Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549204047574
H. D. Wu, J. Hamilton
This article reports the findings from a comprehensive survey of US foreign correspondents conducted in 2001. Some trends - such as Eurocentrism, relatively high degrees of education and the like - continue. New trends also appeared in the study. More foreign nationals work for US media than ever before. The Internet is having a profound impact on the way foreign correspondents go about their work. Both of these new findings, which have important implications for foreign news coverage, are discussed. Overall, nothing in this study suggested that the general neglect of traditional foreign newsgathering will be reversed in the near future.
{"title":"US Foreign Correspondents","authors":"H. D. Wu, J. Hamilton","doi":"10.1177/0016549204047574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204047574","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the findings from a comprehensive survey of US foreign correspondents conducted in 2001. Some trends - such as Eurocentrism, relatively high degrees of education and the like - continue. New trends also appeared in the study. More foreign nationals work for US media than ever before. The Internet is having a profound impact on the way foreign correspondents go about their work. Both of these new findings, which have important implications for foreign news coverage, are discussed. Overall, nothing in this study suggested that the general neglect of traditional foreign newsgathering will be reversed in the near future.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"66 1","pages":"517 - 532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549204047574","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549204047576
Roya Akhavan-Majid
Historically, analyses of change in mass media systems have tended to draw upon a ‘dissident vs state’ framework, derived largely from the western historical experience. In the case of China, a ‘state vs market’ scenario has been superimposed on this basic framework, in the context of which the Chinese Communist party-state is often portrayed as a monolithic entity intent on promoting market-oriented reform in China’s economic base, while keeping a tight grip on the country’s mass media system and political superstructure. These dominant analytical frameworks tend to mask a number of important dynamics unique to Chinese history and society, that have played a significant role in the mass media transformation process. The purpose of this article is to outline a new conceptual framework incorporating these unique dynamics. In particular, it is the contention of this article that many of the changes in China’s mass media system during the post-Mao period have been achieved by non-state actors, not in an adversarial process vis-à-vis the state, but through what may be called ‘creative renegotiation and expansion’ of new policy openings initiated by the state. The success of these non-state actors, furthermore, has been due to three major systemic factors: (1) the increasing ‘deideologization’ of the Chinese society set in motion by Deng’s pragmatic policies; (2) the gradual functional shift on the part of the local party cadres and bureaucratic authorities from ideological supervision to entrepreneurial collaboration with private investors; and (3) the increasingly common core of interest created by the media’s commercialization among the party cadres, bureaucratic bodies and media entrepreneurs and managers in extracting profits from the media.
{"title":"Mass Media Reform in China","authors":"Roya Akhavan-Majid","doi":"10.1177/0016549204047576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204047576","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, analyses of change in mass media systems have tended to draw upon a ‘dissident vs state’ framework, derived largely from the western historical experience. In the case of China, a ‘state vs market’ scenario has been superimposed on this basic framework, in the context of which the Chinese Communist party-state is often portrayed as a monolithic entity intent on promoting market-oriented reform in China’s economic base, while keeping a tight grip on the country’s mass media system and political superstructure. These dominant analytical frameworks tend to mask a number of important dynamics unique to Chinese history and society, that have played a significant role in the mass media transformation process. The purpose of this article is to outline a new conceptual framework incorporating these unique dynamics. In particular, it is the contention of this article that many of the changes in China’s mass media system during the post-Mao period have been achieved by non-state actors, not in an adversarial process vis-à-vis the state, but through what may be called ‘creative renegotiation and expansion’ of new policy openings initiated by the state. The success of these non-state actors, furthermore, has been due to three major systemic factors: (1) the increasing ‘deideologization’ of the Chinese society set in motion by Deng’s pragmatic policies; (2) the gradual functional shift on the part of the local party cadres and bureaucratic authorities from ideological supervision to entrepreneurial collaboration with private investors; and (3) the increasingly common core of interest created by the media’s commercialization among the party cadres, bureaucratic bodies and media entrepreneurs and managers in extracting profits from the media.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"66 1","pages":"553 - 565"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549204047576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549204047575
Micky Lee
This article examines UNESCO resolutions and programs on women in relation to telecommunications in the time period 1970-2000. It argues that in those three decades, UNESCO responded to the four UN world conferences on women by incorporating women into its programs of information and communication. The organization’s conceptualized relations between women and telecommunications are critiqued as simple and naive. Women are alloted only three roles in relation to telecommunications: as representations, as media professionals and as active participants of communication technologies. It is argued that if women are not seen as owners of telecommunications and inventors of technologies, women’s advancement and women’s empowerment will not be fully achieved.
{"title":"UNESCO’s Conceptualization of Women and Telecommunications 1970-2000","authors":"Micky Lee","doi":"10.1177/0016549204047575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204047575","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines UNESCO resolutions and programs on women in relation to telecommunications in the time period 1970-2000. It argues that in those three decades, UNESCO responded to the four UN world conferences on women by incorporating women into its programs of information and communication. The organization’s conceptualized relations between women and telecommunications are critiqued as simple and naive. Women are alloted only three roles in relation to telecommunications: as representations, as media professionals and as active participants of communication technologies. It is argued that if women are not seen as owners of telecommunications and inventors of technologies, women’s advancement and women’s empowerment will not be fully achieved.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"66 1","pages":"533 - 552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549204047575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549204047572
K. Wilkins
US intervention in the Middle East builds on a problematic assumption that western technology and knowledge will transform the region into modern, democratic nation-states. The Arab Middle East in particular tends to be constructed in public discourse as suffering from social, political and economic hardships, in order to justify military action and development assistance. In this article, the author considers and critiques recent development intervention using communication technologies in terms of academic literature on communication and transition in the Middle East.
{"title":"Communication and Transition in the Middle East","authors":"K. Wilkins","doi":"10.1177/0016549204047572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204047572","url":null,"abstract":"US intervention in the Middle East builds on a problematic assumption that western technology and knowledge will transform the region into modern, democratic nation-states. The Arab Middle East in particular tends to be constructed in public discourse as suffering from social, political and economic hardships, in order to justify military action and development assistance. In this article, the author considers and critiques recent development intervention using communication technologies in terms of academic literature on communication and transition in the Middle East.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"8 1","pages":"483 - 496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549204047572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549204045918
Michael Ryan
Editorial writers for the US’ 10 largest newspapers created - during perhaps the most critical month in the war against terrorism - a singular symbolic narrative about possible military strikes in that ‘new kind of war’. The period of study is 12 September 2001, the day following the terrorist attacks, to 8 October, the day the bombing of Kabul began. It was during this critical period that the US decided to use military strikes as part of its response. Editorial writers drew selectively on historical references, government sources and contextual statements in similar ways to frame the tragedy and the potential US response to it. No editorial suggested that military intervention would be inappropriate and none stated that military intervention would not ultimately succeed, although some urged caution.
{"title":"Framing the War Against Terrorism","authors":"Michael Ryan","doi":"10.1177/0016549204045918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204045918","url":null,"abstract":"Editorial writers for the US’ 10 largest newspapers created - during perhaps the most critical month in the war against terrorism - a singular symbolic narrative about possible military strikes in that ‘new kind of war’. The period of study is 12 September 2001, the day following the terrorist attacks, to 8 October, the day the bombing of Kabul began. It was during this critical period that the US decided to use military strikes as part of its response. Editorial writers drew selectively on historical references, government sources and contextual statements in similar ways to frame the tragedy and the potential US response to it. No editorial suggested that military intervention would be inappropriate and none stated that military intervention would not ultimately succeed, although some urged caution.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"66 1","pages":"363 - 382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549204045918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65086692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549204045922
Christopher E. Beaudoin
In light of low levels of international knowledge among the American public, the current study examines the roles that news attention, education, interpersonal discussion and international involvement play in the development of international knowledge. Predictor patterns for an American sample are quite similar for close- and open-ended knowledge measures. News attention, education and interpersonal discussion play positive roles. In terms of the interactive roles of these information inputs, interpersonal discussion news attention and international involvement interpersonal discussion narrow gaps in knowledge. Finally, there was one significant three-way interaction - that of education news attention interpersonal discussion.
{"title":"The Independent and Interactive Antecedents of International Knowledge","authors":"Christopher E. Beaudoin","doi":"10.1177/0016549204045922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204045922","url":null,"abstract":"In light of low levels of international knowledge among the American public, the current study examines the roles that news attention, education, interpersonal discussion and international involvement play in the development of international knowledge. Predictor patterns for an American sample are quite similar for close- and open-ended knowledge measures. News attention, education and interpersonal discussion play positive roles. In terms of the interactive roles of these information inputs, interpersonal discussion news attention and international involvement interpersonal discussion narrow gaps in knowledge. Finally, there was one significant three-way interaction - that of education news attention interpersonal discussion.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"66 1","pages":"459 - 473"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549204045922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65086986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549204045919
Nashat A. Aqtash, Anna Seif, A. Seif
Using qualitative and quantitative research tools, this article attempts to examine the media coverage of Palestinian children in relation to the current Palestinian uprising. The criteria for the selection of the news outlets and indicator categories were agreed upon by Birzeit University Media Institute and the UNICEF representative. The regional and international outlets selected were as follows: NBC TV (US), BBC World Service radio station (UK), The Guardian (UK), Aljazeera TV (Qatar), The New York Times and The Jerusalem Post. All the outlets are representative of regional and international categories and are leaders in terms of news-making or represent contrasting political views. The results of this particular study seem to confirm assumptions that Palestinian children have very little media access and issues relating to them rarely feature in the dominant news narrative despite the privileged position of the Middle East crisis in these international news agendas.
{"title":"Media Coverage of Palestinian Children and the Intifada","authors":"Nashat A. Aqtash, Anna Seif, A. Seif","doi":"10.1177/0016549204045919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204045919","url":null,"abstract":"Using qualitative and quantitative research tools, this article attempts to examine the media coverage of Palestinian children in relation to the current Palestinian uprising. The criteria for the selection of the news outlets and indicator categories were agreed upon by Birzeit University Media Institute and the UNICEF representative. The regional and international outlets selected were as follows: NBC TV (US), BBC World Service radio station (UK), The Guardian (UK), Aljazeera TV (Qatar), The New York Times and The Jerusalem Post. All the outlets are representative of regional and international categories and are leaders in terms of news-making or represent contrasting political views. The results of this particular study seem to confirm assumptions that Palestinian children have very little media access and issues relating to them rarely feature in the dominant news narrative despite the privileged position of the Middle East crisis in these international news agendas.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"66 1","pages":"383 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549204045919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65086387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549204045920
Padmini Patwardhan
Within a context of primary online activities (e-commerce, information search, communication and entertainment), this study explores exposure (time and frequency), involvement (cognitive and emotional) and post-exposure satisfaction with online activities among Internet users in the US and India. Data were collected through a cross-sectional online survey administered to a non-probability sample of US and Indian Internet users (N = 700). US and Indian Internet users displayed similar patterns of activity engagement. Informative and communicative Internet use, as compared to commercial and recreational use, appears more prevalent at this time. Satisfaction was highest for information search and communication, activities for which higher levels of cognitive and emotional involvement and exposure were also reported. By comparison, lower satisfaction levels were reported for e-commerce and online entertainment, with lower levels of involvement and exposure as well. A notable exception was high cognitive involvement in e-commerce, an activity in which higher levels of cognition may be expected. Indian users appear to be leapfrogging the digital divide. However, use of convenience sampling and likelihood of respondents being early Internet adopters in India may have influenced findings and further research is required to validate the results.
{"title":"Exposure, Involvement and Satisfaction with Online Activities","authors":"Padmini Patwardhan","doi":"10.1177/0016549204045920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204045920","url":null,"abstract":"Within a context of primary online activities (e-commerce, information search, communication and entertainment), this study explores exposure (time and frequency), involvement (cognitive and emotional) and post-exposure satisfaction with online activities among Internet users in the US and India. Data were collected through a cross-sectional online survey administered to a non-probability sample of US and Indian Internet users (N = 700). US and Indian Internet users displayed similar patterns of activity engagement. Informative and communicative Internet use, as compared to commercial and recreational use, appears more prevalent at this time. Satisfaction was highest for information search and communication, activities for which higher levels of cognitive and emotional involvement and exposure were also reported. By comparison, lower satisfaction levels were reported for e-commerce and online entertainment, with lower levels of involvement and exposure as well. A notable exception was high cognitive involvement in e-commerce, an activity in which higher levels of cognition may be expected. Indian users appear to be leapfrogging the digital divide. However, use of convenience sampling and likelihood of respondents being early Internet adopters in India may have influenced findings and further research is required to validate the results.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"66 1","pages":"411 - 436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549204045920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65086539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-10-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549204045921
E. Rogers, A. Singhal, A. Thombre
This article explores the meanings given by Indian viewers to a series of health-related episodes dealing with ‘Tony’s HIV’ in the Hollywood television soap opera, The Bold and the Beautiful. Forty-two respondents in six focus group interviews and in 17 in-depth personal interviews were asked for their interpretations of this television health content. Indian respondents interpreted the sexual explicitness and the assertiveness of female characters as characteristic of the US, but not as a part of Indian reality. The sexual openness in The Bold and the Beautiful ‘shocked’ Indian viewers, and led some to watch the episodes only in private. Indian respondents generally had positive reactions to the ‘Tony’s HIV’ episodes, although they felt that self-disclosure of HIV/AIDS status could not happen in India, where HIV/AIDS is highly stigmatized. In general, Indian respondents felt that ‘Tony’s HIV’ showed an ideal situation regarding HIV/AIDS, but one that was far removed from Indian reality.
{"title":"Indian Audience Interpretations of Health-Related Content in the Bold and the Beautiful","authors":"E. Rogers, A. Singhal, A. Thombre","doi":"10.1177/0016549204045921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204045921","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the meanings given by Indian viewers to a series of health-related episodes dealing with ‘Tony’s HIV’ in the Hollywood television soap opera, The Bold and the Beautiful. Forty-two respondents in six focus group interviews and in 17 in-depth personal interviews were asked for their interpretations of this television health content. Indian respondents interpreted the sexual explicitness and the assertiveness of female characters as characteristic of the US, but not as a part of Indian reality. The sexual openness in The Bold and the Beautiful ‘shocked’ Indian viewers, and led some to watch the episodes only in private. Indian respondents generally had positive reactions to the ‘Tony’s HIV’ episodes, although they felt that self-disclosure of HIV/AIDS status could not happen in India, where HIV/AIDS is highly stigmatized. In general, Indian respondents felt that ‘Tony’s HIV’ showed an ideal situation regarding HIV/AIDS, but one that was far removed from Indian reality.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"66 1","pages":"437 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549204045921","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65086873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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