{"title":"Communication Research and Political Commitment","authors":"J. Downing","doi":"10.1177/0016549205057544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205057544","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"535 - 537"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205057544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 50th anniversary of one of our most respected journals is not only a time for congratulations. It is also a valuable cue that we should stop hiding behind the defensive posture of being ‘a young field’ to remind ourselves, and others, of what are now rather venerable and important traditions of scholarship. When the founding father of British social science, Herbert Spencer, published his seminal (and surprisingly profitable) book The Study of Sociology in 1873, he was prompted in part by his irritation at what readers would find in press simplifications. For example, ‘In newspapers, they have often met with comparisons between the numbers of criminals who can read and write and the numbers who can not; and finding the numbers who can not greatly exceed the numbers who can, they accept the inference that ignorance is the cause of crime’ (Spencer, 1887: 361). The new science of society, he hoped, would correct such facile media generalizations. Serious study for employment in media occupations was not much later in developing. In a report for the 1892 annual meeting of the national Institute of Journalists it was agreed that proper examinations were required for would-be journalists, including questions on the first book of Euclid, Latin translation, and the geography of the British Empire (Bainbridge, 1984: 55). We have moved on from then, though journalism education in universities in the UK, at least, has been a relatively recent development. But the rigorous and elaborated scholarly analysis of the media and the culture they disseminate has had firm institutional bases in British universities for nearly half a century. We inhabit a field perhaps a little overly concerned with examining its roots and prospects. The anniversary of a journal is a moment for celebration rather than introspection. Two thoughts follow. First, let’s stop being defensive. For several years in the 1990s I was the chair of the UK subject association for the field. In that time, I devoted much energy to responding to often hysterical denunciation of media research and scholarship appearing in the press and political debate. One newspaper, for example, reported that, ‘Thousands of GAZETTE: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR COMMUNICATION STUDIES
我们最受尊敬的期刊之一创刊50周年纪念日不仅仅是一个值得祝贺的日子。这也是一个有价值的提示，我们不应该再躲在“一个年轻领域”的防御姿态后面，提醒自己和其他人，现在是相当可敬和重要的学术传统。1873年，当英国社会科学之父赫伯特·斯宾塞(Herbert Spencer)出版了他那本影响深远(而且出奇地赚钱)的著作《社会学研究》(the Study of Sociology)时，他的灵感部分来自于他对读者在报刊上发现的简单化的愤怒。例如，在报纸上，他们经常看到会读写的罪犯和不会读写的罪犯的数量之间的比较;并且发现不能大大超过能的人数，他们接受无知是犯罪原因的推论”(斯宾塞，1887:361)。他希望，新的社会科学能够纠正这种肤浅的媒体概括。对媒体职业就业的严肃研究发展得并不晚。在1892年国家新闻工作者协会年会上的一份报告中，人们一致认为，对想成为新闻工作者的人需要进行适当的考试，包括欧几里得的第一部书、拉丁语翻译和大英帝国的地理问题(Bainbridge, 1984: 55)。从那时起，我们就一直在前进，尽管至少英国大学的新闻教育是一个相对较新的发展。但是，对媒体及其传播的文化进行严谨而详尽的学术分析，在英国大学中已经有了近半个世纪的坚实制度基础。我们所处的领域可能有点过于关注审视其根源和前景。期刊的周年纪念是庆祝的时刻，而不是反省的时刻。接下来是两个想法。首先，让我们停止防御。上世纪90年代的几年里，我曾担任该领域英国学科协会的主席。在那段时间里，我投入了大量精力来回应媒体和政治辩论中对媒体研究和学术的歇斯底里的谴责。例如，一家报纸报道说，“数千公报:国际传播研究杂志”
{"title":"Looking Back and Looking Forward","authors":"P. Golding","doi":"10.1177/0016549205057545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205057545","url":null,"abstract":"The 50th anniversary of one of our most respected journals is not only a time for congratulations. It is also a valuable cue that we should stop hiding behind the defensive posture of being ‘a young field’ to remind ourselves, and others, of what are now rather venerable and important traditions of scholarship. When the founding father of British social science, Herbert Spencer, published his seminal (and surprisingly profitable) book The Study of Sociology in 1873, he was prompted in part by his irritation at what readers would find in press simplifications. For example, ‘In newspapers, they have often met with comparisons between the numbers of criminals who can read and write and the numbers who can not; and finding the numbers who can not greatly exceed the numbers who can, they accept the inference that ignorance is the cause of crime’ (Spencer, 1887: 361). The new science of society, he hoped, would correct such facile media generalizations. Serious study for employment in media occupations was not much later in developing. In a report for the 1892 annual meeting of the national Institute of Journalists it was agreed that proper examinations were required for would-be journalists, including questions on the first book of Euclid, Latin translation, and the geography of the British Empire (Bainbridge, 1984: 55). We have moved on from then, though journalism education in universities in the UK, at least, has been a relatively recent development. But the rigorous and elaborated scholarly analysis of the media and the culture they disseminate has had firm institutional bases in British universities for nearly half a century. We inhabit a field perhaps a little overly concerned with examining its roots and prospects. The anniversary of a journal is a moment for celebration rather than introspection. Two thoughts follow. First, let’s stop being defensive. For several years in the 1990s I was the chair of the UK subject association for the field. In that time, I devoted much energy to responding to often hysterical denunciation of media research and scholarship appearing in the press and political debate. One newspaper, for example, reported that, ‘Thousands of GAZETTE: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR COMMUNICATION STUDIES","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"539 - 542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205057545","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theorizing and investigating the constantly changing social conditions, which substantially affect the communication of human beings, should remain (or become, as a matter of fact) the primary task or ‘mission’ of communication studies. This does not imply that they should produce claims related to ideal communication acts that are supposedly good in themselves although opposed to reality, but related to what it is already time for due to the existing practical conditions, to paraphrase Horkheimer’s famous idea. Such attempts may be seen as ‘non-productive’ – because they do not advance the existence of the past in the present, or the present in the future – yet they are productive in a more fundamental sense: they ‘construe’ facts that materially do not yet exist, but have ample potential to exist, and they confront barriers that do not allow for their practical realization. In that sense, communication like any other social research always implies (maybe just tacitly assumes) normative and regulative components that link theory, research and social action. Attempts to regulate human communication (either in order to liberate or to censor it) are even older than those trying to understand and theorize its human nature and its inherent laws. While the former date back to at least the invention of writing technology, the latter were invigorated only by the period of Enlightenment (although one could also argue that in a sense, Plato’s and Aristotle’s discussions of rhetoric represent the very beginning of such efforts). But regardless of how we assess the relationship between regulation and research and the social character of that relationship in different societies, cultures and historical periods, we must realize that communication research has never been ‘regulation-free’. The results of social research may always invite, or be used for ‘therapy’ by social action. Both ‘administrative research’, as a prototype of linking specific problems and tools identified with interpretations of findings that support – explicitly or implicitly – the status quo of society, and critical research (or ‘theory’ for that matter), are motivated by the idea of having some bearing on regulatory capacities. The latter may be either those of individuals effectuating their personal GAZETTE: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR COMMUNICATION STUDIES
{"title":"Communication Research and the Need for Shifting Paradigms - Again","authors":"S. Splichal","doi":"10.1177/0016549205057554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205057554","url":null,"abstract":"Theorizing and investigating the constantly changing social conditions, which substantially affect the communication of human beings, should remain (or become, as a matter of fact) the primary task or ‘mission’ of communication studies. This does not imply that they should produce claims related to ideal communication acts that are supposedly good in themselves although opposed to reality, but related to what it is already time for due to the existing practical conditions, to paraphrase Horkheimer’s famous idea. Such attempts may be seen as ‘non-productive’ – because they do not advance the existence of the past in the present, or the present in the future – yet they are productive in a more fundamental sense: they ‘construe’ facts that materially do not yet exist, but have ample potential to exist, and they confront barriers that do not allow for their practical realization. In that sense, communication like any other social research always implies (maybe just tacitly assumes) normative and regulative components that link theory, research and social action. Attempts to regulate human communication (either in order to liberate or to censor it) are even older than those trying to understand and theorize its human nature and its inherent laws. While the former date back to at least the invention of writing technology, the latter were invigorated only by the period of Enlightenment (although one could also argue that in a sense, Plato’s and Aristotle’s discussions of rhetoric represent the very beginning of such efforts). But regardless of how we assess the relationship between regulation and research and the social character of that relationship in different societies, cultures and historical periods, we must realize that communication research has never been ‘regulation-free’. The results of social research may always invite, or be used for ‘therapy’ by social action. Both ‘administrative research’, as a prototype of linking specific problems and tools identified with interpretations of findings that support – explicitly or implicitly – the status quo of society, and critical research (or ‘theory’ for that matter), are motivated by the idea of having some bearing on regulatory capacities. The latter may be either those of individuals effectuating their personal GAZETTE: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR COMMUNICATION STUDIES","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"561 - 563"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205057554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores 11 years of content in three well-circulating Croatian newspapers, Vjesnik, Slobodna Dalmacija and Feral Tribune. Utilizing framing theory, the author examines how the three papers differed in their presentation of the Croatian government from 1990 through 2000. Using a sample of 1400 articles, the use of specific frames and the presentation of antagonists and protagonists in the articles’ content are examined.
{"title":"The Framing of Politics","authors":"Ivana Segvic","doi":"10.1177/0016549205056054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205056054","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores 11 years of content in three well-circulating Croatian newspapers, Vjesnik, Slobodna Dalmacija and Feral Tribune. Utilizing framing theory, the author examines how the three papers differed in their presentation of the Croatian government from 1990 through 2000. Using a sample of 1400 articles, the use of specific frames and the presentation of antagonists and protagonists in the articles’ content are examined.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"469 - 488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205056054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the framing of the 2003 Iraq War in the elite newspapers in Sweden and the US, Dagens Nyheter and The New York Times. The content analysis revealed significant differences between the two papers: the military conflict frame was more common for the US war coverage while the responsibility and anti-war protest frames were more common for the Swedish war coverage. Both newspapers offered human interest stories and media self-references. The US newspaper, however, relied more heavily on official government and military sources. In addition, the tone of war coverage differed across the two nations, with Swedish reporting being more negative overall. Implications of the differences in war coverage as well as possible reasons rooted in the national media and political systems are discussed.
{"title":"Mission Accomplished? Framing of the Iraq War in the Elite Newspapers in Sweden and the United States","authors":"D. Dimitrova, J. Strömbäck","doi":"10.1177/0016549205056050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205056050","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the framing of the 2003 Iraq War in the elite newspapers in Sweden and the US, Dagens Nyheter and The New York Times. The content analysis revealed significant differences between the two papers: the military conflict frame was more common for the US war coverage while the responsibility and anti-war protest frames were more common for the Swedish war coverage. Both newspapers offered human interest stories and media self-references. The US newspaper, however, relied more heavily on official government and military sources. In addition, the tone of war coverage differed across the two nations, with Swedish reporting being more negative overall. Implications of the differences in war coverage as well as possible reasons rooted in the national media and political systems are discussed.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"399 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205056050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article monitors news coverage on the European Union and EU-related matters in terms of news frames and news discourses adopted in online versions of seven quality newspapers (six European and one American) over a period of four months (December 2001-March 2002). During this period the EU Council Summit was held in Laeken, Belgium, on 14 and 15 December 2001. The selection of the national quality press outlets is carried out on the basis of a general, significant readership and centrality to the current media debate on European issues in the country. The seven countries are interesting cases in terms of their varying role in the history of European integration as well as their current attitude towards the EU. The research literature identifies five recurrent news frames (conflict, human interest, economic consequences, morality and responsibility): this article assesses the relative visibility of each of these news frames in the coverage on the EU and its institutions in the news outlets under study. Furthermore, it asks which discourse is more dominant when it comes to the shaping of European identity as portrayed in the news reporting. Four types of discourse (culture, expansion, in- and exclusion and power) are examined.
{"title":"Euro-Vision","authors":"L. d’Haenens","doi":"10.1177/0016549205056051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205056051","url":null,"abstract":"This article monitors news coverage on the European Union and EU-related matters in terms of news frames and news discourses adopted in online versions of seven quality newspapers (six European and one American) over a period of four months (December 2001-March 2002). During this period the EU Council Summit was held in Laeken, Belgium, on 14 and 15 December 2001. The selection of the national quality press outlets is carried out on the basis of a general, significant readership and centrality to the current media debate on European issues in the country. The seven countries are interesting cases in terms of their varying role in the history of European integration as well as their current attitude towards the EU. The research literature identifies five recurrent news frames (conflict, human interest, economic consequences, morality and responsibility): this article assesses the relative visibility of each of these news frames in the coverage on the EU and its institutions in the news outlets under study. Furthermore, it asks which discourse is more dominant when it comes to the shaping of European identity as portrayed in the news reporting. Four types of discourse (culture, expansion, in- and exclusion and power) are examined.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"419 - 440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205056051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines news sources used to visually portray the 11 September 2001 attack and the war in Afghanistan in the English-language newspaper The International Herald Tribune and the Arabic-language newspaper Al-Hayat. Differences were noted between news sources of images depicting the 9/11 attack and the Afghan War. However, despite these differences, the vast majority of photographs were from the main western news agencies: AP, AFP and Reuters. Results overall suggest, while there is no indication of changes in patterns of information flow, western news agencies provide a variety of news to be framed differently by different media.
{"title":"Emerging Alternatives or Traditional News Gates","authors":"Shahira S Fahmy","doi":"10.1177/0016549205056048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205056048","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines news sources used to visually portray the 11 September 2001 attack and the war in Afghanistan in the English-language newspaper The International Herald Tribune and the Arabic-language newspaper Al-Hayat. Differences were noted between news sources of images depicting the 9/11 attack and the Afghan War. However, despite these differences, the vast majority of photographs were from the main western news agencies: AP, AFP and Reuters. Results overall suggest, while there is no indication of changes in patterns of information flow, western news agencies provide a variety of news to be framed differently by different media.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"381 - 398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205056048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The unprecedented 2000 US Presidential Election provided the context for this study, which investigates patterns of news framing in two leading national newspapers. A comparative content analysis was conducted on all the election articles published in Singapore’s The Straits Times and France’s Le Monde between 7 October and 20 December 2000 (N = 484). Significant differences in dominant frames employed in the two newspapers were found, suggesting a link between journalistic ideology and framing. Although both papers used the horse race frame frequently, the authors observed in tandem with this frame an unexpectedly high use of the issue/policy frame in Le Monde, which casts doubt on the assumption that the horse race frame is emphasized at the expense of issue coverage. The study also found that routine framing procedures were disrupted with the inability of the US to elect its president, and a new event-specific constitutional crisis frame emerged.
{"title":"Framing the Battle for the White House","authors":"F. Gan, Joo Leng Teo, B. Detenber","doi":"10.1177/0016549205056052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205056052","url":null,"abstract":"The unprecedented 2000 US Presidential Election provided the context for this study, which investigates patterns of news framing in two leading national newspapers. A comparative content analysis was conducted on all the election articles published in Singapore’s The Straits Times and France’s Le Monde between 7 October and 20 December 2000 (N = 484). Significant differences in dominant frames employed in the two newspapers were found, suggesting a link between journalistic ideology and framing. Although both papers used the horse race frame frequently, the authors observed in tandem with this frame an unexpectedly high use of the issue/policy frame in Le Monde, which casts doubt on the assumption that the horse race frame is emphasized at the expense of issue coverage. The study also found that routine framing procedures were disrupted with the inability of the US to elect its president, and a new event-specific constitutional crisis frame emerged.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"441 - 467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205056052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
News photographs of international events serve Americans as a visual medium for understanding other cultures and countries. However, a content analysis of 60 years of Pulitzer Prize-winning photographs (1942-2002) reveals that the major visual themes of the prize-winning photographs depicting international news events are predominantly about war and coups. On the other hand, the Pulitzer Prize-winning photographs taken in the US reveal more diverse themes and subjects, although they, too, tend to concentrate on bad news, like crime and terrorism, social problems, racism and poverty. Based on the content analysis and personal interviews with the judges, it is believed that the Prize’s most important determinants of international news photography appear to be violence and conflict with a consideration of the photographers’ demonstration of courage producing the pictures.
{"title":"Sixty Years of Showing the World to America","authors":"Hun Shik Kim, Zoe Smith, Susan D. Moeller","doi":"10.1177/0016549205054280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549205054280","url":null,"abstract":"News photographs of international events serve Americans as a visual medium for understanding other cultures and countries. However, a content analysis of 60 years of Pulitzer Prize-winning photographs (1942-2002) reveals that the major visual themes of the prize-winning photographs depicting international news events are predominantly about war and coups. On the other hand, the Pulitzer Prize-winning photographs taken in the US reveal more diverse themes and subjects, although they, too, tend to concentrate on bad news, like crime and terrorism, social problems, racism and poverty. Based on the content analysis and personal interviews with the judges, it is believed that the Prize’s most important determinants of international news photography appear to be violence and conflict with a consideration of the photographers’ demonstration of courage producing the pictures.","PeriodicalId":84790,"journal":{"name":"Gazette","volume":"67 1","pages":"307 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0016549205054280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65088096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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