The present study reports on the examination of a decapitated human male skull with four upper cervical vertebrae and the hyoid bone, dating to the early Muromachi period (late 14th century), from Kamakura. The decapitation may have been the result of a sharp cut from the right rear. The cut runs horizontally into the second cervical vertebra and stops in the bone, after having severed both the spinal cord and the right vertebral artery. Superficial injuries to the skull were probably not the primary cause of death. The head was separated from the body post mortem, probably as a result of an additional cut noted in the fourth cervical vertebra. It is suggested that the traditional Japanese method of decapitation in former times may be characterized by a cut halfway through the neck, and this method of decapitation can be traced back to the early Muromachi period.
{"title":"A Decapitated Human Skull from Medieval Kamakura","authors":"I. Morimoto, K. Hirata","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.100.349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.100.349","url":null,"abstract":"The present study reports on the examination of a decapitated human male skull with four upper cervical vertebrae and the hyoid bone, dating to the early Muromachi period (late 14th century), from Kamakura. The decapitation may have been the result of a sharp cut from the right rear. The cut runs horizontally into the second cervical vertebra and stops in the bone, after having severed both the spinal cord and the right vertebral artery. Superficial injuries to the skull were probably not the primary cause of death. The head was separated from the body post mortem, probably as a result of an additional cut noted in the fourth cervical vertebra. It is suggested that the traditional Japanese method of decapitation in former times may be characterized by a cut halfway through the neck, and this method of decapitation can be traced back to the early Muromachi period.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"100 1","pages":"349-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The unexercised limb bones of a male patient with hydrocephalus, who had been bedridden for 16 years, were observed and measured in order to examine growth transformation and growth direction. Although length growth was not markedly disturbed, transverse growth and the thickness of periosteal deposition were delayed. These findings confirmed that stress is necessary for growth of bone thickness. No differences in the circumference and area of the medullary cavity were evident between this subject and the femora of the average adult male, in spite of the delayed thickness growth. Therefore it was considered that lack of exercise disturbs the thickness growth of bone, but does not disturb bone resorption in the medullary cavity.
{"title":"A case of growth transformation in unexercised limb bones.","authors":"S. Takeuchi","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.99.319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.99.319","url":null,"abstract":"The unexercised limb bones of a male patient with hydrocephalus, who had been bedridden for 16 years, were observed and measured in order to examine growth transformation and growth direction. Although length growth was not markedly disturbed, transverse growth and the thickness of periosteal deposition were delayed. These findings confirmed that stress is necessary for growth of bone thickness. No differences in the circumference and area of the medullary cavity were evident between this subject and the femora of the average adult male, in spite of the delayed thickness growth. Therefore it was considered that lack of exercise disturbs the thickness growth of bone, but does not disturb bone resorption in the medullary cavity.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"99 1","pages":"319-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For 28 females, geometrical model of upper trunk was generated from three dimensional measurements. Twelve anthropometric measurements and criterion upper trunk volume were calculated from the model. The optimal and a practical sets of measurements to estimate the criterion volume were selected based on a selective stepwise regression analysis and all-possible-subset regression analysis. The estimation equation based on six variables had minimum Cp statistic with R=0.987 and SEE=345cm3; the equation of volume (Y)=521.09 (chest depth)+83.09 (weight) +236.44 (height of acromion)+236.17 (biacromial diameter)+147.32 (chest breadth)-267.69 (neck girth)-13594.1 (cm3). For a simpler and more practical prediction, an equation of Y=521.66(chest depth)+94.17 (weight)+240.69 (height of acromion)-9786.8 (cm3) was obtained with R=0.972 and SEE=465cm3, showing that the volume could be practically predicted by chest depth as a typical trunk depth, height of acromion measured from the waist level as total upper trunk length and weight as a representative measurement of body size. Since the model generated from the living subject precisely represents the size and shape of the body, the model is available for the calculation and analysis of body properties.
{"title":"The Use of Geometrical Model in Estimating the Segmental Trunk Volume by Anthropometric Measurements","authors":"E. Tsutsumi","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.99.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.99.1","url":null,"abstract":"For 28 females, geometrical model of upper trunk was generated from three dimensional measurements. Twelve anthropometric measurements and criterion upper trunk volume were calculated from the model. The optimal and a practical sets of measurements to estimate the criterion volume were selected based on a selective stepwise regression analysis and all-possible-subset regression analysis. The estimation equation based on six variables had minimum Cp statistic with R=0.987 and SEE=345cm3; the equation of volume (Y)=521.09 (chest depth)+83.09 (weight) +236.44 (height of acromion)+236.17 (biacromial diameter)+147.32 (chest breadth)-267.69 (neck girth)-13594.1 (cm3). For a simpler and more practical prediction, an equation of Y=521.66(chest depth)+94.17 (weight)+240.69 (height of acromion)-9786.8 (cm3) was obtained with R=0.972 and SEE=465cm3, showing that the volume could be practically predicted by chest depth as a typical trunk depth, height of acromion measured from the waist level as total upper trunk length and weight as a representative measurement of body size. Since the model generated from the living subject precisely represents the size and shape of the body, the model is available for the calculation and analysis of body properties.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"99 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The direct linear transformation (DLT) method was applied as a tool in the field of anthropometry. Using four video cameras which are arranged surrounding the subjects, we attempted to detect the reference points in the trunk of body and produce three dimensional coordinates of the points by the DLT method. The average error associated with the x, y, and z coordinates was less than 1%. After getting the three dimensional coordinates of reference points, the various linear and angular dimensions were calculated.
{"title":"Application of the DLT Method to Anthropometry","authors":"K. Hattori","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.99.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.99.101","url":null,"abstract":"The direct linear transformation (DLT) method was applied as a tool in the field of anthropometry. Using four video cameras which are arranged surrounding the subjects, we attempted to detect the reference points in the trunk of body and produce three dimensional coordinates of the points by the DLT method. The average error associated with the x, y, and z coordinates was less than 1%. After getting the three dimensional coordinates of reference points, the various linear and angular dimensions were calculated.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"2020 1","pages":"101-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anagenesis and human origins.","authors":"Akiyoshi Ebara","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.99.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.99.107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"99 1","pages":"107-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dental features of 4 geographical samples from the Nansei Island chain were compared with those of East and Southeast Asian samples. The series from Amami-, Okinawa-, and Sakishima-Islands exhibit inter-regional difference in both metric and non-metric dental features, pointing to some clinal variation in the Nansei Island chain. The original morphology is supposed to be represented by Jomonese. This clinal variation may reflect the post-Yayoi biocultural microevolution and admixture with the sinodont populations from main-island Japan. The sundadont ancestors of Jomonese have likely arrived from Sundaland via the now-submerged East Asian continental shelf in and after the late Pleistocene. One of the main routes for peopling of the Japanese Archipelago might have been through the Nansei Island chain.
{"title":"Dentition of Nansei Islanders and Peopling of the Japanese Archipelago: The Basic Populations in East Asia, IX","authors":"T. Hanihara","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.99.399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.99.399","url":null,"abstract":"The dental features of 4 geographical samples from the Nansei Island chain were compared with those of East and Southeast Asian samples. The series from Amami-, Okinawa-, and Sakishima-Islands exhibit inter-regional difference in both metric and non-metric dental features, pointing to some clinal variation in the Nansei Island chain. The original morphology is supposed to be represented by Jomonese. This clinal variation may reflect the post-Yayoi biocultural microevolution and admixture with the sinodont populations from main-island Japan. The sundadont ancestors of Jomonese have likely arrived from Sundaland via the now-submerged East Asian continental shelf in and after the late Pleistocene. One of the main routes for peopling of the Japanese Archipelago might have been through the Nansei Island chain.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"99 1","pages":"399-409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE1911.99.399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metric and non-metric dental variation among several Ainu samples was analyzed. Recent Ainu samples from Hokkaido and Sakhalin form a tight cluster. The sample from the people of the Okhotsk culture, or Omisaki sample, shows a quite dispersed arrangement. Extending the comparisons to include East and Southeast Asian and the Pacific samples validates the relatively homogeneous dental pattern of recent Ainu. The Omisaki sample has dental characteristics similar to those of sinodont populations. Discriminant function analyses based on metric and non-metric data indicate that some Omisaki individuals are classified as part of the members of sundadont populations, and others as those from sinodont populations. These findings suggest that the people of the Okhotsk culture were likely migrants from the north. However, they might have exerted little genetic influence on the formation of the physical characteristics of recent Ainu. The results obtained in the present study re-confirm that Ainu may be direct descendants of the Neolithic Jomon people. They share the ancestral ties with the generalized Asiatic populations, as represented by Negritos. It is quite likely that members of the late Pleistocene Sundaland populations could have colonized the continental shelf of East Asia, extending to Hokkaido and Sakhalin in the north and western Micronesia and Polynesia in the east.
{"title":"The Origin and Microevolution of Ainu as Viewed from Dentition: The Basic Populations in East Asia, VIII","authors":"T. Hanihara","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.99.345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.99.345","url":null,"abstract":"Metric and non-metric dental variation among several Ainu samples was analyzed. Recent Ainu samples from Hokkaido and Sakhalin form a tight cluster. The sample from the people of the Okhotsk culture, or Omisaki sample, shows a quite dispersed arrangement. Extending the comparisons to include East and Southeast Asian and the Pacific samples validates the relatively homogeneous dental pattern of recent Ainu. The Omisaki sample has dental characteristics similar to those of sinodont populations. Discriminant function analyses based on metric and non-metric data indicate that some Omisaki individuals are classified as part of the members of sundadont populations, and others as those from sinodont populations. These findings suggest that the people of the Okhotsk culture were likely migrants from the north. However, they might have exerted little genetic influence on the formation of the physical characteristics of recent Ainu. The results obtained in the present study re-confirm that Ainu may be direct descendants of the Neolithic Jomon people. They share the ancestral ties with the generalized Asiatic populations, as represented by Negritos. It is quite likely that members of the late Pleistocene Sundaland populations could have colonized the continental shelf of East Asia, extending to Hokkaido and Sakhalin in the north and western Micronesia and Polynesia in the east.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"99 1","pages":"345-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metric and non-metric data on the skeletons of the KANASEKI-family, the late Dr. T. KANASEKI and his father, Mr. K. KANASEKI, are presented. Photographs of bones are also shown in plates.
{"title":"Morphological Data on the Skeletons of the KANASEKI-Family","authors":"N. Doi","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.99.483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.99.483","url":null,"abstract":"Metric and non-metric data on the skeletons of the KANASEKI-family, the late Dr. T. KANASEKI and his father, Mr. K. KANASEKI, are presented. Photographs of bones are also shown in plates.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"99 1","pages":"483-496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67047376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
頭部 X 線規格写真を用いて解析を行う際に,性別不明の資料のため困惑することがある.そこで,頭部 X 線規格写真の計測値から判別関数を求め,性別の判定を試みた.まず,性別が明らかな近世泰雅族頭骨標本,男性24例,女性21例の頭部 X線規格写真を用い,肉眼的観察に際して重視される眉間および乳様突起部の計測を行い,判別関数を求めた.これを45例に適用したところ93.3%の的中率を得た.ついでこの方法を,中国殷墟出土の頭骨標本に応用し,性別不明のすべての例の分類を試みた結果,頭部 X 線規格写真の計測値によって性別がかなりよく判別できることが知られた.
{"title":"Sex determination by discriminant analysis using roentgenographic cephalometric data and its application to Yin-Shang skulls","authors":"N. Inoue, R. Sakashita, T. Nozaki","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.99.419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.99.419","url":null,"abstract":"頭部 X 線規格写真を用いて解析を行う際に,性別不明の資料のため困惑することがある.そこで,頭部 X 線規格写真の計測値から判別関数を求め,性別の判定を試みた.まず,性別が明らかな近世泰雅族頭骨標本,男性24例,女性21例の頭部 X線規格写真を用い,肉眼的観察に際して重視される眉間および乳様突起部の計測を行い,判別関数を求めた.これを45例に適用したところ93.3%の的中率を得た.ついでこの方法を,中国殷墟出土の頭骨標本に応用し,性別不明のすべての例の分類を試みた結果,頭部 X 線規格写真の計測値によって性別がかなりよく判別できることが知られた.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"99 1","pages":"419-436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Sakhalin Ainu crania were investigated in terms of nonmetric traits for elucidating their populational affinity. MMDs between the Sakhalin Ainu, Hokkaido Ainu, Neolithic Jomon, Amur, East Asian and North American Mongoloids were calculated on the basis of 15 nonmetric traits. Principal coordinate analysis showed that the Sakhalin Ainu are situated intermediately between three major clusters which consist of the Jomon-Hokkaido Ainu, East Asian, and North American Arctic Mongoloids. While the Sakhalin Ainu basically developed from the JomonAinu stock, the results of the analyses suggested that the Sakhalin Ainu had intermarried considerably with northern people and that that genetic influence was beyond our expectation based on traditional craniometry. Ethnic groups of the Amur basin were placed in an intermediate position between the Arctic and East Asian Mongoloids.
{"title":"An Anthropological Investigation of the Sakhalin Ainu with Special Reference to Nonmetric Cranial Traits","authors":"H. Ishida, M. Kida","doi":"10.1537/ASE1911.99.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE1911.99.23","url":null,"abstract":"The Sakhalin Ainu crania were investigated in terms of nonmetric traits for elucidating their populational affinity. MMDs between the Sakhalin Ainu, Hokkaido Ainu, Neolithic Jomon, Amur, East Asian and North American Mongoloids were calculated on the basis of 15 nonmetric traits. Principal coordinate analysis showed that the Sakhalin Ainu are situated intermediately between three major clusters which consist of the Jomon-Hokkaido Ainu, East Asian, and North American Arctic Mongoloids. While the Sakhalin Ainu basically developed from the JomonAinu stock, the results of the analyses suggested that the Sakhalin Ainu had intermarried considerably with northern people and that that genetic influence was beyond our expectation based on traditional craniometry. Ethnic groups of the Amur basin were placed in an intermediate position between the Arctic and East Asian Mongoloids.","PeriodicalId":84964,"journal":{"name":"Jinruigaku zasshi = The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nihon","volume":"99 1","pages":"23-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67046785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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