Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3684
S. Iqubal
Introduction: The main objective of this study is to find the effects of cross-linker variation on swelling behavior of hydrogels at different temperatures, that is, 30 min–120 min. Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked structural arrangement of the polymeric materials with the ability to absorb huge amounts of water while maintaining their dimensional stability. Materials and Methods: A solution of 20% glutaraldehyde (GA) was prepared in 100 ml standard flask by dissolving 20.0 g GA in a standard flask (of capacity 100 ml) and make up the volume up to the mark using demineralized water (DMW). The gelatin-polyethylene glycol (PEG) composite hydrogels were prepared by simultaneous method, in which all the constituent component networks are polymerized concurrently. Different combinations of gelatin-PEG composite hydrogels were prepared with methylene blue (MB) dye in it. Swelling was studied with the help of the following equation: dssdW-WI=×100W Results and Discussion: The observation showed that the decrease in the absorbance of MB release through the sample membrane may be due to the contraction of the microvoids formed between the polymeric chains. Conclusion: Based on our results which conclude that with increasing crosslinking agent from 5 ml to 15 ml, swelling ratio of the prepared sample decreased from 473.83 to 428.97 in DMW due to the decrease in the pore diameter of the sample. As a result, more and more solvent diffuses into the matrix and produce gel with increased swelling ratio.
本研究的主要目的是研究交联剂的变化对水凝胶在不同温度下(即30 min - 120 min)溶胀行为的影响。水凝胶是高分子材料的三维交联结构排列，具有吸附大量水的同时保持其尺寸稳定性的能力。材料与方法:将20.0 g戊二醛(GA)溶于容量为100 ml的标准烧瓶中，在100 ml标准烧瓶中配制20%戊二醛(GA)溶液，用去离子水(DMW)补容至标称。采用同时聚合法制备了明胶-聚乙二醇(PEG)复合水凝胶，其中所有组分网络同时聚合。以亚甲基蓝(MB)为染料，制备了不同组合的明胶-聚乙二醇复合水凝胶。通过以下公式研究溶胀:dssdW-WI=×100W结果与讨论:观察表明，MB通过样品膜释放的吸光度降低可能是由于聚合物链之间形成的微孔收缩所致。结论:根据我们的研究结果，当交联剂从5 ml增加到15 ml时，由于样品的孔径减小，制备的样品在DMW中的溶胀比从473.83降低到428.97。结果，越来越多的溶剂扩散到基质中，形成溶胀比增大的凝胶。
{"title":"Effects of Cross-linker Variation on Swelling Behavior of Hydrogels","authors":"S. Iqubal","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3684","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The main objective of this study is to find the effects of cross-linker variation on swelling behavior of hydrogels at different temperatures, that is, 30 min–120 min. Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked structural arrangement of the polymeric materials with the ability to absorb huge amounts of water while maintaining their dimensional stability. Materials and Methods: A solution of 20% glutaraldehyde (GA) was prepared in 100 ml standard flask by dissolving 20.0 g GA in a standard flask (of capacity 100 ml) and make up the volume up to the mark using demineralized water (DMW). The gelatin-polyethylene glycol (PEG) composite hydrogels were prepared by simultaneous method, in which all the constituent component networks are polymerized concurrently. Different combinations of gelatin-PEG composite hydrogels were prepared with methylene blue (MB) dye in it. Swelling was studied with the help of the following equation: dssdW-WI=×100W Results and Discussion: The observation showed that the decrease in the absorbance of MB release through the sample membrane may be due to the contraction of the microvoids formed between the polymeric chains. Conclusion: Based on our results which conclude that with increasing crosslinking agent from 5 ml to 15 ml, swelling ratio of the prepared sample decreased from 473.83 to 428.97 in DMW due to the decrease in the pore diameter of the sample. As a result, more and more solvent diffuses into the matrix and produce gel with increased swelling ratio.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44188382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3679
A. Kavitha
In recent years, drug discovery studies show that more than 40% of new drugs synthesized are having poor aqueous solubility rendering them poorly bioavailable after oral administration. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are the novel lipid-based formulations having the potential to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs which belong to class II and IV of the biopharmaceutical classification system. SEDDS is the isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant, and sometimes cosolvent. The presence of surfactant enhances the membrane permeability, whereas medium- and long-chain triglyceride oils promote the lymphatic absorption of the drug. The better performance of SEDDS in terms of improvement in solubility and permeability characteristics has rapidly introduced many SEDDS products into the market and many others in the clinical development phase. Quality by design (QbD) is a regulatory-driven approach, which adopts a multitude of techniques in product development, which lends a controlled and reproducible result, thereby resulting in a formulation which could meet the therapeutic goals. The complexities of the SEDDS formulation and the ingredients involved in the design of experiment and risk assessment techniques based on QbD methodologies are increasingly used in the formulation development of SEDDS. This review provides a summary of the systematic application of QbD concepts in the development of SEDDS for poorly bioavailable drugs.
{"title":"A Structural Framework for Developing Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery System through Quality by Design Approach","authors":"A. Kavitha","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3679","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, drug discovery studies show that more than 40% of new drugs synthesized are having poor aqueous solubility rendering them poorly bioavailable after oral administration. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are the novel lipid-based formulations having the potential to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs which belong to class II and IV of the biopharmaceutical classification system. SEDDS is the isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant, and sometimes cosolvent. The presence of surfactant enhances the membrane permeability, whereas medium- and long-chain triglyceride oils promote the lymphatic absorption of the drug. The better performance of SEDDS in terms of improvement in solubility and permeability characteristics has rapidly introduced many SEDDS products into the market and many others in the clinical development phase. Quality by design (QbD) is a regulatory-driven approach, which adopts a multitude of techniques in product development, which lends a controlled and reproducible result, thereby resulting in a formulation which could meet the therapeutic goals. The complexities of the SEDDS formulation and the ingredients involved in the design of experiment and risk assessment techniques based on QbD methodologies are increasingly used in the formulation development of SEDDS. This review provides a summary of the systematic application of QbD concepts in the development of SEDDS for poorly bioavailable drugs.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46280128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3691
K. Venu
Objective: Saraca indica (Cesalpiniaceae) is a plant, reported for its variety of ethnic medicinal uses, and widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its edible bark. The present work has been planned to screen the antiulcer activity of bark of the plant with the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Materials and Methods: Bark powder was successively extracted with ethanol (95%) and water using Soxhlet extraction and subjected to phytochemical screening to identify different phytoconstituents. Ld50 studies for both (ethanolic and aqueous) extracts were conducted up to the dose level of 2 g/kg by following OECD up-and-down method of guidelines No.425. The antiarthritic activity was performed using pylorus ligation, aspirin, and stress-induced ulcer models in rats. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Preliminary phytochemical studies revealed the presence of saponins, sterols, mucilage, glycosides, and alkaloids, steroidal saponins in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of S. indica. No mortality was observed with aqueous and ethanolic extracts up to the maximum dose level of 2 g/kg. Both the extracts except with low dose 100 mg/kg other two doses, that is, medium and high have significantly reduced the ulcer number (0.83 ± 0.0.16, 1.5 ± 0.34 and 0.50 ± 0.11, 0.66 ± 0.21), ulcer score (1.5 ± 0.12, 1.66 ± 0.16 and 0.83 ± 0.10, 0.91 ± 0.15), and ulcer index (13.64, 9.80 and 11.20, 8.25), and a significantly ulcer inhibition (41.10%, 27.30% and 68.76%, 54.25%) is noted. Conclusion: From the present experimental findings of both pharmacological and biochemical parameters observed from the current investigation, it is concluded that the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg aqueous extract of S. indica possess potentially useful anti-ulcer activity since it gives a positive result in ulcer score and ulcer index and a significant ulcer inhibition.
{"title":"Anti-ulcer Potential of Aqueous and Ethanolic Bark Extracts of “Saraca indica” Using Different Screening Models","authors":"K. Venu","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3691","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Saraca indica (Cesalpiniaceae) is a plant, reported for its variety of ethnic medicinal uses, and widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its edible bark. The present work has been planned to screen the antiulcer activity of bark of the plant with the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Materials and Methods: Bark powder was successively extracted with ethanol (95%) and water using Soxhlet extraction and subjected to phytochemical screening to identify different phytoconstituents. Ld50 studies for both (ethanolic and aqueous) extracts were conducted up to the dose level of 2 g/kg by following OECD up-and-down method of guidelines No.425. The antiarthritic activity was performed using pylorus ligation, aspirin, and stress-induced ulcer models in rats. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Preliminary phytochemical studies revealed the presence of saponins, sterols, mucilage, glycosides, and alkaloids, steroidal saponins in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of S. indica. No mortality was observed with aqueous and ethanolic extracts up to the maximum dose level of 2 g/kg. Both the extracts except with low dose 100 mg/kg other two doses, that is, medium and high have significantly reduced the ulcer number (0.83 ± 0.0.16, 1.5 ± 0.34 and 0.50 ± 0.11, 0.66 ± 0.21), ulcer score (1.5 ± 0.12, 1.66 ± 0.16 and 0.83 ± 0.10, 0.91 ± 0.15), and ulcer index (13.64, 9.80 and 11.20, 8.25), and a significantly ulcer inhibition (41.10%, 27.30% and 68.76%, 54.25%) is noted. Conclusion: From the present experimental findings of both pharmacological and biochemical parameters observed from the current investigation, it is concluded that the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg aqueous extract of S. indica possess potentially useful anti-ulcer activity since it gives a positive result in ulcer score and ulcer index and a significant ulcer inhibition.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41958804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3686
S. Iqubal
Introduction: The focus of this study is to test the antibacterial activity of one such essential oils derived from Oregano vulgare (O. Oregano) culinary herbs belongs to Lamiaceae family, against the MRSA nosocomial infections and also determine the phytochemical properties of the herb. Our study is based on the MRSA nosocomial infection. The major concern of the nosocomial infection with MRSA is that majority of the cases were not curable with any drug due to the evolution of the abuse of antibiotics. Many bacteria not only Staphylococcus aureus have become resistant in the recent past to the multiple antibiotics. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical properties analysis of the Oregano essential oil procured from the local market was determined by the standard biochemical methods. The MRSA clinical specimens were procured from the nosocomial infected patients. Antibacterial activity was carried out. Results and Discussion: O. vulgare essential oil procured from the local market shown jubilant antibacterial activity results [Table 1] against all the clinical isolates with an average disk diffusion of 21 mm zone of inhibition diameter obtained from performing the Kirby–Bauer technique with an average MIC value of 0.88 μ/ml and an average MBC value of 1.13 μ/ml. The best susceptibility of MRSA clinical isolate was observed in nasal swab sample with a zone diffusion of 27 mm with MIC of 0.5 μ/ml and MBC of 0.75 μ/ml toward O. vulgare essential oil. Conclusion: Our study concludes that phytochemical compounds present in O. vulgare essential oil analyzed using biochemical tests and these phytochemical compounds act as an effective remedy toward the MRSA clinical isolates and shown significant results in the study when compared to the standard antibiotics for the same clinical isolates which shown variable subsidized results. The susceptibility result values of O. vulgare essential oil shown that it may require lower dosage values when compared to that of the standard antibiotics for the same clinical isolates. This study recommends the use of natural essential oils from the plant source as an alternative toward the chemical antibiotics with more detailed studies need to be done in near future with the expectations that many dangerous infections can be cured with these types of phytochemical compounds.
前言:本研究的重点是检测牛至(O. Oregano)科烹饪草本植物中提取的一种精油对MRSA医院感染的抗菌活性，并测定其植物化学性质。我们的研究是基于MRSA医院感染。MRSA医院感染的主要问题是，由于抗生素滥用的演变，大多数病例无法用任何药物治愈。近年来，不仅是金黄色葡萄球菌，许多细菌都对多种抗生素产生了耐药性。材料与方法:采用标准的生化方法对当地市场采购的牛至精油进行植物化学性质分析。MRSA临床标本取自院内感染患者。进行抗菌活性测定。结果与讨论:从当地市场获得的普通精油对所有临床分离株的抗菌活性表现出令人满意的结果[表1]，通过Kirby-Bauer技术获得的平均抑制直径区为21 mm，平均MIC值为0.88 μ/ml，平均MBC值为1.13 μ/ml。MRSA临床分离株在鼻拭子样品中对野藿香精油的最佳药敏范围为27 mm, MIC为0.5 μ/ml, MBC为0.75 μ/ml。结论:我们的研究得出结论，利用生化测试分析了普通油中存在的植物化学化合物，这些植物化学化合物对MRSA临床分离株具有有效的治疗作用，并且在研究中与相同临床分离株的标准抗生素相比显示出显着的结果，后者显示出不同的补贴结果。药敏结果表明，对于相同的临床分离株，与标准抗生素相比，其所需的剂量可能更低。本研究建议使用来自植物的天然精油作为化学抗生素的替代品，在不久的将来需要进行更详细的研究，期望许多危险的感染可以用这些类型的植物化学化合物治愈。
{"title":"Determination of Phytochemical Properties and Antimicrobial Activities of Oregano vulgare against MRSA","authors":"S. Iqubal","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3686","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The focus of this study is to test the antibacterial activity of one such essential oils derived from Oregano vulgare (O. Oregano) culinary herbs belongs to Lamiaceae family, against the MRSA nosocomial infections and also determine the phytochemical properties of the herb. Our study is based on the MRSA nosocomial infection. The major concern of the nosocomial infection with MRSA is that majority of the cases were not curable with any drug due to the evolution of the abuse of antibiotics. Many bacteria not only Staphylococcus aureus have become resistant in the recent past to the multiple antibiotics. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical properties analysis of the Oregano essential oil procured from the local market was determined by the standard biochemical methods. The MRSA clinical specimens were procured from the nosocomial infected patients. Antibacterial activity was carried out. Results and Discussion: O. vulgare essential oil procured from the local market shown jubilant antibacterial activity results [Table 1] against all the clinical isolates with an average disk diffusion of 21 mm zone of inhibition diameter obtained from performing the Kirby–Bauer technique with an average MIC value of 0.88 μ/ml and an average MBC value of 1.13 μ/ml. The best susceptibility of MRSA clinical isolate was observed in nasal swab sample with a zone diffusion of 27 mm with MIC of 0.5 μ/ml and MBC of 0.75 μ/ml toward O. vulgare essential oil. Conclusion: Our study concludes that phytochemical compounds present in O. vulgare essential oil analyzed using biochemical tests and these phytochemical compounds act as an effective remedy toward the MRSA clinical isolates and shown significant results in the study when compared to the standard antibiotics for the same clinical isolates which shown variable subsidized results. The susceptibility result values of O. vulgare essential oil shown that it may require lower dosage values when compared to that of the standard antibiotics for the same clinical isolates. This study recommends the use of natural essential oils from the plant source as an alternative toward the chemical antibiotics with more detailed studies need to be done in near future with the expectations that many dangerous infections can be cured with these types of phytochemical compounds.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44615243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.22377/AJP.V14I03.3681
D. Sandeep
Aim: The present research work was aimed to develop a novel emulgel for aceclofenac to enhance the drug absorption by the topical application, which overcomes the demerits of oral dosage form and conventional gel system of aceclofenac. Materials and Methods: The emulgels were prepared with carbopol 934 as a gelling agent used in six different concentrations. Span 20 and Tween 20 were included as emulsifying agents in two different concentrations. Liquid paraffin was used as an oil phase, and methyl and propylparaben were included as preservatives. Ethanol was used to dissolve the drug for preparing the aqueous phase and Triethanolamine was added at the end of preparation, as quantity sufficient for pH adjustment. Results: All the formulated emulgels were screened for the parameters, namely, appearance, pH, rheology study, spreadability, swelling index, drug content, and in vitro drug release studies. The optimized formulation AG-4 showed 91.43% of drug release with sustained-release manner up to 6 h, and the particle size analysis reported good size range, and the emulgel was found to be nonirritant and nontoxic which was confirmed by HET CAM test. Conclusion: Aceclofenac can be successfully formulated as emulgel for better-sustained effect and can be a suitable alternative approach to the oral dosage forms for the management of arthritis.
{"title":"Development, Characterization, and In vitro Evaluation of Aceclofenac Emulgel","authors":"D. Sandeep","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V14I03.3681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V14I03.3681","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The present research work was aimed to develop a novel emulgel for aceclofenac to enhance the drug absorption by the topical application, which overcomes the demerits of oral dosage form and conventional gel system of aceclofenac. Materials and Methods: The emulgels were prepared with carbopol 934 as a gelling agent used in six different concentrations. Span 20 and Tween 20 were included as emulsifying agents in two different concentrations. Liquid paraffin was used as an oil phase, and methyl and propylparaben were included as preservatives. Ethanol was used to dissolve the drug for preparing the aqueous phase and Triethanolamine was added at the end of preparation, as quantity sufficient for pH adjustment. Results: All the formulated emulgels were screened for the parameters, namely, appearance, pH, rheology study, spreadability, swelling index, drug content, and in vitro drug release studies. The optimized formulation AG-4 showed 91.43% of drug release with sustained-release manner up to 6 h, and the particle size analysis reported good size range, and the emulgel was found to be nonirritant and nontoxic which was confirmed by HET CAM test. Conclusion: Aceclofenac can be successfully formulated as emulgel for better-sustained effect and can be a suitable alternative approach to the oral dosage forms for the management of arthritis.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49286962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3689
K. A. Khan
Introduction: For athletes a good and balanced diet is of great importance and a key to success. To meet athletes’ energy requirements training, competition and recovery athletes must fuel their bodies with the appropriate nutritional foods. If these food diet requirements are not fulfilled, there is a high risk of very poor performance, outcome, and health problems. Objective: This investigation was just to compare the nutrition attitude and knowledge of sports persons in Jeddah city, which is very close to Holy city Makkah. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey was conducted over 12 weeks from February to April 2018 in Jeddah city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nutritional knowledge was assessed using the online electronic questioners were circulated to the athletes aged between 18 and 35 years and willingness to participate in the study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Results and Discussion: A total of 248 athletes, including both male and females were participated in our study. The females are participate majority number in our study 72% (n = 179) and 28% (n = 69) males are participated. Our study shows that 38.5 % (n = 96) 3–4 days a week, the participants engaged in the sports. Maximum respondents are currently free from health issues 54.9% (n = 136) and 28% (n = 69) are with obesity. Conclusion: This study revealed that the use of a nutritional supplement within established guidelines is safe, effective, and ethical. It is very important to educate the sportsmen regarding the dietary pattern. Failure to consume proper diet during competition due to false belief in markets and constant fear of eating prohibited foodstufff may hamper performance. Finally, the future of nutritional supplement looks very bright in regard to the areas of the transport mechanism, improved muscle retention as well as treatment of numerous clinical maladies through supplementations.
{"title":"A Study on the Assessment of Nutritional Knowledge and Attitudes among Sports Persons","authors":"K. A. Khan","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3689","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: For athletes a good and balanced diet is of great importance and a key to success. To meet athletes’ energy requirements training, competition and recovery athletes must fuel their bodies with the appropriate nutritional foods. If these food diet requirements are not fulfilled, there is a high risk of very poor performance, outcome, and health problems. Objective: This investigation was just to compare the nutrition attitude and knowledge of sports persons in Jeddah city, which is very close to Holy city Makkah. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey was conducted over 12 weeks from February to April 2018 in Jeddah city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nutritional knowledge was assessed using the online electronic questioners were circulated to the athletes aged between 18 and 35 years and willingness to participate in the study in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Results and Discussion: A total of 248 athletes, including both male and females were participated in our study. The females are participate majority number in our study 72% (n = 179) and 28% (n = 69) males are participated. Our study shows that 38.5 % (n = 96) 3–4 days a week, the participants engaged in the sports. Maximum respondents are currently free from health issues 54.9% (n = 136) and 28% (n = 69) are with obesity. Conclusion: This study revealed that the use of a nutritional supplement within established guidelines is safe, effective, and ethical. It is very important to educate the sportsmen regarding the dietary pattern. Failure to consume proper diet during competition due to false belief in markets and constant fear of eating prohibited foodstufff may hamper performance. Finally, the future of nutritional supplement looks very bright in regard to the areas of the transport mechanism, improved muscle retention as well as treatment of numerous clinical maladies through supplementations.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41922259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3685
Mayson H. Alkhatib
Background: Using the essential oils with the cytotoxic agents in nanocarrier may have a potent effect on the cancer cells. Materials & Methods: A nanoemulsion (NE) consisting of the cinnamon oil (free NE) and bleomycin-loaded NE (BLEO-NE) was formulated, physically characterized by the zetasizer, and evaluated in vitro to determine its antineoplastic activity against HeLa cervical cancer cells. The cell viability, morphological changes, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation of the cancer cells, subjected to the free NE and BLEO-NE, were examined by the cell counting kit-8 assay, light microscopy, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate, and ELISA cell death detection, respectively. Results: It has been found that the dispersed nanodroplets of free NE had mean particle diameter and zeta potential of 119.60 ± 1.20 nm and −0.913± 0.001 mV, respectively, but they had got enlarged to 524.33 ± 1.10 nm and 0.537 ± 0.002 mV, respectively, when BLEO was loaded (BLEO-NE). The results of the cell viability, apoptosis, and cell death detection have demonstrated that BLEO-NE had a higher apoptotic effect than free BLEO. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the combination therapy of BLEO with NE-based cinnamon oil has a potential anticancer activity
{"title":"Apoptotic Effect of Bleomycin Formulated in Cinnamon Oil Nanoemulsion on HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells","authors":"Mayson H. Alkhatib","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3685","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Using the essential oils with the cytotoxic agents in nanocarrier may have a potent effect on the cancer cells. Materials & Methods: A nanoemulsion (NE) consisting of the cinnamon oil (free NE) and bleomycin-loaded NE (BLEO-NE) was formulated, physically characterized by the zetasizer, and evaluated in vitro to determine its antineoplastic activity against HeLa cervical cancer cells. The cell viability, morphological changes, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation of the cancer cells, subjected to the free NE and BLEO-NE, were examined by the cell counting kit-8 assay, light microscopy, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate, and ELISA cell death detection, respectively. Results: It has been found that the dispersed nanodroplets of free NE had mean particle diameter and zeta potential of 119.60 ± 1.20 nm and −0.913± 0.001 mV, respectively, but they had got enlarged to 524.33 ± 1.10 nm and 0.537 ± 0.002 mV, respectively, when BLEO was loaded (BLEO-NE). The results of the cell viability, apoptosis, and cell death detection have demonstrated that BLEO-NE had a higher apoptotic effect than free BLEO. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the combination therapy of BLEO with NE-based cinnamon oil has a potential anticancer activity","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48881925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-22DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3680
S. S. Moni
The smart drug delivery system (SDDS) is a milestone in cancer therapy and uses nanoparticle drug delivery principles such as surface linking with monoclonal antibodies (MABs). This interaction of SDDS with cancer cells can be ascertained by the MATLAB tool and chaotic dynamic system behavioral evaluation. The successful targeting depends on the interaction between the MAB ligand and the antigenic determinants of tumor antigens. However, the target-specific SDDS is highly influenced by various factors such as spatial orientation around the tumor antigens and specific ligands of the MABs. In this study, we focused on the implications of the MATLAB tool and chaotic principles to determine target-specific treatment with SDDS.
{"title":"Insights on the Application of MATLAB and Chaotic Principles to Determine the Targeted Delivery of a Smart Drug Delivery System against Cancer in the Experimental Phase: A Prospective Approach","authors":"S. S. Moni","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i03.3680","url":null,"abstract":"The smart drug delivery system (SDDS) is a milestone in cancer therapy and uses nanoparticle drug delivery principles such as surface linking with monoclonal antibodies (MABs). This interaction of SDDS with cancer cells can be ascertained by the MATLAB tool and chaotic dynamic system behavioral evaluation. The successful targeting depends on the interaction between the MAB ligand and the antigenic determinants of tumor antigens. However, the target-specific SDDS is highly influenced by various factors such as spatial orientation around the tumor antigens and specific ligands of the MABs. In this study, we focused on the implications of the MATLAB tool and chaotic principles to determine target-specific treatment with SDDS.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44547251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The main objective of this study is to prepare and evaluate niosomes as a carrier for diclofenac sodium. Niosomes are bilayer microparticles formed by self-association of non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol after hydration in the aqueous phase. Materials and Methods: Niosomes of SPAN-60 and cholesterol were prepared in three batches (A, B, and C) with different ratio (5:5, 6:4, and 7:3) using a round bottom flask method. Prepared niosomes were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, particle size analysis, and morphology and in vitro drug release study. Results and Discussion: The entrapment efficiency of all three formulations was found to be 91.43%, 92.53%, and 92.33%, respectively. All formulations were observed under motic microscope and particles were assumed to be spherical in shape. The average particle size of all the three batches was analyzed by Zetasizer (Delsa C Particle Analyzer), and it was found that the batch C produced the best nano-sized formulation with an average particle diameter of 311.6 nm. In vitro release study was done using a dialysis bag and after 300 min of studies, batch C (7:3), which was found to have 68.6 ± 1.4% cumulative drug release, which indicates controlled and steady drug release profiling of the formulation. Conclusion: After comparing all three batches of evaluation results on the basis of drug entrapment, particle size analysis, morphology, and in vitro drug release study, Batch C (7:3) formulation was considered as the best formulation.
{"title":"Preparation and Evaluation of Diclofenac Sodium Niosomes Using Round Bottom Flask Method","authors":"Sankha Bhattacharya","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i2.3613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i2.3613","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The main objective of this study is to prepare and evaluate niosomes as a carrier for diclofenac sodium. Niosomes are bilayer microparticles formed by self-association of non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol after hydration in the aqueous phase. Materials and Methods: Niosomes of SPAN-60 and cholesterol were prepared in three batches (A, B, and C) with different ratio (5:5, 6:4, and 7:3) using a round bottom flask method. Prepared niosomes were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, particle size analysis, and morphology and in vitro drug release study. Results and Discussion: The entrapment efficiency of all three formulations was found to be 91.43%, 92.53%, and 92.33%, respectively. All formulations were observed under motic microscope and particles were assumed to be spherical in shape. The average particle size of all the three batches was analyzed by Zetasizer (Delsa C Particle Analyzer), and it was found that the batch C produced the best nano-sized formulation with an average particle diameter of 311.6 nm. In vitro release study was done using a dialysis bag and after 300 min of studies, batch C (7:3), which was found to have 68.6 ± 1.4% cumulative drug release, which indicates controlled and steady drug release profiling of the formulation. Conclusion: After comparing all three batches of evaluation results on the basis of drug entrapment, particle size analysis, morphology, and in vitro drug release study, Batch C (7:3) formulation was considered as the best formulation.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48393854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: The study aimed to evaluate community pharmacists’ (CPs) attitude and its association with their practice toward dengue prevention. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done using a pre-validated and self-administered questionnaire developed after an intensive and relevant literature review. The convenience sampling method was used during the study period. Registered CPs were approached to achieve the sample size of 205 respondents. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.0. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of 205 respondents, 15 (7.3%) of them strongly agreed and 129 (62.9%) moderately-agreed that they could play an important role in preventing dengue infection. Whereas, the majority of the respondents, 92 (44.9%) were neutral when asked whether they felt comfortable in handling dengue patients. The majority of the respondents (n = 172, 83.9%) had a positive attitude toward dengue infection. Conclusion: The respondents had a positive attitude toward dengue. There was no statistically significant association between their attitude and practices toward dengue prevention observed.
{"title":"Evaluation of Community Pharmacists’ Attitude and its Association with their Practice toward Dengue Prevention","authors":"M. Iqbal","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i2.3615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i2.3615","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The study aimed to evaluate community pharmacists’ (CPs) attitude and its association with their practice toward dengue prevention. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done using a pre-validated and self-administered questionnaire developed after an intensive and relevant literature review. The convenience sampling method was used during the study period. Registered CPs were approached to achieve the sample size of 205 respondents. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.0. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of 205 respondents, 15 (7.3%) of them strongly agreed and 129 (62.9%) moderately-agreed that they could play an important role in preventing dengue infection. Whereas, the majority of the respondents, 92 (44.9%) were neutral when asked whether they felt comfortable in handling dengue patients. The majority of the respondents (n = 172, 83.9%) had a positive attitude toward dengue infection. Conclusion: The respondents had a positive attitude toward dengue. There was no statistically significant association between their attitude and practices toward dengue prevention observed.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44062612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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