Applied Water Science最新文献

Marine pollution in coastal areas poses increasing threats to aquatic ecosystems, necessitating the deployment of efficient, real-time monitoring systems. This study addresses the critical challenge of selecting the most effective sensor network architecture for such monitoring by applying the Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (Fuzzy TOPSIS). Three alternative configurations, namely fixed buoy systems, hybrid mobile gliders with satellite relays, and IoT-enabled underwater sensor grids, are evaluated using five criteria: detection accuracy, coverage area, operational cost, energy consumption, and system resilience. Expert opinions from 30 professionals across multiple domains were collected via linguistic surveys, converted into triangular fuzzy numbers, and aggregated into a fuzzy decision matrix. Results indicate that the hybrid glider-satellite architecture achieved the highest closeness coefficient (0.68), balancing accuracy, adaptability, and sustainability. The findings underscore the value of integrating expert input and fuzzy logic into multi-criteria decision frameworks for designing intelligent marine pollution monitoring systems.

The ecological suitability of urban underground spaces (UUS) is critical to sustainable urban development. This study develops a PROMETHEE II-based evaluation framework to assess UUS projects by integrating environmental, economic, and social criteria. A structured survey involving 25 experts was conducted to determine the relative importance of 11 sustainability criteria, with energy efficiency (18%) and carbon footprint reduction (16%) identified as the most influential factors. The PROMETHEE II method, which provides a complete ranking based on net preference flows, was applied to evaluate five real-world UUS projects in China. The underground green park (Φ = 0.82) emerged as the most sustainable alternative, while the multilevel parking facility (Φ = 0.54) ranked lowest due to high construction costs and limited environmental benefits. PROMETHEE II enabled the apparent prioritization of alternatives, thereby enhancing the model’s decision-support capacity. The findings highlight the importance of integrating green infrastructure and transit-oriented underground developments to improve urban sustainability. This framework provides urban planners with a practical tool for aligning future UUS projects with ecological and sustainable development objectives.

The Lower Yellow River (LYR) is short of water resources. The imbalance and incoordination of water resources (WR), ecological environment (EE) and social economy (SE) have become the key constraints of regional sustainable development. This paper constructed a water resources–ecological environment–social economy (WES) index system in the LYR on the basis of 28 evaluation indicators. The coordination level of the WES system and the cooperative and competitive relationships among the three subsystems were explored through the coupling coordination degree model and the synergy evolution model. The results showed that (1) there was an overall increase in the development level of WR, EE and SE subsystems. The WR exhibited significant fluctuations in different years, while the SE showed unbalanced distributions in different regions. (2) The coordination level of the WES system indicated a continuous growth from reluctant coordination in 2001–2002 to high coordination in 2022–2023. Shandong exhibited a higher coordination level than Henan. (3) The relationship between WR and EE was predominantly in a non-synergistic state, which resulted in limited development growth for both WR and EE. Relatively, the SE was characterized by weakly synergistic or synergistic state with the other subsystems, indicating a great development potential. To improve the uncoordinated development of the WES system, some measures for enhancing WR utilization efficiency, science and education investment and sewage and exhaust control should be taken in the future. The research results offer guidance for promoting the sustainable and coordinated development of WR, EE and SE in the LYR.

Reliable and efficient communication technologies are essential for the effective operation of autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs) in harsh and dynamic environments. This study evaluated five communication technology alternatives: Satellite, Radio Frequency (RF), Acoustic, Optical, and Hybrid Systems using the VIKOR method, a robust multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique. The evaluation was based on expert-derived assessments across five key criteria: transmission range, data transfer rate, reliability, environmental adaptability, and cost efficiency. The results revealed that Hybrid Systems achieved the lowest compromise index (Q = 0.28), indicating the most balanced and robust performance. Acoustic communication followed closely with a Q value of 0.36, demonstrating strong adaptability and reliability, especially in underwater applications. Satellite (Q = 0.44) and RF (Q = 0.49) technologies occupied intermediate ranks, showing potential in specific scenarios depending on coverage and range requirements. Optical communication, with a Q value of 0.61, consistently ranked last due to its high sensitivity to environmental conditions, such as turbidity, and its limited range. Sensitivity analysis conducted by varying the decision-making parameter (upsilon ) from 0.3 to 0.7 confirmed the robustness of the results, with Hybrid Systems consistently maintaining the top position. These findings offer clear, data-driven guidance for stakeholders in selecting communication systems that ensure resilient and efficient AMV operations across various maritime missions.

Hydrological modeling plays an important role in the management of available water resources globally. In this paper, we have developed a new hybrid model to predict daily inflow series. This approach is a novel composition of the Hampel filter (HF), ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), variational mode decomposition (VMD), and support vector machine (SVM) model. Firstly, the outlier correction is performed using the HF to remove the unusual and randomness in the inflow series. Secondly, the EEMD is employed to remove the noise of the HF-treated inflow series. Thirdly, the VMD decomposes the denoised inflow series into different modes which are fed to the SVM model. The predictions of modes are obtained and aggregated to determine the final predictions of the proposed HEVS (HF–EEMD–VMD–SVM) hybrid model. The performance of the new hybrid model is demonstrated on the main tributaries of the Indus River Basin (IRB) of Pakistan using different performance measures. The tributaries include the Indus River, Chenab River, Kabul River, and Jhelum River. The results showed that for Chenab River the proposed HEVS hybrid model has 57.99, 48.91, 46.07, 38.3, 36.27, 24.68, and 18.35% lower MSE values than the SVM, HF–SVM, EEMD–SVM, VMD–SVM, and EEMD–VMD–SVM models in the testing phase. Similar results are for the remaining three rivers. The Diebold-Mariano test showed that the accuracy of the HEVS hybrid model is higher than all the competing models in the study. The new approach can be helpful in river flow management and avoid issues of droughts, heat waves, and floods.

The repercussions of climate change and land use change on water resources are becoming increasingly evident, particularly in the context of transboundary water resources research. This field necessitates the integration of various factors into research methodologies to achieve sustainable development objectives. The Tumen River Basin, a paradigmatic transboundary basin in Northeast Asia, has been confronted with the challenge of stabilizing water resources in view of the increased frequency of hydrological disasters in recent years. Therefore, in this study, a coupled model (M-S-C) combining the Mixed Cell Cellular Automata (MCCA), Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) meteorological data was utilized to predict the annual runoff intervals from 2025 to 2070. Furthermore, the study sought to analyze the impacts of different factors on runoff in different countries, and to propose the concept of Contribution of Transboundary River Volume (CTRV). The findings indicate that the impact of climate is significantly more substantial than that of land use change within the study area. Forest land and cultivated land emerge as the predominant land types exerting influence on runoff. Geodetector q-statistics reveal interpretation rates of 58.21% and 48.85%, respectively. The runoff volume is estimated to range from 83.062 billion to 149.696 billion m³, with a decrease on the Chinese side and an increase on the North Korean side, as indicated by the CTRV slopes of − 0.023 and 0.005, respectively. The M-S-C coupled model and the CTRV concept offer novel insights for the monitoring of water resources in transboundary basins and the adaptive regulation of water-ecological coupling systems. These models provide significant guidance for the sustainable development of water resources in transboundary basins.

Spatial and temporal rainfall variability under rain-fed scenarios has a greater influence on the sustainability of a cropping system and food security. A rainfall analysis was conducted on a monthly, annual, and seasonal basis across selected agro-climatic zones (I, II, and III) of Himachal Pradesh. The results indicated that South–West (SW) monsoon (July–October) rainfall contributed to 84% of zone-I, 76% for zone-II, and 47% for zone-III of the total annual rainfall. The mean annual precipitation concentration index (PCI) value reflected irregular monthly precipitation distribution (PCI > 20) for zone-II and zone-III, whereas moderate precipitation distribution value of PCI = 11–15 was for zone-I indicated less variability in rainfall. The Sen’s slope estimator revealed that the rainfall decreased at a rate of − 8.021 mm/year, − 6.830 mm/year, and − 5.050 mm/year in zone-I, zone-II, and zone-III, respectively. The water balance study showed that peak surplus water availability observed a shift from July to August month corresponding with peak rainfall during the SW monsoon in recent decades for all agro-climatic zones. During 1986–2020, low-hill regions (zone-I) experienced water surplus during monsoon season and deficit during winter season, while the mid-hill regions (zone-II) experienced water deficits during monsoon season and surplus during winter season. Therefore, the erratic rainfall pattern and shift of available water balance have an impact on agricultural productivity by shortening the cropping calendar and time duration between the two crops. Thus, findings can be used to develop agronomic management strategies for sustainable crop management.

Hydrological and hydraulic factors are critical for controlling irrigation water use efficiency, which have influenced water availability, distribution, application, and crop productivity in irrigation projects. This study aimed to assess how hydrologic and hydraulic factors affect the efficiency of the irrigation water use in Ethiopia’s Gomit Irrigation project. To diagnose system inefficiencies, a mixed-methods approach was employed, combining inflow records, reservoir storage, canal hydraulic parameter measurements, soil water dynamics analysis, and crop water requirements. Aqua Crop model, empirical analyses, and statistical analyses were used as the data analysis tools. Hydraulic efficiency was computed as the ratio of water diverted into the canal to water delivered at the canal outlet. The finding revealed significant loss across soil and canal systems. The annual irrigation requirement value of 406.1 mm and infiltration from rainfall (10.6 mm) were offset by drainage loss (48.3 mm). The high evapotranspiration value of 593 mm created the net irrigation demand, highlighting the need for accurate water scheduling. The soil moisture level varies from 20 to 21.7% underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring to reduce crop stress. The performance of the canal was less than the design capacity, constrained by discharge (0.27 vs 4.275 m³/sec, hydraulic efficiency (0.4), and conveyance (74%) due to roughness, evaporation, and seepage. The inefficiencies have reduced the irrigated land by 1.4 ha (0.59 ha and 0.79 ha, respectively, due to seepage and evaporation), with peak losses occurring during the critical crop growth months. Furthermore, the reliability of the reservoir (75%) was restricted by the seasonal inflow variability, making water deficits of 2.22 m³/sec and 2.03 m³/sec in February and March, respectively. The salinity risk (0.45 dS/m) is an extra limiting factor for which improved drainage, along with salt-tolerant crops, should be considered. The result highlights the necessity for integrated management solutions. To evaluate irrigation system performance, water use efficiency has become a central concern, with metrics such as crop water productivity, conveyance efficiency, and net irrigation demand widely used to assess system performance.

Bi₄Ti₂Nb_0.5Fe_0.5O₁₂ (BTNF) was synthesised using a solid-state reaction route. The chemical composition, morphology, and crystal structure were evaluated via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The multicatalytic performance was investigated in various advanced oxidation processes like photocatalysis, piezocatalysis, and combined photo-piezocatalysis. Methylene blue (MB) dye was employed as a model pollutant to evaluate the degradation performance. BTNF showed an excellent photo-piezocatalytic degradation performance of ~ 87% within 3 h. Further, the degradation of Rhodamine B(RhB) and Methyl Violet (MV) dye was also evaluated in the photo-piezocatalysis process. The highest degradation rate of 0.0154 min⁻¹ was obtained for MV dye, followed by 0.0131 min⁻¹ for RhB dye and 0.0107 min⁻¹ for MB dye.

Most water distribution networks (WDNs) have expanded traditionally and are based on population growth, regardless of the concept of district-metered areas (DMAs). Pressure management in existing and old WDNs has many advantages, including water leakage control, ease of operation, and WDN management in emergencies. Implementing pressure management policies, such as zoning, is a practical solution for identifying and reducing non-revenue water. This study has investigated the separate and sequential optimization effects of creating DMAs and district-pressure areas (DPAs) for pressure management in four scenarios. The proposed method has been applied to two Rural and Bellingham WDNs, and the results of each scenario have been compared by cost, reliability, and nodal pressures. The results showed that the sequential optimization consideration of DPAs and DMAs (scenario 4) caused the highest reliability and cost. The scenario increased reliability to 67 and 79% in Rural and Bellingham WDNs, respectively. Also, the results showed that creating a separate DMA (scenario 2) in the WDN has significantly lower costs than other scenarios. The results of this study, which compares pressure management scenarios, can lead to choosing the best scenario for redesigning WDNs. The proposed approach minimizes leaks and bursts in WDNs, enhancing customer satisfaction and supporting sustainable city development.