Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i3288
Elferida Sormin, Carmen Siagian, Bernadetha Nadeak, C. Juwita, .. Sumiyati
Aims: The study aimed to determine the level of iron (Fe) in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers who were not anemic (normal), had mild anemia, and had moderate anemia. Methodology: This research is descriptive in nature with a cross-sectional research design. The research subjects were 30 breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers who had babies aged 0-6 months in TTU Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. 10 samples each in the categories of no anemia (normal), mild anemia, and moderate anemia. Analysis of Fe levels in breast milk samples using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (SSA) at the Testing, Calibration, and Certification Services Laboratory Unit, Bogor Agricultural Institute. Results: The results of the analysis showed that the average Fe content in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (normal category) was 4.17 mg/L; Fe levels in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (mild anemia category) were 2.01 mg/L; while the Fe level in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (moderate anemia category) was 1.05 mg/L. From the average figures, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in Fe levels between the three breast milk samples, which is confirmed by the distribution of Fe levels for the 30 samples which is not much different, even from the minimum number of Fe levels in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (normal). still found at 1.03 mg/L (almost the same as the minimum Fe level for breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (mild anemia), namely 0.70 mg/L. Conclusion: there were no significant differences in Fe levels in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers in the categories of no anemia (normal), mild anemia, and moderate anemia. However, it is still recommended that it is very important to ensure sufficient iron in breast milk to help the baby's growth and development.
{"title":"Analysis of Iron (Fe) Content in Breast Milk of Breastfeeding Mothers with Level Anemia Normal, Mild and Moderate","authors":"Elferida Sormin, Carmen Siagian, Bernadetha Nadeak, C. Juwita, .. Sumiyati","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i3288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i3288","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The study aimed to determine the level of iron (Fe) in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers who were not anemic (normal), had mild anemia, and had moderate anemia. \u0000Methodology: This research is descriptive in nature with a cross-sectional research design. The research subjects were 30 breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers who had babies aged 0-6 months in TTU Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. 10 samples each in the categories of no anemia (normal), mild anemia, and moderate anemia. Analysis of Fe levels in breast milk samples using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (SSA) at the Testing, Calibration, and Certification Services Laboratory Unit, Bogor Agricultural Institute. \u0000Results: The results of the analysis showed that the average Fe content in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (normal category) was 4.17 mg/L; Fe levels in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (mild anemia category) were 2.01 mg/L; while the Fe level in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (moderate anemia category) was 1.05 mg/L. From the average figures, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in Fe levels between the three breast milk samples, which is confirmed by the distribution of Fe levels for the 30 samples which is not much different, even from the minimum number of Fe levels in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (normal). still found at 1.03 mg/L (almost the same as the minimum Fe level for breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers (mild anemia), namely 0.70 mg/L. \u0000Conclusion: there were no significant differences in Fe levels in breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers in the categories of no anemia (normal), mild anemia, and moderate anemia. However, it is still recommended that it is very important to ensure sufficient iron in breast milk to help the baby's growth and development.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140962316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-15DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i3287
Md. Khalid Hossain Shishir, Sumaiya Islam Sadia, Shanawaz Ahmed, Allah Rakha Aidid, Md. Masud Rana, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Sazal Kumar, Raton Kumar Bishwas, Md. Ashraful Alam
This statistical review compares the crystallographic structures of functional nanocrystals composed of silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and titanium (Ti) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. TEM provides high-resolution imaging to directly visualize individual nanoparticles' size, internal shape and crystallinity. Statistical analysis quantifies variations in lattice parameters, crystal structure, size distributions, phase compositions, lattice strains, preferred orientation and lattice volume of these three crystalline nanomaterials. The review highlights the complementary roles of TEM and XRD in comprehensive Ag, Cu and Ti nanocrystalline materials characterization. The crystallographic functional parameters of Ag were 2θ= 38.1° (111), 44.3° (200) and 64.4° (220); for Cu crystal 43.3° (111), 50.4° (200), 74.1° (220), 89.9° (311) and 95.1° (222) and 35.1° (100), 38.4° (002), 40.2° (101), 53.0° (102), 63.0° (103), 70.7° (110), 76.2° (112), 82.3° (201) demonstrated for Ti nanocrystals. The crystallographic predominant plane or Miller indices were also revealed by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) on TEM. The FCC structure of Ag and Cu is shown in larger lattice volumes compared to the HCP structure of Ti and prefer oriented. The degree of crystallinity of Ti, Cu and Ag nanocrystalline materials was observed at 90.0%, 98.0% and 100.0% respectively. This quantitative comparison provides valuable insights into the structural property relationships in these nanocrystals, enabling rational design strategies for optimizing their performance in various functional applications.
本统计综述利用透射电子显微镜（TEM）和 X 射线衍射（XRD）分析比较了由银（Ag）、铜（Cu）和钛（Ti）组成的功能纳米晶体的晶体结构。TEM 可提供高分辨率成像，直接观察单个纳米粒子的尺寸、内部形状和结晶度。统计分析可量化这三种晶体纳米材料的晶格参数、晶体结构、尺寸分布、相组成、晶格应变、优先取向和晶格体积的变化。综述强调了 TEM 和 XRD 在全面表征银、铜和钛纳米晶体材料方面的互补作用。银的晶体学功能参数分别为 2θ= 38.1° (111)、44.3° (200) 和 64.4° (220)；铜晶体的晶体学功能参数分别为 43.3° (111)、50.4° (200)、74.1° (220)、89.9°（311）和 95.1°（222）；钛纳米晶体则为 35.1°（100）、38.4°（002）、40.2°（101）、53.0°（102）、63.0°（103）、70.7°（110）、76.2°（112）和 82.3°（201）。TEM 上的选区电子衍射 (SAED) 也揭示了结晶学上的主要平面或米勒指数。与 Ti 的 HCP 结构相比，Ag 和 Cu 的 FCC 结构显示出更大的晶格体积，并且更倾向于定向。钛、铜和银纳米晶体材料的结晶度分别为 90.0%、98.0% 和 100.0%。这种定量比较为了解这些纳米晶体的结构特性关系提供了宝贵的见解，有助于制定合理的设计策略，优化它们在各种功能应用中的性能。
{"title":"Transmission Electron Microscopic and X-ray Diffraction Based Study of Crystallographic Bibliography Demonstrated on Silver, Copper and Titanium Nanocrystals: State of the Art Statical Review","authors":"Md. Khalid Hossain Shishir, Sumaiya Islam Sadia, Shanawaz Ahmed, Allah Rakha Aidid, Md. Masud Rana, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Sazal Kumar, Raton Kumar Bishwas, Md. Ashraful Alam","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i3287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i3287","url":null,"abstract":"This statistical review compares the crystallographic structures of functional nanocrystals composed of silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and titanium (Ti) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. TEM provides high-resolution imaging to directly visualize individual nanoparticles' size, internal shape and crystallinity. Statistical analysis quantifies variations in lattice parameters, crystal structure, size distributions, phase compositions, lattice strains, preferred orientation and lattice volume of these three crystalline nanomaterials. The review highlights the complementary roles of TEM and XRD in comprehensive Ag, Cu and Ti nanocrystalline materials characterization. The crystallographic functional parameters of Ag were 2θ= 38.1° (111), 44.3° (200) and 64.4° (220); for Cu crystal 43.3° (111), 50.4° (200), 74.1° (220), 89.9° (311) and 95.1° (222) and 35.1° (100), 38.4° (002), 40.2° (101), 53.0° (102), 63.0° (103), 70.7° (110), 76.2° (112), 82.3° (201) demonstrated for Ti nanocrystals. The crystallographic predominant plane or Miller indices were also revealed by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) on TEM. The FCC structure of Ag and Cu is shown in larger lattice volumes compared to the HCP structure of Ti and prefer oriented. The degree of crystallinity of Ti, Cu and Ag nanocrystalline materials was observed at 90.0%, 98.0% and 100.0% respectively. This quantitative comparison provides valuable insights into the structural property relationships in these nanocrystals, enabling rational design strategies for optimizing their performance in various functional applications.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"36 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140974667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-11DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2286
Yasobanta Das, Trupti Ray
Osmosis is a natural process that occurs in living organisms and plays a vital role in maintaining their health. This abstract investigates the effectiveness of treating constipation with salt water after getting out of bed in the morning using the process of osmosis. Constipation is a common bowel problem caused by diet, lifestyle, medications, or other factors that make stool hard or impede the ability to pass it comfortably, affecting people of all ages worldwide. By conducting osmosis, where solute molecules move through a semi permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration, salt water treatment softens stool and facilitates bowel movements. This paper presents an overview of treatment protocols, including materials, methods and observational results. Preliminary findings indicate promising results, with participants experiencing increased frequency and ease of bowel movements after consuming salt water. This paper explores the benefits of osmosis in treating constipation and how it works. We discuss the osmosis and their mechanisms of action, as well as their safety and efficacy. Overall, we conclude that osmosis is a safe and effective way to treat constipation and has the potential to change the life style of millions of people across the Globe.
{"title":"Osmosis: A Natural Approach for Treating Constipation","authors":"Yasobanta Das, Trupti Ray","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2286","url":null,"abstract":"Osmosis is a natural process that occurs in living organisms and plays a vital role in maintaining their health. This abstract investigates the effectiveness of treating constipation with salt water after getting out of bed in the morning using the process of osmosis. Constipation is a common bowel problem caused by diet, lifestyle, medications, or other factors that make stool hard or impede the ability to pass it comfortably, affecting people of all ages worldwide. By conducting osmosis, where solute molecules move through a semi permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration, salt water treatment softens stool and facilitates bowel movements. This paper presents an overview of treatment protocols, including materials, methods and observational results. Preliminary findings indicate promising results, with participants experiencing increased frequency and ease of bowel movements after consuming salt water. This paper explores the benefits of osmosis in treating constipation and how it works. We discuss the osmosis and their mechanisms of action, as well as their safety and efficacy. Overall, we conclude that osmosis is a safe and effective way to treat constipation and has the potential to change the life style of millions of people across the Globe.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"111 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140987769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-07DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2285
S. Bbumba, Ibrahim Karume, Moses Kigozi, Ivan Oyege, Muhammad Ntale
Herein, we reviewed the main components of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) which are an emerging cheap and environmentally benign alternative for solar energy capture and conversion to electricity. The role of individual parts such as the semiconductor electrode, counter electrode, photosensitizer, electrolyte, and substrate and their contribution to the overall efficiency (η) of DSSCs are discussed. In addition, parameters such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and fill factor used to quantify the efficiency of DSSCs are addressed. The highest solar-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of 13 % has been achieved using titanium dioxide as a semiconductor electrode, a triiodide system as a redox couple, and platinum counter electrodes. Semiconductors are made up of materials such as glass, carbon, conductive polymers and other metal oxides have lower efficiencies (< 8 %). In addition, synthetic photosensitizers especially ruthenium complexes have higher efficiencies (10-11 %) compared to natural dyes among which the highest efficiency (4.6 %) was achieved using chlorophyll. The performance of natural dyes based on efficiency of the DSSC is generally in the order: chlorophyll > anthocyanins > carotenoids that is highly attributed to their structure which not only dictates electron release and recombination but also attachment to other components. The DSSC performance is not fixed but rather tunable by variations in the components to achieve desired structural and electronic properties such as firm anchorage between the photosensitizer and the semiconductors, the reduction of the energy band gap by incorporation of other metal salts to extend the absorption range and use of additives that prevent electron recombination with the photosensitizer or any hindrances in the electrolyte redox reactions.
{"title":"How Components of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Contribute to Efficient Solar Energy Capture","authors":"S. Bbumba, Ibrahim Karume, Moses Kigozi, Ivan Oyege, Muhammad Ntale","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2285","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, we reviewed the main components of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) which are an emerging cheap and environmentally benign alternative for solar energy capture and conversion to electricity. The role of individual parts such as the semiconductor electrode, counter electrode, photosensitizer, electrolyte, and substrate and their contribution to the overall efficiency (η) of DSSCs are discussed. In addition, parameters such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and fill factor used to quantify the efficiency of DSSCs are addressed. The highest solar-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of 13 % has been achieved using titanium dioxide as a semiconductor electrode, a triiodide system as a redox couple, and platinum counter electrodes. Semiconductors are made up of materials such as glass, carbon, conductive polymers and other metal oxides have lower efficiencies (< 8 %). In addition, synthetic photosensitizers especially ruthenium complexes have higher efficiencies (10-11 %) compared to natural dyes among which the highest efficiency (4.6 %) was achieved using chlorophyll. The performance of natural dyes based on efficiency of the DSSC is generally in the order: chlorophyll > anthocyanins > carotenoids that is highly attributed to their structure which not only dictates electron release and recombination but also attachment to other components. The DSSC performance is not fixed but rather tunable by variations in the components to achieve desired structural and electronic properties such as firm anchorage between the photosensitizer and the semiconductors, the reduction of the energy band gap by incorporation of other metal salts to extend the absorption range and use of additives that prevent electron recombination with the photosensitizer or any hindrances in the electrolyte redox reactions.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"30 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicinal plants have been crucial in treating various diseases since ancient times. This study focuses on identifying the phytochemicals in Piper longum L. extracts along with studying their biological activities. The powdered fruit of P. longum was sequentially subjected to ultrasonic extraction utilizing solvents with increasing polarity, starting from hexane and progressing through chloroform, ethyl acetate, and finally, methanol. The phytochemical analysis of extracts exhibited the presence of all tested classes of phytocompounds except saponins. The higher phenolic content (TPC) was observed in the methanol extract (53.38 mg GAE/g), whereas the chloroform extract had a TPC value of 8.51 mg GAE/g. Conversely, the chloroform extract exhibited a higher total flavonoid content (TFC) of 12.09 mg QE/g compared to the methanol extract's 7.44 mg QE/g. The antioxidant assay demonstrated the moderate antioxidant potential of the methanol extract. This study recommends further biological tests and experimental verifications to use this plant for drug discovery.
{"title":"Evaluation of TPC, TFC, and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Piper longum L.","authors":"Ritu Panta, S. Dhital, Rajkumar Budha, Nirmal Parajuli, Prabhat Neupane, Timila Shrestha, Samjhana Bharati, Binita Maharjan, D. Bhattarai, Ram Lal Swagat Shrestha","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2284","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants have been crucial in treating various diseases since ancient times. This study focuses on identifying the phytochemicals in Piper longum L. extracts along with studying their biological activities. The powdered fruit of P. longum was sequentially subjected to ultrasonic extraction utilizing solvents with increasing polarity, starting from hexane and progressing through chloroform, ethyl acetate, and finally, methanol. The phytochemical analysis of extracts exhibited the presence of all tested classes of phytocompounds except saponins. The higher phenolic content (TPC) was observed in the methanol extract (53.38 mg GAE/g), whereas the chloroform extract had a TPC value of 8.51 mg GAE/g. Conversely, the chloroform extract exhibited a higher total flavonoid content (TFC) of 12.09 mg QE/g compared to the methanol extract's 7.44 mg QE/g. The antioxidant assay demonstrated the moderate antioxidant potential of the methanol extract. This study recommends further biological tests and experimental verifications to use this plant for drug discovery.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"52 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141010217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2282
Joseph K. Wendott, M. L. Were, Jackson Cherutoi, M. Odero
Background: Antibiotics are presently considered as emerging contaminants with adverse effects in the environment and the population such as the development of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARG) and antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB). This study was guided by objective entailing to determine the seasonal occurrences and removal efficiencies of four antibiotics in Kisii and Kabarnet waste water treatment plants in Kenya. Place and Duration of Study: Waste water samples were picked from Suneka wastewater treatment plant in Kisii county and Kabarnet Level V Hospital in Baringo County Kenya in the months of June and December 2020 Methodology: Multiple samples were picked in Kisii and Kabarnet waste water treatment plants in the months of June and December correspond to the dry and wet seasons in Kenya. Collected waste water samples were centrifuged and filtered with glass microfiber filter papers and subsequently passed through a Solid phase extractor cartridge. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used for quantification of antibiotics as per international commission for harmonization and subsequently applied for analysis. Results: The results revealed that the dry season had higher antibiotic concentrations at 1.29, 0.09, 2.92 and 1.82 µg/l for sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ampicillin and amoxicillin respectively for the Kisii waste water treatment plant and 0.18, 0.05, 1.34 and 0.09 µg/l respectively for Kabarnet waste water treatment plant. During the wet seasons the measured concentrations were 1.11, 0.14, 2.04 and 1.34 µg/l for sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ampicillin and amoxicillin at the Kisii WWTP, and 0.14, 0.06, 1.01 and 0.09 µg/l for Kabarnet WWTP. The removal efficiencies in the WWTPs, ranged from a high of 94 % to a low of 11.11 % depending on the type of antibiotic in both wet and dry seasons. Conclusion: Amoxicillin, ampicillin, trimethoprim and sulphamethaxazole were found in both Kisii WWTPs and Kabarnet WWTPs with nearly all antibiotics having a higher concentration of in the dry season than in the wet season. The highest calculated percentage removal was 94.03 % while the lowest calculated percentage removal was 7.14 %. The results suggest that the two WWTPs are effective for the removal of different types of antibiotics.
{"title":"Occurrence and Removal Efficiencies of Four Antibiotics in Kisii and Kabarnet Waste Water Treatment Plants, Kenya","authors":"Joseph K. Wendott, M. L. Were, Jackson Cherutoi, M. Odero","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i2282","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antibiotics are presently considered as emerging contaminants with adverse effects in the environment and the population such as the development of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARG) and antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB). This study was guided by objective entailing to determine the seasonal occurrences and removal efficiencies of four antibiotics in Kisii and Kabarnet waste water treatment plants in Kenya. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Waste water samples were picked from Suneka wastewater treatment plant in Kisii county and Kabarnet Level V Hospital in Baringo County Kenya in the months of June and December 2020 \u0000Methodology: Multiple samples were picked in Kisii and Kabarnet waste water treatment plants in the months of June and December correspond to the dry and wet seasons in Kenya. Collected waste water samples were centrifuged and filtered with glass microfiber filter papers and subsequently passed through a Solid phase extractor cartridge. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used for quantification of antibiotics as per international commission for harmonization and subsequently applied for analysis. \u0000Results: The results revealed that the dry season had higher antibiotic concentrations at 1.29, 0.09, 2.92 and 1.82 µg/l for sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ampicillin and amoxicillin respectively for the Kisii waste water treatment plant and 0.18, 0.05, 1.34 and 0.09 µg/l respectively for Kabarnet waste water treatment plant. During the wet seasons the measured concentrations were 1.11, 0.14, 2.04 and 1.34 µg/l for sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ampicillin and amoxicillin at the Kisii WWTP, and 0.14, 0.06, 1.01 and 0.09 µg/l for Kabarnet WWTP. The removal efficiencies in the WWTPs, ranged from a high of 94 % to a low of 11.11 % depending on the type of antibiotic in both wet and dry seasons. \u0000Conclusion: Amoxicillin, ampicillin, trimethoprim and sulphamethaxazole were found in both Kisii WWTPs and Kabarnet WWTPs with nearly all antibiotics having a higher concentration of in the dry season than in the wet season. The highest calculated percentage removal was 94.03 % while the lowest calculated percentage removal was 7.14 %. The results suggest that the two WWTPs are effective for the removal of different types of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140700974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1281
K. Onanuga, V.N Daniel, A.B Mustapha, O. Maitera
This manuscript presents a thorough investigation into the seasonal variations of air pollutants in communities surrounding scrap metal recycling industries in Ogijo, Shagamu South LGA, Ogun State, Nigeria utilizing advanced Gary Wolf Environmental Sensing and Particulate Counting devices. The study meticulously measures concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM2.5, and PM10 during both dry and wet seasons across 20 strategic sampling locations and control. The findings reveal significant seasonal fluctuations in pollutant levels, with some concentrations exceeding Nigerian ambient air quality standards, highlighting a pressing environmental health concern. The study not only underscores the critical need for regulatory oversight and the implementation of safer metal scrapping practices but also advocates for regular environmental monitoring to mitigate the adverse impacts of such industries on local communities and the environment.
本手稿利用先进的 Gary Wolf 环境传感和微粒计数设备，对尼日利亚奥贡州 Shagamu South LGA 的 Ogijo 废金属回收行业周边社区的空气污染物季节性变化进行了深入调查。这项研究在 20 个战略采样点和对照组中细致测量了旱季和雨季的一氧化碳、二氧化氮、二氧化硫、PM2.5 和 PM10 的浓度。研究结果表明，污染物水平存在明显的季节性波动，部分浓度超过尼日利亚环境空气质量标准，凸显了紧迫的环境健康问题。这项研究不仅强调了监管和实施更安全的金属报废做法的迫切需要，而且还倡导定期进行环境监测，以减轻此类行业对当地社区和环境的不利影响。
{"title":"Seasonal Variations Assessment of Air Pollutants of Communities in the Vicinity of Scrap Metal Recycling Industries in Ogijo, Shagamu South LGA, Ogun State, SW Nigeria","authors":"K. Onanuga, V.N Daniel, A.B Mustapha, O. Maitera","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1281","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript presents a thorough investigation into the seasonal variations of air pollutants in communities surrounding scrap metal recycling industries in Ogijo, Shagamu South LGA, Ogun State, Nigeria utilizing advanced Gary Wolf Environmental Sensing and Particulate Counting devices. The study meticulously measures concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM2.5, and PM10 during both dry and wet seasons across 20 strategic sampling locations and control. The findings reveal significant seasonal fluctuations in pollutant levels, with some concentrations exceeding Nigerian ambient air quality standards, highlighting a pressing environmental health concern. The study not only underscores the critical need for regulatory oversight and the implementation of safer metal scrapping practices but also advocates for regular environmental monitoring to mitigate the adverse impacts of such industries on local communities and the environment.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140700820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1280
H. A. Orlu, Amba Ollor Ollor, Eze Saint Ebor
The eco-friendly, cost effectiveness, and the less toxic nature of synthesized green nanoparticles to the environment have become a global attraction to many studies. The study aim to synthesize Silver (Ag) nanoparticles from Ficus exasperata (Sandpaper leave) leaves and to determine its antimicrobial effect on bacteria isolates. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized from the plant extracts using standard extracting techniques and their presence was verified and confirmed using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer. A prepared series of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions were mixed with the plant extracts at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) to a total volume of 20ml in a text-tube. The test tubes were rapped with aluminum foil and heated in a water bath at 60OC for 3 hours and allowed to cool and analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The UV-Vis spectra confirmed the different concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) that produced Ag nanoparticles and their average size was more than 50nm and less than 100nm. The mixture of the leave extract was tested for its antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli respectively. The results showed that the growth of the different bacteria was inhibited by the extracts containing silver nitrate on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and not on Bacillus cereus using Ficus exaseprata nanoparticles. Statistical evaluation showed that zones of inhibition on the three bacteria produced by the aqueous leave extracts containing different concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO3¬¬) precursor was significantly different from the silver nitrate (AgNO3) precursor. It were observed that the higher the concentration of the silver nitrate (AgNO3) the greater the zone of inhibition. It can be concluded that Ficus exaseprata leave extracts dope with silver nanoparticles, can produce antimicrobial effects on some microorganisms.
{"title":"Antibacterial Effect of Nanoparticles Synthesized from Ficus exaseprata (Sandpaper Leaves)","authors":"H. A. Orlu, Amba Ollor Ollor, Eze Saint Ebor","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1280","url":null,"abstract":"The eco-friendly, cost effectiveness, and the less toxic nature of synthesized green nanoparticles to the environment have become a global attraction to many studies. The study aim to synthesize Silver (Ag) nanoparticles from Ficus exasperata (Sandpaper leave) leaves and to determine its antimicrobial effect on bacteria isolates. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesized from the plant extracts using standard extracting techniques and their presence was verified and confirmed using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer. A prepared series of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions were mixed with the plant extracts at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) to a total volume of 20ml in a text-tube. The test tubes were rapped with aluminum foil and heated in a water bath at 60OC for 3 hours and allowed to cool and analyzed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The UV-Vis spectra confirmed the different concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO3) that produced Ag nanoparticles and their average size was more than 50nm and less than 100nm. The mixture of the leave extract was tested for its antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli respectively. The results showed that the growth of the different bacteria was inhibited by the extracts containing silver nitrate on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and not on Bacillus cereus using Ficus exaseprata nanoparticles. Statistical evaluation showed that zones of inhibition on the three bacteria produced by the aqueous leave extracts containing different concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO3¬¬) precursor was significantly different from the silver nitrate (AgNO3) precursor. It were observed that the higher the concentration of the silver nitrate (AgNO3) the greater the zone of inhibition. It can be concluded that Ficus exaseprata leave extracts dope with silver nanoparticles, can produce antimicrobial effects on some microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"21 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140753367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-30DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1279
George Joseph C. Banda, Flyndon Mark S. Dagalea, K. M. R. Cui-Lim
The province of Northern Samar, its municipalities including Pambujan, is a place abundant of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava), and Cocos nucifera Linn. (coconut). However, its industry is mainly limited to food production. This study developed biofilms from cassava starch (CasS), and coconut flour (CoF) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The physicochemical properties were analyzed to determine their pH, solubility, moisture content, and tensile strength. Functional groups were investigated using FTIR, and the antibacterial properties were evaluated. The results showed that both biofilms with PVA were weakly acidic and insoluble in all solvents. Meanwhile, CoF biofilm contained higher moisture content than the CasS biofilm. CoF biofilms also carried more weight and higher force than CasS biofilm. Hydroxyl, alkyl, and alkene functional groups were identified for both biofilms. Meanwhile, both biofilms showed no inhibitory effect against E. coli, and S. aureus. Therefore, the developed biofilms with PVA showed good physicochemical properties and can be used for packaging applications. The slight acidity can prolong their shelf-life. Moreover, both will not easily dissolve. CoF biofilm comprised more water than CasS but both are still suitable for packaging due to their tensile strength attributed to the presence of the functional groups. However, CasS, CoF, and PVA do not have antibacterial properties. More physicochemical tests, further characterization, and incorporation of antibacterial agents were recommended.
{"title":"Physicochemical Analysis of Biofilms from Cocos nucifera Linn. (Coconut) Flour and Manihot esculenta Crantz (Cassava) Starch with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)","authors":"George Joseph C. Banda, Flyndon Mark S. Dagalea, K. M. R. Cui-Lim","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1279","url":null,"abstract":"The province of Northern Samar, its municipalities including Pambujan, is a place abundant of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava), and Cocos nucifera Linn. (coconut). However, its industry is mainly limited to food production. This study developed biofilms from cassava starch (CasS), and coconut flour (CoF) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The physicochemical properties were analyzed to determine their pH, solubility, moisture content, and tensile strength. Functional groups were investigated using FTIR, and the antibacterial properties were evaluated. The results showed that both biofilms with PVA were weakly acidic and insoluble in all solvents. Meanwhile, CoF biofilm contained higher moisture content than the CasS biofilm. CoF biofilms also carried more weight and higher force than CasS biofilm. Hydroxyl, alkyl, and alkene functional groups were identified for both biofilms. Meanwhile, both biofilms showed no inhibitory effect against E. coli, and S. aureus. Therefore, the developed biofilms with PVA showed good physicochemical properties and can be used for packaging applications. The slight acidity can prolong their shelf-life. Moreover, both will not easily dissolve. CoF biofilm comprised more water than CasS but both are still suitable for packaging due to their tensile strength attributed to the presence of the functional groups. However, CasS, CoF, and PVA do not have antibacterial properties. More physicochemical tests, further characterization, and incorporation of antibacterial agents were recommended.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"44 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140363855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1278
Vane B. Ondiere, Amir O. Yusuf, Vincent O. Madadi, J. Onyatta
Corrosion contributes to multibillion USA dollar loses due to deterioration, weakening and ultimate failure of engineering infrastructure globally necessitating further research to build more corrosion resistant materials. The aim of this study was to investigate atmospheric corrosion of aluminium-zinc coated steel roofing sheets exposed to outdoor marine environment in Kenya at Diani and Mariakani sites, representing severe marine and urban marine environments respectively. Al-Zn coated sheets measuring 130 mm x 190 mm coated with masses ranging from 60-150 gm2 were exposed for 2 years. The specimens were collected at periodic intervals following ASTM G1-90 standard method and corrosion products analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, while corrosion rate was determined by weight loss method. Corrosion rate ranged from 0.03 to 0.05 mmpy and increased with decreasing masses coating materials from 150 to 60 (gm2). Diani site recorded higher corrosion due to severe marine conditions characterized by high chlorides, RH of 81%, UV of 12mW/cm2 and a temperature of 27 ℃. Dominant rust constituents were goethite (a-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (g-FeOOH), while ferrihydrite and maghemite (a-Fe2O3) were measured at low levels suggesting the influence of suphur dioxide and chloride pollution on corrosion rate at both sites. Corossion rates ˂ 0.15 mmpy at both sites suggest excellent protection by the formulated coating media. The results of this contribute to improving the quality of the AZ metal coating media under marine environments.
{"title":"Atmospheric Corrosion of Al-Zn Coated Steel Sheets Exposed under Marine Environments in Kenya","authors":"Vane B. Ondiere, Amir O. Yusuf, Vincent O. Madadi, J. Onyatta","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2024/v15i1278","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion contributes to multibillion USA dollar loses due to deterioration, weakening and ultimate failure of engineering infrastructure globally necessitating further research to build more corrosion resistant materials. The aim of this study was to investigate atmospheric corrosion of aluminium-zinc coated steel roofing sheets exposed to outdoor marine environment in Kenya at Diani and Mariakani sites, representing severe marine and urban marine environments respectively. Al-Zn coated sheets measuring 130 mm x 190 mm coated with masses ranging from 60-150 gm2 were exposed for 2 years. The specimens were collected at periodic intervals following ASTM G1-90 standard method and corrosion products analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, while corrosion rate was determined by weight loss method. Corrosion rate ranged from 0.03 to 0.05 mmpy and increased with decreasing masses coating materials from 150 to 60 (gm2). Diani site recorded higher corrosion due to severe marine conditions characterized by high chlorides, RH of 81%, UV of 12mW/cm2 and a temperature of 27 ℃. Dominant rust constituents were goethite (a-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (g-FeOOH), while ferrihydrite and maghemite (a-Fe2O3) were measured at low levels suggesting the influence of suphur dioxide and chloride pollution on corrosion rate at both sites. Corossion rates ˂ 0.15 mmpy at both sites suggest excellent protection by the formulated coating media. The results of this contribute to improving the quality of the AZ metal coating media under marine environments.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"27 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140367041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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