Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4275
Gaurab Baral, Anant Babu Marahatta
In the engineering material characterizations and analytical domains where the specific physicochemical properties of the materials are probed through various sophisticated instrumental tools and techniques, the XRD and FTIR spectroscopy stand as the standalone applications as the former discloses the crystallographic structure, crystallite/grain sizes, and the chemical compositions of the specific materials nondestructively while the latter reveals details about the IR active vibrations modes of each covalent bond of their chemical constituents. In the present studies, we employ both of these techniques, and characterize the specifically selected variable manufactured ready-to-use dry OPC type cements available in the commercial markets of Nepal. The former technique derived the specific 2(theta) value deterministic for identifying the closely packed interatomic layers with the significant levels of CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, and arsenic As5+ based AsO43- unit bearing crystalline phases in each samples. The calculated crystallite sizes of them are found as equal as that reported for the calcite based OPC cements, and are directly adopted to depict their utmost intermixing propensities with the carbon dust and hence, act as the most potential evidence of unlocking the possibility of inventing cement-carbon composites based supercapacitors and conductive devices, and of speculating their distinguishable hydration rates and setting times. And, the latter technique produced intense IR active bands in the designated wave number regions are used to confirm their silicate (SiO42-) tetrahedra, amorphous CaCO3 phases & the CO32-unit holding chemical constituents, 2CaO.SiO2 and 3CaO.SiO2 type chemical compounds explicitly. The presence of diffused type IR bands specific to the Al2O3 based chemical compounds signified that all of them contains significant levels of the alumina based hardening elements, but the complete absence of the peak typical to the Mg-O signified that none of them contains magnesia. The similar analyses of the IR bands further reveal that none of them possesses heavy and active type CaCO3, but have trace amounts of the AsO43- based chemical compounds as predicted by the XRD. The intensive peak area and the depth intensity studies of the designated IR bands speculate the dissimilar quantitative proportions and percentage compositions of these chemical constituents in them. The authors believe that the general results presented herewith illuminate the fundamental chemical constituents to be incorporated compulsorily into the OPC type cements so that they function normally and exhibit good cementitious abilities.
{"title":"FTIR and XRD Characterization of the Cements Available in Commercial Market of Nepal","authors":"Gaurab Baral, Anant Babu Marahatta","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4275","url":null,"abstract":"In the engineering material characterizations and analytical domains where the specific physicochemical properties of the materials are probed through various sophisticated instrumental tools and techniques, the XRD and FTIR spectroscopy stand as the standalone applications as the former discloses the crystallographic structure, crystallite/grain sizes, and the chemical compositions of the specific materials nondestructively while the latter reveals details about the IR active vibrations modes of each covalent bond of their chemical constituents. In the present studies, we employ both of these techniques, and characterize the specifically selected variable manufactured ready-to-use dry OPC type cements available in the commercial markets of Nepal. The former technique derived the specific 2(theta) value deterministic for identifying the closely packed interatomic layers with the significant levels of CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, and arsenic As5+ based AsO43- unit bearing crystalline phases in each samples. The calculated crystallite sizes of them are found as equal as that reported for the calcite based OPC cements, and are directly adopted to depict their utmost intermixing propensities with the carbon dust and hence, act as the most potential evidence of unlocking the possibility of inventing cement-carbon composites based supercapacitors and conductive devices, and of speculating their distinguishable hydration rates and setting times. And, the latter technique produced intense IR active bands in the designated wave number regions are used to confirm their silicate (SiO42-) tetrahedra, amorphous CaCO3 phases & the CO32-unit holding chemical constituents, 2CaO.SiO2 and 3CaO.SiO2 type chemical compounds explicitly. The presence of diffused type IR bands specific to the Al2O3 based chemical compounds signified that all of them contains significant levels of the alumina based hardening elements, but the complete absence of the peak typical to the Mg-O signified that none of them contains magnesia. The similar analyses of the IR bands further reveal that none of them possesses heavy and active type CaCO3, but have trace amounts of the AsO43- based chemical compounds as predicted by the XRD. The intensive peak area and the depth intensity studies of the designated IR bands speculate the dissimilar quantitative proportions and percentage compositions of these chemical constituents in them. The authors believe that the general results presented herewith illuminate the fundamental chemical constituents to be incorporated compulsorily into the OPC type cements so that they function normally and exhibit good cementitious abilities.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-09DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4274
Hua Wang
A novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to detect the illegal additive of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors in dietary supplements. With the optimized chromatographic program, vardenafil, sildenafil, and tadalafil were separated within 5 minutes. The MS1, MS2, and retention time of PDE-5 inhibitors were acquired simultaneously within the information dependent acquisition mass spectrometry mode. Quantification was achieved via the quantity ion current chromatogram that was extracted from the total ion current. The linear range of vardenafil and sildenafil was 0.5-48 mg/L while the range of tadalafil was 0.3-36 mg/L. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves of three PDE-5 inhibitors were all greater than 99.9%. At three concentration levels, the RSD values of the five repeat tests were all better than 1.30%. Sildenafil was detected in one dietary supplement. The comprehensive method of this study is reliable and may be a powerful tool for routine PDE-5 inhibitor screening and determination.
{"title":"Development of a Robust Method for Screening PDE-5 Inhibitor Additives in Dietary Supplements Using UPLC-MS/MS","authors":"Hua Wang","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4274","url":null,"abstract":"A novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to detect the illegal additive of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors in dietary supplements. With the optimized chromatographic program, vardenafil, sildenafil, and tadalafil were separated within 5 minutes. The MS1, MS2, and retention time of PDE-5 inhibitors were acquired simultaneously within the information dependent acquisition mass spectrometry mode. Quantification was achieved via the quantity ion current chromatogram that was extracted from the total ion current. The linear range of vardenafil and sildenafil was 0.5-48 mg/L while the range of tadalafil was 0.3-36 mg/L. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves of three PDE-5 inhibitors were all greater than 99.9%. At three concentration levels, the RSD values of the five repeat tests were all better than 1.30%. Sildenafil was detected in one dietary supplement. The comprehensive method of this study is reliable and may be a powerful tool for routine PDE-5 inhibitor screening and determination.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"9 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138585976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-25DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4273
Shivaji Jadhav, A. Jadkar, Namdev Mote, Shridhar Tamse, Amit Gosar, Dileep Mahajan
This research article investigates the impact on the crystal structure of Olopatadine HCl using an X-ray diffractometer. During the stability study, the diffractogram obtained shows a significant shift in 2ϴ, which can be attributed to the presence of strain and preferred orientation within the crystal lattice. The study reveals that the strain is caused by lattice defects and may be due to moisture, while the preferred orientation can be attributed to the method of preparation adopted. The results indicate that the crystal structure of Olopatadine HCl is complex and requires further investigation to fully understand its properties. The findings of this study could be used to optimise the synthesis protocol and improve the material properties for various applications.
本文利用 X 射线衍射仪研究了盐酸奥洛他定对晶体结构的影响。在稳定性研究过程中，所获得的衍射图显示 2ϴ 有明显的偏移，这可归因于晶格中存在的应变和优先取向。研究表明，应变是由晶格缺陷引起的，也可能是由于受潮所致，而优先取向则可能是由于所采用的制备方法。研究结果表明，盐酸奥洛他定的晶体结构非常复杂，需要进一步研究才能充分了解其特性。这项研究的结果可用于优化合成方案，改善材料性能，以满足各种应用需求。
{"title":"Impact of Preferred Orientation and Strain on Olopetadine HCL by Using XRD Technique","authors":"Shivaji Jadhav, A. Jadkar, Namdev Mote, Shridhar Tamse, Amit Gosar, Dileep Mahajan","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4273","url":null,"abstract":"This research article investigates the impact on the crystal structure of Olopatadine HCl using an X-ray diffractometer. During the stability study, the diffractogram obtained shows a significant shift in 2ϴ, which can be attributed to the presence of strain and preferred orientation within the crystal lattice. The study reveals that the strain is caused by lattice defects and may be due to moisture, while the preferred orientation can be attributed to the method of preparation adopted. The results indicate that the crystal structure of Olopatadine HCl is complex and requires further investigation to fully understand its properties. The findings of this study could be used to optimise the synthesis protocol and improve the material properties for various applications.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"177 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139236634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-18DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4272
Qasim Mezban Salih
For the assessment of different chemical components in pharmaceutical and biological samples, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) can be defined as a commonly utilized analytical method in pharmaceutical samples. HPLC offers high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, making it a preferred method for the analysis of complex samples. In this technique, the sample is prepared by extracting, purifying, and concentrating the target analyte from the matrix. Mobile and stationary phases are after that used in chromatographic separation of the prepared sample. Several detectors, including fluorescence, UV-vis, and mass spectrometry, are used to identify and measure the eluted compounds. HPLC is capable of estimating a wide range of elements, including small molecules, peptides, and proteins, making it an essential tool in pharmaceutical research and development. The theoretical plates, peak tailing, and % assay have not been significantly impacted by the deliberate alterations made to the method. This implies that the existing technique is robust. The low values of LOQ and LOD show how sensitive the suggested approach is. The current research used a standard drug solution with six replicates to examine the system suitability parameters. It was discovered that the computed parameters fell under the acceptable criteria. The theoretical plate count, tailing factor, and HETP parameters are all within acceptable ranges. The results of this work are compared with those of earlier research. Upon analyzing the chart, it can be inferred that the proposed method presents certain benefits. The investigation employed a Kromasil C18 column. The obtained retention time is comparatively lower than that of all other methodologies. The maximum quantifiable threshold is 600 μg/mL, surpassing or equating all of the aforementioned techniques. The duration of the execution is also minimal. Therefore, the author draws the conclusion that the HPLC method proposed exhibits sensitivity and reproducibility in analysis of etodolac and thiocolchicoside in combined tablet dosage form, while also requiring a short analysis time.
{"title":"Accurate Estimation of Some Pharmaceutical Compounds Using HPLC Technology","authors":"Qasim Mezban Salih","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i4272","url":null,"abstract":"For the assessment of different chemical components in pharmaceutical and biological samples, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) can be defined as a commonly utilized analytical method in pharmaceutical samples. HPLC offers high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, making it a preferred method for the analysis of complex samples. In this technique, the sample is prepared by extracting, purifying, and concentrating the target analyte from the matrix. Mobile and stationary phases are after that used in chromatographic separation of the prepared sample. Several detectors, including fluorescence, UV-vis, and mass spectrometry, are used to identify and measure the eluted compounds. HPLC is capable of estimating a wide range of elements, including small molecules, peptides, and proteins, making it an essential tool in pharmaceutical research and development. The theoretical plates, peak tailing, and % assay have not been significantly impacted by the deliberate alterations made to the method. This implies that the existing technique is robust. The low values of LOQ and LOD show how sensitive the suggested approach is. The current research used a standard drug solution with six replicates to examine the system suitability parameters. It was discovered that the computed parameters fell under the acceptable criteria. The theoretical plate count, tailing factor, and HETP parameters are all within acceptable ranges. The results of this work are compared with those of earlier research. Upon analyzing the chart, it can be inferred that the proposed method presents certain benefits. The investigation employed a Kromasil C18 column. The obtained retention time is comparatively lower than that of all other methodologies. The maximum quantifiable threshold is 600 μg/mL, surpassing or equating all of the aforementioned techniques. The duration of the execution is also minimal. Therefore, the author draws the conclusion that the HPLC method proposed exhibits sensitivity and reproducibility in analysis of etodolac and thiocolchicoside in combined tablet dosage form, while also requiring a short analysis time.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"9 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139261487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3271
Haider Abbas, Muhammad Nadeem, Sumbal Tariq, Tahzeeb Zohra, Imran Ahmad, Tayyaba Munawar, Ashraf Hussain, Sidra Ahmad
For treatment of arsenic contaminated water, adsorption of arsenic and it’s reduction are there important processes. Conducting polymer efficiently show the efficient absorption but in use of it there is agglomeration of particles which make its usage difficult. To reduce this problem magnetic property material are used. In this polypyrrole and polyaniline conducting polymers were used. By oxidative polymerization of Polypyrrole and aniline in presence of Fe3O4 by utilizing FeCl3 nanocomposite was manufactured. In this magnetite prevented the agglomeration of particles of polymers and also helped in separation of nanocomposite from solution. Characterization was done by FTIR, SEM and XRD. This nanocomposite removal 88% arsenide (III) from aqueous solution at adsorbent concentration 0.01g and pH=1. Colorimetric method was used which developed complex with arsenite (III) and showed the removal of arsenite (III) from aqueous solution by complex. Separation of nanocomposite became easy due to magnetic properties of magnetite. This could be isolate from aqueous solution by using of strong magnet. This nanocomposite is the promising composite for removal of arsenite (III) from aqueous solution.
{"title":"Synergistic Effect of Polypyrrole-Polyaniline Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Arsenite (III) Adsorption from wastewater","authors":"Haider Abbas, Muhammad Nadeem, Sumbal Tariq, Tahzeeb Zohra, Imran Ahmad, Tayyaba Munawar, Ashraf Hussain, Sidra Ahmad","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3271","url":null,"abstract":"For treatment of arsenic contaminated water, adsorption of arsenic and it’s reduction are there important processes. Conducting polymer efficiently show the efficient absorption but in use of it there is agglomeration of particles which make its usage difficult. To reduce this problem magnetic property material are used. In this polypyrrole and polyaniline conducting polymers were used. By oxidative polymerization of Polypyrrole and aniline in presence of Fe3O4 by utilizing FeCl3 nanocomposite was manufactured. In this magnetite prevented the agglomeration of particles of polymers and also helped in separation of nanocomposite from solution. Characterization was done by FTIR, SEM and XRD. This nanocomposite removal 88% arsenide (III) from aqueous solution at adsorbent concentration 0.01g and pH=1. Colorimetric method was used which developed complex with arsenite (III) and showed the removal of arsenite (III) from aqueous solution by complex. Separation of nanocomposite became easy due to magnetic properties of magnetite. This could be isolate from aqueous solution by using of strong magnet. This nanocomposite is the promising composite for removal of arsenite (III) from aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"2009 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135636257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3270
P. O. Akusu, O. T. Ogunmodede, E. Erhuen, G. T. Buluku
The transition from fossil fuel to clean and renewable fuel is a burning issue in the global space as at present. In addition to other source of energy, renewable liquid fuels such as biodiesel are providing solution to this surging global need. Just like fossil fuels, these renewable fuels come with their own challenges of which corrosion is prime. In this study the corrosion behaviour of metals in cashew nut oil biodiesel was conducted. Oil extracted from Cashew nuts was characterized for acid value free fatty acid and fatty acid profile. The oil was further trans esterified into biodiesel and fuel properties were characterized. Corrosion test for selected metals in biodiesel using mass loss method was also conducted. The acid value and free fatty acid for the oil was observed to be 5.61 mg/g KOH and 2.26 mg/g KOH respectively. The fatty acid profile was observed to be more of monounsaturated fatty acid especially Oleic acid (68.2 wt %) for biodiesel. The corrosion test showed copper metals and mild steel have higher corrosion rate of 0.02896 mm/y and 0.02617 mm/y respectively. Hence the corrosion pattern of metal in cashew nut oil biodiesel is slightly higher than other edible oil biodiesel.
{"title":"Investigating the Effect of Cashew Nut Oil (Anacardium occidentale) Biodiesel on Corrosion of Metals","authors":"P. O. Akusu, O. T. Ogunmodede, E. Erhuen, G. T. Buluku","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3270","url":null,"abstract":"The transition from fossil fuel to clean and renewable fuel is a burning issue in the global space as at present. In addition to other source of energy, renewable liquid fuels such as biodiesel are providing solution to this surging global need. Just like fossil fuels, these renewable fuels come with their own challenges of which corrosion is prime. In this study the corrosion behaviour of metals in cashew nut oil biodiesel was conducted. Oil extracted from Cashew nuts was characterized for acid value free fatty acid and fatty acid profile. The oil was further trans esterified into biodiesel and fuel properties were characterized. Corrosion test for selected metals in biodiesel using mass loss method was also conducted. The acid value and free fatty acid for the oil was observed to be 5.61 mg/g KOH and 2.26 mg/g KOH respectively. The fatty acid profile was observed to be more of monounsaturated fatty acid especially Oleic acid (68.2 wt %) for biodiesel. The corrosion test showed copper metals and mild steel have higher corrosion rate of 0.02896 mm/y and 0.02617 mm/y respectively. Hence the corrosion pattern of metal in cashew nut oil biodiesel is slightly higher than other edible oil biodiesel.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"45 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135819714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3269
Kossi Jean Marie D. Tokoudagba, Alban G. Houngbèmè, Habib Ganfon, Achille L. Yemoa, Ayidé C. Ahouansou, Urbain C. Kasséhin, Fernand A. Gbaguidi
The aim of the present study was to identify the structure of the bioactive molecules in the active ethyl acetate fraction of the hydroethanolic extract of Lecaniodiscus cupanoides (Sapindaceae), a Beninese plant used in the treatment of microbial infections. We prepared the hydroethanolic extract from powdered dried leaves. We fractionated the hydroethanol extract using the liquid-liquid extraction method with solvents of increasing polarity. The active ethyl acetate fraction obtained after bioguided fractionation of the hydroethanol extract on bacterial strains was purified by a series of atmospheric pressure column chromatographic methods coupled with thin layer chromatography. At the end of this purification process, three compounds, including a flavonoid and two fatty acids, were isolated and identified by interpretation of 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry spectra. These were: 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one;(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acryloyloxy) propanoic acid and (E)octadec -9- enoic acid (oleic acid).
The added value of this work lies in the fact that these three molecules have never before been identified in this plant, and therefore represent a potential avenue for the development of a therapeutic arsenal to combat microbial infections.
{"title":"Isolation of Biomolecules from the Leaves of Lecaniodiscus cupanoides (Sapindaceae), a Plant used in Traditional Medicine in Benin","authors":"Kossi Jean Marie D. Tokoudagba, Alban G. Houngbèmè, Habib Ganfon, Achille L. Yemoa, Ayidé C. Ahouansou, Urbain C. Kasséhin, Fernand A. Gbaguidi","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3269","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study was to identify the structure of the bioactive molecules in the active ethyl acetate fraction of the hydroethanolic extract of Lecaniodiscus cupanoides (Sapindaceae), a Beninese plant used in the treatment of microbial infections. We prepared the hydroethanolic extract from powdered dried leaves. We fractionated the hydroethanol extract using the liquid-liquid extraction method with solvents of increasing polarity. The active ethyl acetate fraction obtained after bioguided fractionation of the hydroethanol extract on bacterial strains was purified by a series of atmospheric pressure column chromatographic methods coupled with thin layer chromatography. At the end of this purification process, three compounds, including a flavonoid and two fatty acids, were isolated and identified by interpretation of 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry spectra. These were: 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one;(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acryloyloxy) propanoic acid and (E)octadec -9- enoic acid (oleic acid).
 The added value of this work lies in the fact that these three molecules have never before been identified in this plant, and therefore represent a potential avenue for the development of a therapeutic arsenal to combat microbial infections.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"3 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135218791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3268
Khalid Hameed, Muhammad Shoaib Khan, Ayesha Fatima, Syed Mudassir Shah, Muhammad Ali Abdullah
A common analytical method in chemistry for separating and identifying mixture ingredients is called thin-layer chromatography (TLC). A thin coating of stationary phase, often silica gel or alumina, is put into a sample, which is then placed on a flat substrate like a glass plate. The sample is then exposed to a mobile phase, often a solvent, that follows capillary action through the stationary phase. Thin-layer chromatography may be used to determine the chemicals that are present in a particular sample and track the development of a reaction. Additionally, similar substances in a mixture may be separated using TLC. Thin-layer chromatography is the favoured technique in many standard procedures in environmental chemistry, industrial chemistry, dye purity, plant material, and herbal analysis. Without having to read the whole report, it aids readers in rapidly grasping the size and importance of the study.
{"title":"Exploring the World of Thin-Layer Chromatography: A Review","authors":"Khalid Hameed, Muhammad Shoaib Khan, Ayesha Fatima, Syed Mudassir Shah, Muhammad Ali Abdullah","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3268","url":null,"abstract":"A common analytical method in chemistry for separating and identifying mixture ingredients is called thin-layer chromatography (TLC). A thin coating of stationary phase, often silica gel or alumina, is put into a sample, which is then placed on a flat substrate like a glass plate. The sample is then exposed to a mobile phase, often a solvent, that follows capillary action through the stationary phase. Thin-layer chromatography may be used to determine the chemicals that are present in a particular sample and track the development of a reaction. Additionally, similar substances in a mixture may be separated using TLC. Thin-layer chromatography is the favoured technique in many standard procedures in environmental chemistry, industrial chemistry, dye purity, plant material, and herbal analysis. Without having to read the whole report, it aids readers in rapidly grasping the size and importance of the study.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3267
Yohane A. Wesley, Joel B. Njewa, Kelvin Makawa, Stanley Maurice, Esinta Moteni, James Majamanda, Lloyd Chirambo, Lifa Chimphepo
Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the levels of fluoride in borehole water samples.
Study Design: The total of eight samples were collected from five villages in Chiradzulu and transported in cooler ice-bath to the laboratory for the analysis.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratories, at University of Malawi in the month of June.
Methodology: The ion selective electrode technique was used to assess fluoride levels. Physicochemical water parameters were measured with multi-meters.
Results: The results obtained ranged from 2.26 to 3.08 mg/L, 136 to 561 mg/L, 261-1212 μs/cm and 6.27 to 6.97, for Fluorides, TDS, conductivity and pH, respectively. Levels of fluorides exceeded permissible limits for borehole water established by WHO and were below the standards for MBS
Conclusion: The results attained in the scope of the study support coloration of teeth observed amongst individuals in study communities, helping to understand that groundwater is not suitable for consumption. Therefore, the study provides recommendation for urgent implementation of defluoridation measures to provide clean and safe water for the existing community members.
{"title":"Fluoride Levels in Borehole Water: The Case of Chiradzulu District in Malawi","authors":"Yohane A. Wesley, Joel B. Njewa, Kelvin Makawa, Stanley Maurice, Esinta Moteni, James Majamanda, Lloyd Chirambo, Lifa Chimphepo","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3267","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the levels of fluoride in borehole water samples.
 Study Design: The total of eight samples were collected from five villages in Chiradzulu and transported in cooler ice-bath to the laboratory for the analysis.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Laboratories, at University of Malawi in the month of June.
 Methodology: The ion selective electrode technique was used to assess fluoride levels. Physicochemical water parameters were measured with multi-meters. 
 Results: The results obtained ranged from 2.26 to 3.08 mg/L, 136 to 561 mg/L, 261-1212 μs/cm and 6.27 to 6.97, for Fluorides, TDS, conductivity and pH, respectively. Levels of fluorides exceeded permissible limits for borehole water established by WHO and were below the standards for MBS
 Conclusion: The results attained in the scope of the study support coloration of teeth observed amongst individuals in study communities, helping to understand that groundwater is not suitable for consumption. Therefore, the study provides recommendation for urgent implementation of defluoridation measures to provide clean and safe water for the existing community members.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"299 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135350300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3266
P. I. Hosea, J. A. Olowokere, M. C. Odineze
This study focuses on the assessment and comparative concentrations of some heavy metals in spinach (Amaranthus hybridus), cultivated in Wukari, Ibi, Donga local government area of Taraba State in Nigeria. The research is motivated by the indiscriminate use of bulk chemicals for farming activities in the communities under review. The study employed random sampling techniques in collecting the samples of the spinach. The edible part were digested and analyzed for the following heavy metal content: Lead, Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, Manganese, and Cadmium. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique was used to analyze the samples. The results for the main concentration of heavy metal were revealed. The concentration of heavy metals in the spinach obtained from the three different samples varies. It was observed that, the sample obtained from Wukari has the highest accumulation of heavy metals. The concentrations of Pb, Mn and Cr were found to be higher than the permissible limits in Wukari spinach. Cd was not detected in the three (Ibi, Donga and Wukari). Pb was not detected in Ibi and Donga. Cu and Ni were not detected in Donga. Based on the findings from this study, spinach from Ibi and Donga are recommended for consumption compared to Wukari, since most of the heavy metals in this study areas are within the standard permissible limit set by WHO/FAO. Similarly, the daily intake of heavy metal (DIM) and the health risk index (HRI) analysis from the 3 study areas also falls within the acceptable permissible level. Farmers and consumers should be adviced appropriately on the health implications of excessive heavy metal consumption in vegetables.
{"title":"Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Some Edible Spinach (Amaranthus hybridus) in Southern Taraba (Ibi, Wukari and Donga), Nigeria","authors":"P. I. Hosea, J. A. Olowokere, M. C. Odineze","doi":"10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2023/v14i3266","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the assessment and comparative concentrations of some heavy metals in spinach (Amaranthus hybridus), cultivated in Wukari, Ibi, Donga local government area of Taraba State in Nigeria. The research is motivated by the indiscriminate use of bulk chemicals for farming activities in the communities under review. The study employed random sampling techniques in collecting the samples of the spinach. The edible part were digested and analyzed for the following heavy metal content: Lead, Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Iron, Cobalt, Chromium, Manganese, and Cadmium. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique was used to analyze the samples. The results for the main concentration of heavy metal were revealed. The concentration of heavy metals in the spinach obtained from the three different samples varies. It was observed that, the sample obtained from Wukari has the highest accumulation of heavy metals. The concentrations of Pb, Mn and Cr were found to be higher than the permissible limits in Wukari spinach. Cd was not detected in the three (Ibi, Donga and Wukari). Pb was not detected in Ibi and Donga. Cu and Ni were not detected in Donga. Based on the findings from this study, spinach from Ibi and Donga are recommended for consumption compared to Wukari, since most of the heavy metals in this study areas are within the standard permissible limit set by WHO/FAO. Similarly, the daily intake of heavy metal (DIM) and the health risk index (HRI) analysis from the 3 study areas also falls within the acceptable permissible level. Farmers and consumers should be adviced appropriately on the health implications of excessive heavy metal consumption in vegetables.","PeriodicalId":8480,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research","volume":"18 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135817743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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