Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205054282
A. O. Thomas
With little written on media in this oft-forgotten part of Asia, this article seeks to analyse a model of television development within a key post-Soviet state. The research found that there was little programme production or adaptation in Kazakhstan but much done by Russian television on which the former’s channels were dependent. The Russian programming was either broadcast directly, relayed in part by domestic channels or comprised individual programmes purchased for use locally. Thus this article argues that Russia acts as a sub-franchisor in redistributing global creative products, exploiting commonalities in the regional geolinguistic market created through its past communist imperialism. A national policy placing increasing emphasis on Kazak-ization of media has triggered demand for ‘localized’ programming in this transitional Central Asian economy. Yet given the market imperatives of privatized media, this has encouraged the dubbing and adaptation of successful regional and global programmes formats in Russian, rather than production of local originals. In doing so, Kazakhstan may be discerned to be supporting Russia in its role as a semi-periphery country in global cultural production and export, thus mediating capitalism within its non-European region of transitional economies.
{"title":"Television Dependency in Independent Kazakhstan","authors":"A. O. Thomas","doi":"10.1177/0016549205054282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205054282","url":null,"abstract":"With little written on media in this oft-forgotten part of Asia, this article seeks to analyse a model of television development within a key post-Soviet state. The research found that there was little programme production or adaptation in Kazakhstan but much done by Russian television on which the former’s channels were dependent. The Russian programming was either broadcast directly, relayed in part by domestic channels or comprised individual programmes purchased for use locally. Thus this article argues that Russia acts as a sub-franchisor in redistributing global creative products, exploiting commonalities in the regional geolinguistic market created through its past communist imperialism. A national policy placing increasing emphasis on Kazak-ization of media has triggered demand for ‘localized’ programming in this transitional Central Asian economy. Yet given the market imperatives of privatized media, this has encouraged the dubbing and adaptation of successful regional and global programmes formats in Russian, rather than production of local originals. In doing so, Kazakhstan may be discerned to be supporting Russia in its role as a semi-periphery country in global cultural production and export, thus mediating capitalism within its non-European region of transitional economies.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"325 - 337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205054282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205054285
Brian L. Massey, Wei Luo
This article tests market-based theories of online journalism on the web editions of printed-page Chinese newspapers. It focuses on differentiation, defined as the extent to which a newspaper gives its online readers internet-specific features with news content. The findings suggest a relationship between print circulation and the technical complexity that a newspaper builds or not into its online news content. They also are consistent with the notion of a global, perhaps capitalist-driven, template for web newspaper journalism. General theoretic rules for web journalism are proposed.
{"title":"Chinese Newspapers and Market Theories of Web Journalism","authors":"Brian L. Massey, Wei Luo","doi":"10.1177/0016549205054285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205054285","url":null,"abstract":"This article tests market-based theories of online journalism on the web editions of printed-page Chinese newspapers. It focuses on differentiation, defined as the extent to which a newspaper gives its online readers internet-specific features with news content. The findings suggest a relationship between print circulation and the technical complexity that a newspaper builds or not into its online news content. They also are consistent with the notion of a global, perhaps capitalist-driven, template for web newspaper journalism. General theoretic rules for web journalism are proposed.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"359 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205054285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-08-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205054283
Byeng-Hee Chang, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted
This study empirically examines the principle of relative constancy (PRC) across more than 70 nations over time (1991-2001). Focusing on the relationship between advertising spending and national economy as reflected by GDP, the authors found that while GDP is the most obvious explanatory variable for advertising spending, the relationship is not proportionate and there is the potential that other variables also affect a country’s advertising expenditures. The degree of applicability of the PRC might be different depending on the types of media and the characteristics of the nations as the notion of the PRC seems to be more apparent in developed nations.
{"title":"Relative Constancy of Advertising Spending","authors":"Byeng-Hee Chang, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted","doi":"10.1177/0016549205054283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205054283","url":null,"abstract":"This study empirically examines the principle of relative constancy (PRC) across more than 70 nations over time (1991-2001). Focusing on the relationship between advertising spending and national economy as reflected by GDP, the authors found that while GDP is the most obvious explanatory variable for advertising spending, the relationship is not proportionate and there is the potential that other variables also affect a country’s advertising expenditures. The degree of applicability of the PRC might be different depending on the types of media and the characteristics of the nations as the notion of the PRC seems to be more apparent in developed nations.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"339 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205054283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205052225
Goro Oba, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted
This study assesses the country-specific factors that might influence the development of cable television in 10 East Asian countries. Specifically, the authors reviewed the cable markets and their economic, regulatory, technological, consumer, supporting and substitution environments for the countries of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. It was found that the penetration of cable television and the corresponding market structure, conduct and performance in these countries vary tremendously. While Taiwan has the most developed cable industry with a concentrated market, an active cable advertising sector, low subscription rates and programming packages of most channels, Indonesia has the lowest penetrated cable market, a concentrated industry, an almost non-existent advertising sector and average subscription rates and channel choices. In addition, the regulation/policy, technology, consumer, supporting and substitution factors seem to play an important role in the development of cable television in these countries.
{"title":"The Development of Cable Television in East Asian Countries","authors":"Goro Oba, Sylvia M. Chan-Olmsted","doi":"10.1177/0016549205052225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205052225","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses the country-specific factors that might influence the development of cable television in 10 East Asian countries. Specifically, the authors reviewed the cable markets and their economic, regulatory, technological, consumer, supporting and substitution environments for the countries of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. It was found that the penetration of cable television and the corresponding market structure, conduct and performance in these countries vary tremendously. While Taiwan has the most developed cable industry with a concentrated market, an active cable advertising sector, low subscription rates and programming packages of most channels, Indonesia has the lowest penetrated cable market, a concentrated industry, an almost non-existent advertising sector and average subscription rates and channel choices. In addition, the regulation/policy, technology, consumer, supporting and substitution factors seem to play an important role in the development of cable television in these countries.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"211 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205052225","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205052232
D. Jin
The global telecom system has undergone dramatic change under neoliberal globalization. A swift restructuring of the telecom industries, which began in the early 1980s, was possible because governments around the world adopted neoliberal telecom polices, as they confronted intensifying pressure not only from corporations but also directly from international organizations and the US government. Telecom companies, however, have in recent years begun to present symptoms of what appears to be the same life-threatening disease. This in turn has expedited new strategies such as spin-off and/or split-off strategies as well as counter-deregulation. This article examines who set the agenda for telecom policy over the last two decades to analyze a long-term change in the global telecom system. It investigates how transnational corporations were involved in the reshaping of the global telecom system by exploring the consolidation through mergers and acquisitions. It also examines the relationship between national policies and institutions on the one hand and international organizations on the other. Then, it attempts to clarify whether the transformation of the global telecom system has influenced the telecom crisis in recent years, and to find new strategies and/or new business models.
{"title":"The Telecom Crisis and beyond","authors":"D. Jin","doi":"10.1177/0016549205052232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205052232","url":null,"abstract":"The global telecom system has undergone dramatic change under neoliberal globalization. A swift restructuring of the telecom industries, which began in the early 1980s, was possible because governments around the world adopted neoliberal telecom polices, as they confronted intensifying pressure not only from corporations but also directly from international organizations and the US government. Telecom companies, however, have in recent years begun to present symptoms of what appears to be the same life-threatening disease. This in turn has expedited new strategies such as spin-off and/or split-off strategies as well as counter-deregulation. This article examines who set the agenda for telecom policy over the last two decades to analyze a long-term change in the global telecom system. It investigates how transnational corporations were involved in the reshaping of the global telecom system by exploring the consolidation through mergers and acquisitions. It also examines the relationship between national policies and institutions on the one hand and international organizations on the other. Then, it attempts to clarify whether the transformation of the global telecom system has influenced the telecom crisis in recent years, and to find new strategies and/or new business models.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"289 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205052232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205052231
Antonio C. La Pastina, Joseph D. Straubhaar
How can a Mexican telenovela be more attractive to viewers in Brazil than a nationally produced telenovela? This seems to be the question posed by the increasing transnational flow of cultural products. Most of the data indicate that viewers prefer locally produced programs. Nevertheless, some of the transnational success of Latin American telenovelas abroad seems to question this truism. This article argues that audience preferences are formed within the overall trend toward cultural proximity within both national and cultural-linguistic boundaries. However, within this logic of cultural proximity, other forces also apply. It is important to understand cultural proximity working not only at the national and supranational levels but also at the subnational and regional spheres. With this in mind, the authors first examine the attraction or proximity of genres, from the virtually global attraction of melodrama, as a macro genre, to subgenres within the telenovela. Second, they discuss the sense of shared historical experience of specific groups within nations and how this particular form of proximity might operate at the reception level.
{"title":"Multiple Proximities between Television Genres and Audiences","authors":"Antonio C. La Pastina, Joseph D. Straubhaar","doi":"10.1177/0016549205052231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205052231","url":null,"abstract":"How can a Mexican telenovela be more attractive to viewers in Brazil than a nationally produced telenovela? This seems to be the question posed by the increasing transnational flow of cultural products. Most of the data indicate that viewers prefer locally produced programs. Nevertheless, some of the transnational success of Latin American telenovelas abroad seems to question this truism. This article argues that audience preferences are formed within the overall trend toward cultural proximity within both national and cultural-linguistic boundaries. However, within this logic of cultural proximity, other forces also apply. It is important to understand cultural proximity working not only at the national and supranational levels but also at the subnational and regional spheres. With this in mind, the authors first examine the attraction or proximity of genres, from the virtually global attraction of melodrama, as a macro genre, to subgenres within the telenovela. Second, they discuss the sense of shared historical experience of specific groups within nations and how this particular form of proximity might operate at the reception level.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"271 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205052231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205052226
Ramona R. Rush, Carol Oukrop, K. Sarikakis
This article examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush and colleagues in the early 1980s. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around a 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This article presents data from a nationwide US survey and compares them to data from global surveys and UN reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socioeconomic and cultural contexts. The article argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.
{"title":"A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications","authors":"Ramona R. Rush, Carol Oukrop, K. Sarikakis","doi":"10.1177/0016549205052226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205052226","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush and colleagues in the early 1980s. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around a 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This article presents data from a nationwide US survey and compares them to data from global surveys and UN reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socioeconomic and cultural contexts. The article argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"239 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205052226","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205052228
B. Winfield, Zengjun Peng
This study examines, distinguishes and discusses as grounded theory the changes of the past 20 years in the Chinese media system as a result of the economic reforms. While the new media market challenges the current Chinese Party orthodoxy by initiating a redistribution of power and interests, this study argues that the western model of a libertarian press system is hardly a possibility. With a convolution of the Party line and the bottom line, a Chinese media system is moving from totalitarianism to market authoritarianism. Building on the premise that previous western press systems based on the Four Theories and their updates have failed to fit the unique case of China, the authors propose new theoretical perspectives in studying media systems in transition.
{"title":"Market or Party Controls?","authors":"B. Winfield, Zengjun Peng","doi":"10.1177/0016549205052228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205052228","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines, distinguishes and discusses as grounded theory the changes of the past 20 years in the Chinese media system as a result of the economic reforms. While the new media market challenges the current Chinese Party orthodoxy by initiating a redistribution of power and interests, this study argues that the western model of a libertarian press system is hardly a possibility. With a convolution of the Party line and the bottom line, a Chinese media system is moving from totalitarianism to market authoritarianism. Building on the premise that previous western press systems based on the Four Theories and their updates have failed to fit the unique case of China, the authors propose new theoretical perspectives in studying media systems in transition.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"2674 1","pages":"255 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205052228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-04-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205050130
D. Dimitrova, R. Beilock
The goal of this study was to explore inter-country differences in Internet connectivity among the formerly socialist countries of Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. Of particular interest was investigating if, in a region where per capita income and infrastructure differences are not extreme, other factors would become the dominant determinants. The results of the multivariate analysis show that the openness of society and cultural factors, using religion as a proxy, play critical roles. Countries with higher levels of civil liberties and those with Christian majority populations tend to have higher Internet connectivity.
{"title":"Where Freedom Matters","authors":"D. Dimitrova, R. Beilock","doi":"10.1177/0016549205050130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205050130","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this study was to explore inter-country differences in Internet connectivity among the formerly socialist countries of Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. Of particular interest was investigating if, in a region where per capita income and infrastructure differences are not extreme, other factors would become the dominant determinants. The results of the multivariate analysis show that the openness of society and cultural factors, using religion as a proxy, play critical roles. Countries with higher levels of civil liberties and those with Christian majority populations tend to have higher Internet connectivity.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"173 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205050130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-04-01DOI: 10.1177/0016549205050128
A. M. Clark, Thomas B. Christie
This content analysis of coalition leaflets dropped in Iraq during the recent war is viewed through a framework developed to analyze government international communication efforts to affect international public opinion and policy support. Under the framework, such messages have three main functions: survival, countering disinformation and facilitative communication. The study’s hypothesis that most leaflets would have ‘survival’ messages is supported. Such messages have the strongest potential to influence public opinion, based on the positive effects of limiting casualties and ensuring economic survival. Messages countering disinformation address enemy propaganda, and messages used for facilitative communication create a friendly atmosphere. The study also analyzed intended audiences and categorized specific leaflet messages. The study is useful in understanding the nature and effectiveness of government efforts to influence public opinion during times of crisis or war.
{"title":"Ready... Ready... Drop!","authors":"A. M. Clark, Thomas B. Christie","doi":"10.1177/0016549205050128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205050128","url":null,"abstract":"This content analysis of coalition leaflets dropped in Iraq during the recent war is viewed through a framework developed to analyze government international communication efforts to affect international public opinion and policy support. Under the framework, such messages have three main functions: survival, countering disinformation and facilitative communication. The study’s hypothesis that most leaflets would have ‘survival’ messages is supported. Such messages have the strongest potential to influence public opinion, based on the positive effects of limiting casualties and ensuring economic survival. Messages countering disinformation address enemy propaganda, and messages used for facilitative communication create a friendly atmosphere. The study also analyzed intended audiences and categorized specific leaflet messages. The study is useful in understanding the nature and effectiveness of government efforts to influence public opinion during times of crisis or war.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"141 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205050128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65087015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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