure sustainable use of water resources despite uncertain future climatic conditions.

In arid and semiarid zones, groundwater is a vital and indispensable natural resource. Indeed, these water resources have become extremely limited due to several factors, including climate change, salinization, and overexploitation. This study covers the hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the Nekor-Ghiss plain which is located in northern Morocco. To achieve this objective, a set of 79 water samples was analyzed, for various physical and chemical parameters of the samples, including E.C, pH, TDS, HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, PO₄³⁻, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻ and NH₄⁺. Several methods were used to interpret the hydrochemical data, namely graphical methods, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical ascending classification, and ion exchange indices. A detailed geochemical study of groundwater is described to identify the origin of the chemical composition of groundwater. The results show that the samples studied are characterized by very high mineralization (> 1500 mg/l), with the predominance of Na⁺, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ ions. The interpretation of geochemical signatures of groundwater in the Nekor-Ghiss plain shows sulfate-sodium (Na–SO₄) and chloride-sodium (Na–Cl) facies. Natural geochemical processes are responsible for water regulation, while human activities exert a limited influence on this control. Marine intrusion, evaporation, and the ion exchange process largely control the chemistry of the aquifer. Using PCA to confirm controlled water chemistry processes revealed three homogeneous groups. The study contributes to a better understanding of the quality and mineralization of groundwater in the Nekor-Ghiss plain, and it will serve as a reference for other plains with similar characteristics.

The goal of this study is to provide more in-depth study into the biodegradation of phenol and to determine the amount of oxygen required for each function in the bacterial cell which is fundamental in understanding of cell metabolism and biology. The total amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria is determined using manometric technique. In the biodegradation of phenol (less than 150 mg/L) the oxygen consumed up to the plateau (the stage associated with the termination of carbon) is found to be composed of three portions, one is used to directly oxidize portion of the substrate to produce energy to allow normal cell functions to sustain life which is estimated to be 50% of the plateau BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), the second portion is to oxidize energy storage intermediate (most probably carbon mono oxide, CO, is oxidized to CO₂) to release energy which is then used to power reproduction which is estimated to be 41.75% of the plateau BOD, third portion is incorporated into the produced new cells which is estimated to be 8.25% of the plateau BOD. The correlation coefficient between the initial phenol concentration and the ultimate BOD values is found to be r = 0.9999. This value of correlation coefficient, r, may indicate that microbes are, in a way, estimating the amount of food available and they grow and reproduce accordingly. This article provides a better understanding of cell metabolism and biology. This understanding of cell metabolism may offer better understanding of human cells. The results of this research paves the way for a similar research on human cells where abnormal oxygen uptake may assist in early prediction of cells dysfunction and diseases and may help in early taking the necessary precautions to avoid illness.

Today, the deterioration of water quality is still a big concern among researchers, whose essential strategy is to develop water purification processes. The presence of contamination of emerging concerns has become a challenging issue, their toxicity, persistence in the aquatic environment, and their mass accumulation at low concentrations have had adverse effects on human health and aquatic organisms. Biological disposal or improper disposal, these pollutants cause serious damage to the population of non-target groups. Penicillin is a broad-spectrum group of beta-lactam antibiotics that has caused concerns for human health and the environment due to its slow decomposition in water sources. This review article focuses on the application of advanced oxidation processes to eliminate these antibiotics. Several studies have investigated the effects of different parameters on species with both ultraviolet and non-ultraviolet light. The results have been promising, with an average efficiency above 80% for these processes. Despite the limitations of various methods, the knowledge gap in future studies has been addressed by proposing the use of Fenton, ultrasound method and Integrated processes like Synergistic Remediation-Advanced Oxidation Processes.

Studying the pressing impacts of climate change on runoff is vital for the sustainable functioning of society and ecosystems. In Senegal, there is insufficient consideration given to the magnitude of the decrease in water resources caused by climate change and the potential impact of this decrease on both society and the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hydrological effects of climate change in the Aga-Foua-Djilas basin by employing CWatM hydrological models inside the frameworks of ISIMIP and HMF-WA. Over the historical period (1981–2019) in the Aga-Foua-Djilas basin, the analysis of all hydrological parameters indicates positive trends, although not statistically significant (except for runoff). Over the future period, unlike temperatures and PET, which show an upward trend in all scenarios, precipitation and runoff show downward trends, which are more significant under SSP 585. For precipitation, Kendall’s Tau shows a downward trend of − 0.157 mm/yr, − 0.321 mm/yr, and − 0.472 mm/yr under SSP 126, SSP 370 and SSP 585, respectively. For runoff, the trends are negative and of the order of − 0.207 m³/s/yr, − 0.44 m³/s/yr, and − 0.565 m³/s/yr, respectively, under SSP 126, SSP 370 and SSP 585 with CwatM and − 0.248 m³/s/yr (SSP 126), − 0.389 m³/s/yr (SSP 245) and − 0.579 m³/s/yr (SSP585) with HMF-WA. Compared with the decrease in precipitation toward the end of the century, the decrease in runoff noted for the distant future (2081–2100) will be of the order of − 32.8% (SSP 126), − 80.8% (SSP 370) and − 94.6% (SSP 585) with CwatM and − 22.3% (SSP 126), − 19.6% (SSP 245) and − 50.9% (SSP 585) with HMF-WA. This study could help policymakers and stakeholders to develop adaptation strategies for the Aga-Foua-Djilas basin.

This study investigates the potential of cobalt ferrite-doped mango seed shell (CoFe₂O₄-MSS) as an innovative and eco-friendly approach for the treatment of crude oil-polluted water. CoFe₂O₄-MSS was synthesized by impregnating carbonized mango seed shell with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles through thermal precipitation. The study systematically evaluated the adsorption capacity, kinetics, and isotherm behavior of the developed material using standard equations. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the cobalt ferrite-doped mango seed shell in adsorbing crude oil components, with high removal efficiency of 98.3% at 80 °C after 50 min. The crystallite sizes of raw mango seed shell and CoFe₂O₄-MSS are 31.8 nm and 21.3 nm, respectively. The calculated adsorption capacity stood at 55.50 mg/g, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of CoFe₂O₄-MSS was 1007.4m²/g with a porosity distribution of 1.685 (eta) while the volume and pore diameter are 3.104m³/g and 7.212 nm, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of aliphatic, aromatic, and silicon compounds. The isotherm data matched well with Langmuir isotherm model while kinetic data fitted well with Bhattacharya–Venkobachar model. The unique properties of cobalt ferrite, a magnetic and iron-based material, combined with the abundant and biodegradable nature of mango seed shells, make this composite an attractive adsorbent for removing crude oil contaminants. This research contributes to the development of sustainable and cost-effective solutions for addressing environmental challenges posed by crude oil pollution. Also, this research has contributed immensely to the sustainable development goals of the united nation (UN-SDG) regarding environmental protection.

This study examines the effectiveness of various quantile regression (QR) and machine learning (ML) methodologies developed for analyzing the relationship between meteorological parameters and daily reference evapotranspiration (ET_ref) across diverse climates in Iran spanning from 1987 to 2022. The analyzed models include D-vine copula-based quantile regression (DVQR), multivariate linear quantile regression (MLQR), Bayesian model averaging quantile regression (BMAQR), as well as machine learning algorithms such as extreme learning machine (ELM), random forest (RF), M5 model Tree (M5Tree), least squares support vector regression algorithm (LSSVR), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Additionally, empirical equations (EEs) such as Baier and Robertson (BARO), Jensen and Haise (JEHA), and Penman (PENM) models were considered. While the EEs demonstrated acceptable performance, the QR and ML models exhibited superior accuracy. Among these, the MLQR model displayed the highest accuracy compared to DVQR and BMAQR models. Moreover, LSSVR, XGBoost, and M5Tree models outperformed ELM and RF models. Notably, LSSVR, XGBoost, and MLQR models exhibited comparable performance (R2 and NSE > 0.92, MBE and RMSE < 0.5, and SI > 0.05) to M5Tree and BMAQR models across all climates. Importantly, these models significantly outperformed EEs, DVQR, ELM, and RF models in all climates. In conclusion, high-dimensional QR and ML models are recommended as promising alternatives for accurately estimating daily ET_ref in diverse global climate conditions.

In light of population growth and climate change, groundwater is one of the most important water resources globally. Groundwater is crucial for sustaining many vital sectors in Syria, including industrial and agricultural sectors. However, groundwater exploitation has significantly escalated to meet different water needs especially in the post-war period and the earthquake disaster. Therefore, the goal was this study delineation of the groundwater potential zones (GPZs) by integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in a geographic information systems (GIS) within the AlAlqerdaha river basin in western Syria. In this study, ten criteria were used to map the spatial distribution of GPZs, including slope, geomorphology, drainage density, land use/land cover (LU/LC), lineament density, lithology, rainfall, soil, curvature and topographic wetness index (TWI). GPZs map was validated by using the location of 74 wells and the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). The findings suggest that the study area is divided into five GPZs: very low, 21.39 km² (10.87%); low, 52.45 km² (26.65%); moderate, 65.64 km² (33.35%); high, 40.45 km² (20.55%) and very high, 16.90 km² (8.58%). High and very high zones mainly corresponded to the western regions of the study area. The conducted spatial modeling indicated that the AHP-based GPZs map showed a remarkably acceptable correlation with wells locations (AUC = 87.7%, n = 74), demonstrating the precision of the AHP–GIS as a rating method. The results of this study provide objective and constructive outputs that can help decision-makers to optimally manage groundwater resources in the post-war phase in Syria.