Pub Date : 2023-11-04DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3342
Romanus A. Umoh, Imoh I. Johnny, Nsima A. Andy, Emmanuel R. Idio, Goodnews E. Charles, Anwanabasi E. Udoh, TiyoAbasi A. Udom, Daniel A. Owineng
Thurnbegia laevis Nees. belong to the Acanthaceae family. It is used in folklore medicine for the management of diabetes, piles, joint pains as well as skin related problems. This study aims to evaluate the leaves of the plant by employing the quality control parameters. The leaves of T. laevis were collected, identified, air-dried, pulverized and stored in glass bottles. Standard procedures were used to carry out microscopy on the fresh leaves, micromeritics, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence analysis, soluble-extractive values, moisture contents and ash values using powdered samples of the leaf. Methanol extract of the leaf was used to conduct GC-MS analysis. The result showed that the leaf was amphistomatic with diacytic stomata on both surfaces. The micromeritic studies showed that the leaf had an angle of repose of 37.47ᵒ, Carr’s Index of 23.01% and Hausner’s ratio of 1.3. Water-soluble, ethanol-soluble and methanol-soluble extractive values were 21%w/w, 10%w/w and 11%w/w, respectively. Fluorescence analysis of the leaf showed different colours indicating the presence of different phytochemicals. The moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash values were 5.31%w/w, 15.18%w/w, 2.7%w/w and 5.6%w/w, respectively. Chemomicroscopy of the leaf powder showed the presence of mucilage, lignin, starch, cellulose and protein while, oil and calcium oxalate crystals were absent. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of thirty-five (35) phytochemicals with compounds like n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, Vitamin E, Stigmasterol, Supraene and, Benzoic acid. These compounds have antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antiserum, antifungal, hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and larvicidal activities. The results stated could be used to establish standards for the authentication of the fresh and powdered drug leaf products of Thunbergia laevis.
{"title":"Pharmacognostic Evaluation of the Leaves of Thurnbegia laevis Nees (Acanthaceae)","authors":"Romanus A. Umoh, Imoh I. Johnny, Nsima A. Andy, Emmanuel R. Idio, Goodnews E. Charles, Anwanabasi E. Udoh, TiyoAbasi A. Udom, Daniel A. Owineng","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3342","url":null,"abstract":"Thurnbegia laevis Nees. belong to the Acanthaceae family. It is used in folklore medicine for the management of diabetes, piles, joint pains as well as skin related problems. This study aims to evaluate the leaves of the plant by employing the quality control parameters. The leaves of T. laevis were collected, identified, air-dried, pulverized and stored in glass bottles. Standard procedures were used to carry out microscopy on the fresh leaves, micromeritics, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence analysis, soluble-extractive values, moisture contents and ash values using powdered samples of the leaf. Methanol extract of the leaf was used to conduct GC-MS analysis. The result showed that the leaf was amphistomatic with diacytic stomata on both surfaces. The micromeritic studies showed that the leaf had an angle of repose of 37.47ᵒ, Carr’s Index of 23.01% and Hausner’s ratio of 1.3. Water-soluble, ethanol-soluble and methanol-soluble extractive values were 21%w/w, 10%w/w and 11%w/w, respectively. Fluorescence analysis of the leaf showed different colours indicating the presence of different phytochemicals. The moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash values were 5.31%w/w, 15.18%w/w, 2.7%w/w and 5.6%w/w, respectively. Chemomicroscopy of the leaf powder showed the presence of mucilage, lignin, starch, cellulose and protein while, oil and calcium oxalate crystals were absent. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of thirty-five (35) phytochemicals with compounds like n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, Vitamin E, Stigmasterol, Supraene and, Benzoic acid. These compounds have antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antiserum, antifungal, hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and larvicidal activities. The results stated could be used to establish standards for the authentication of the fresh and powdered drug leaf products of Thunbergia laevis.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135774754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3341
Trini Suryowati
Aim: to discuss recent epidemiology of gonorrhoea and updates regarding its pathogenesis with a focus on biochemical aspects of contact and adhesion that preceded its epithelial invasion.
Discussion: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative obligate human pathogenic bacterium, infects human epithelial cells and causes sexually transmitted diseases in both males and females Gonorrhea rates are rising in many countries. It could lead to long-term health problems and even infertility. Vulnerable groups including men who have sex with men and sex workers appear to bear disproportionate burdens of gonorrhea. As N. gonorrhoeae advances through the steps of disease formation and pathogenesis (transmission, adherence, colonization and invasion, and also immune evasion), the bacterium expresses some virulence factors to facilitate its survival and replication; while at the same time keeping its existence barely invasive and almost undiscoverable by active immune cells. Adherence to epithelial cells becomes the first event that precedes invasion.
Conclusion: Adhesion of gonococci to mucosal epithelial cells appears to be a critical step in the pathogenesis of gonococcal infection. Gonococci can adhere to a variety of human cells. Gonorrhea has multiple surface proteins that facilitate adhesion. N. gonorrhoeae utilize type IV pili and Opa, opacity-associated proteins, surface proteins involved in cellular attachment that preceded its invasion, Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and also the outer membrane protein porin (POrB).
{"title":"Neisseria Gonorrhoeae: Its Dominant Properties to Establish Contact and Attachment that Facilitate Epithelial Invasion and Colonization From a Biochemist Perspective","authors":"Trini Suryowati","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3341","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: to discuss recent epidemiology of gonorrhoea and updates regarding its pathogenesis with a focus on biochemical aspects of contact and adhesion that preceded its epithelial invasion.
 Discussion: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a Gram-negative obligate human pathogenic bacterium, infects human epithelial cells and causes sexually transmitted diseases in both males and females Gonorrhea rates are rising in many countries. It could lead to long-term health problems and even infertility. Vulnerable groups including men who have sex with men and sex workers appear to bear disproportionate burdens of gonorrhea. As N. gonorrhoeae advances through the steps of disease formation and pathogenesis (transmission, adherence, colonization and invasion, and also immune evasion), the bacterium expresses some virulence factors to facilitate its survival and replication; while at the same time keeping its existence barely invasive and almost undiscoverable by active immune cells. Adherence to epithelial cells becomes the first event that precedes invasion.
 Conclusion: Adhesion of gonococci to mucosal epithelial cells appears to be a critical step in the pathogenesis of gonococcal infection. Gonococci can adhere to a variety of human cells. Gonorrhea has multiple surface proteins that facilitate adhesion. N. gonorrhoeae utilize type IV pili and Opa, opacity-associated proteins, surface proteins involved in cellular attachment that preceded its invasion, Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and also the outer membrane protein porin (POrB).","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135972628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have gained a lot of interest due to their tendency to combat various bacterial strains, making them potential candidates against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Green synthesis of CuNPs eradicates the potential drawbacks of other traditional methods such as high cost, toxic chemicals and adverse conditions. The objectives of current study include the preparation of CuNPs from the culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus and the analysis of antibacterial potential of prepared CuNPs. The synthesis of CuNPs from the culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus was carried out under various optimization conditions including pH, temperature, incubation time, and concentration of salt. This research study focuses on the preparation of fine and well defined CuNPs by the reduction of Cu2+ ions using the culture supernatant of clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus as the feasible and cost effective method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized through various techniques including Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometry, Dynamic Light Scattering and Scanning electron microscopy. The prepared copper nanoparticles were studied for their antibacterial potential by the Agar Well Method against drug resistant and drug sensitive bacteria. The surface plasmon resonance of copper nanoparticles was maximum around the visible range wavelength of 380 nm which is the characteristic absorbance peak of copper nanoparticles while the dynamic light scattering analysis recorded the maximum percentage intensity of particle size distribution around 295 nm. SEM analysis showed the amorphous nature of particles with no distinct size and shape. CuNPs showed significant antibacterial potential against drug resistant Salmonella typhimurium with 29mm zone of inhibition and against drug sensitive Bacillus subtillis with 25mm zone of inhibition. The antibacterial potential of copper nanoparticles was found to be appreciable against drug resistant Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus aureus.
{"title":"Studying the Potential of Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized from Staphylococcus aureus against Drug-Resistant Bacteria","authors":"Syed Bilal Hussain, Maryam Fatima, Asad Aslam, Sadaf Noor, Muhammad Zubair","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3340","url":null,"abstract":"Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have gained a lot of interest due to their tendency to combat various bacterial strains, making them potential candidates against antibiotic resistant bacteria. Green synthesis of CuNPs eradicates the potential drawbacks of other traditional methods such as high cost, toxic chemicals and adverse conditions. The objectives of current study include the preparation of CuNPs from the culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus and the analysis of antibacterial potential of prepared CuNPs. The synthesis of CuNPs from the culture supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus was carried out under various optimization conditions including pH, temperature, incubation time, and concentration of salt. This research study focuses on the preparation of fine and well defined CuNPs by the reduction of Cu2+ ions using the culture supernatant of clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus as the feasible and cost effective method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized through various techniques including Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometry, Dynamic Light Scattering and Scanning electron microscopy. The prepared copper nanoparticles were studied for their antibacterial potential by the Agar Well Method against drug resistant and drug sensitive bacteria. The surface plasmon resonance of copper nanoparticles was maximum around the visible range wavelength of 380 nm which is the characteristic absorbance peak of copper nanoparticles while the dynamic light scattering analysis recorded the maximum percentage intensity of particle size distribution around 295 nm. SEM analysis showed the amorphous nature of particles with no distinct size and shape. CuNPs showed significant antibacterial potential against drug resistant Salmonella typhimurium with 29mm zone of inhibition and against drug sensitive Bacillus subtillis with 25mm zone of inhibition. The antibacterial potential of copper nanoparticles was found to be appreciable against drug resistant Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus aureus.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134908996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3339
None Okokon J. E., None Ochigbo E. B., None Johnny I. I., None Anagboso M. O., None Ebong N. O.
Setaria megaphylla a medicinal plant, used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria, diabetes and inflammatory diseases was investigated for cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on cells of the root meristem of Allium cepa. Bulbs of Onion were exposed to 2.5 mg/ml, 5mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml concentrations of the leaf extract for macroscopic and microscopic study. Tap water was used as a negative control and Methotrexate (0.1 mg/ml) as a positive control. Depending on concentration by the extract, there was statistically significant (P < .05) inhibition of root growth when compared with the negative control group. All the tested concentrations of the extract were observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. The extract- induced micronuclei (MNC) formations and chromosomal aberrations in A. cepa root tip cells were significant (P < .05) when compared with control group. The extract treatment further induced, ghost cells, cells membrane damage, cell death, and bi nucleated cells. These results implies that Setaria megaphylla leaf extract possess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa which is as a results of its phytochemical constituents.
{"title":"Genotoxic and Cytotoxicity Activities of Leaf Extract of Setaria megaphylla","authors":"None Okokon J. E., None Ochigbo E. B., None Johnny I. I., None Anagboso M. O., None Ebong N. O.","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3339","url":null,"abstract":"Setaria megaphylla a medicinal plant, used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria, diabetes and inflammatory diseases was investigated for cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on cells of the root meristem of Allium cepa. Bulbs of Onion were exposed to 2.5 mg/ml, 5mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml concentrations of the leaf extract for macroscopic and microscopic study. Tap water was used as a negative control and Methotrexate (0.1 mg/ml) as a positive control. Depending on concentration by the extract, there was statistically significant (P < .05) inhibition of root growth when compared with the negative control group. All the tested concentrations of the extract were observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. The extract- induced micronuclei (MNC) formations and chromosomal aberrations in A. cepa root tip cells were significant (P < .05) when compared with control group. The extract treatment further induced, ghost cells, cells membrane damage, cell death, and bi nucleated cells. These results implies that Setaria megaphylla leaf extract possess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa which is as a results of its phytochemical constituents.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135569656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-18DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3338
Syed Bilal Hussain, Shabnam Iqbal, Sadaf Noor, Muhammad Zubair
Nanotechnology is a well-advanced area and several types of nanoparticles have been synthesized. Different types of nanoparticles have been synthesized so far using different techniques. It is most practical to produce nanoparticles from plant extracts for use in medicine and other applications. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by Grewia asiatica leaf extract. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques including Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed a characteristic peak of silver nanoparticles in UV-region at 425nm, while DLS analysis revealed the z-average size of synthesized particles i.e., 461.6nm and -28.4mV zeta potential. SEM analysis revealed the amorphous surface morphology. The antibacterial and antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles were also evaluated. Silver nanoparticles showed significant antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A maximum zone of inhibition of 16mm diameter was observed against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia. While results of antioxidant activity showed a 43.27μg/ml IC50 value. In conclusion, Grewia asiatica leaf extract is a good source to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Also, green synthesized silver nanoparticles could act as potential antibacterial and antioxidant agents.
{"title":"Formulation of Silver Nanoparticles from Grewia Asiatica Leaf Extract and their Biomedical Applications","authors":"Syed Bilal Hussain, Shabnam Iqbal, Sadaf Noor, Muhammad Zubair","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3338","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology is a well-advanced area and several types of nanoparticles have been synthesized. Different types of nanoparticles have been synthesized so far using different techniques. It is most practical to produce nanoparticles from plant extracts for use in medicine and other applications. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by Grewia asiatica leaf extract. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques including Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed a characteristic peak of silver nanoparticles in UV-region at 425nm, while DLS analysis revealed the z-average size of synthesized particles i.e., 461.6nm and -28.4mV zeta potential. SEM analysis revealed the amorphous surface morphology. The antibacterial and antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles were also evaluated. Silver nanoparticles showed significant antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A maximum zone of inhibition of 16mm diameter was observed against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia. While results of antioxidant activity showed a 43.27μg/ml IC50 value. In conclusion, Grewia asiatica leaf extract is a good source to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Also, green synthesized silver nanoparticles could act as potential antibacterial and antioxidant agents.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135883762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3337
Asma Saghir Khan, Quratulain Zulfiqar Ali
Moringa, scientifically known as (Moringa oleifera Lam.), is a multipurpose tree that has gained considerable attention due to its exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties. Native to the Indian subcontinent, Moringa is now cultivated in various tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This article provides an overview of the nutritional composition and potential health benefits of Moringa, highlighting its role as a valuable resource for combating malnutrition and addressing various health conditions. The information presented here is based on a review of relevant research articles available on Google Scholar.
{"title":"Moringa - The Miracle Tree: An Overview of its Nutritional and Medicinal Properties","authors":"Asma Saghir Khan, Quratulain Zulfiqar Ali","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3337","url":null,"abstract":"Moringa, scientifically known as (Moringa oleifera Lam.), is a multipurpose tree that has gained considerable attention due to its exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties. Native to the Indian subcontinent, Moringa is now cultivated in various tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This article provides an overview of the nutritional composition and potential health benefits of Moringa, highlighting its role as a valuable resource for combating malnutrition and addressing various health conditions. The information presented here is based on a review of relevant research articles available on Google Scholar.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135995736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This study was conducted to determine if applying biochar made from fish waste to the soil can alleviate the adverse impacts of salinity stress on maize (Zea mays L.) seedling growth.
Materials and Methods: Maize plants were cultivated in two groups of pots; the first group had the soil without any additions, and the second group had the soil mixed with biochar (1% w/w). Each group was irrigated with saline water (0, 50 and 150 mM NaCl).
Results: According to the findings, Zea mays exposed to salt stress showed a significant decrease in growth traits such as shoot and root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of shoot and root, compared to untreated control. The addition of biochar significantly enhanced these attributes. As salinity levels increased, the value of photosynthetic pigments gradually declined. Applying biochar to the soil significantly increased the amounts of Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoid. Salt-stressed seedlings treated with biochar have lower levels of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and total free amino acids at 150 mM NaCl + FWB of the shoot. The findings demonstrate that applying biochar to salt-stressed seedlings caused their proline content to increase noticeably at the highest salinity level (150 mM NaCl). The contents of Na+ and Cl- were positively affected by increasing salt stress. Increasing salt stress had a deleterious impact on K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ levels. On the other hand, applying FWB raised the content of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ while decreasing the amounts of Na+ and Cl-.
Conclusion: Biochar made from fish waste has the potential to reduce salinity stress significantly.
目的:研究在土壤中施用鱼粪生物炭是否能缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的不利影响。材料与方法:采用两组盆栽法栽培玉米植株;第一组土壤不添加任何添加剂，第二组土壤添加生物炭(1% w/w)。各组灌洗盐水(0、50、150 mM NaCl)。
结果:盐胁迫下玉米茎、根长、鲜重、茎、根干重等生长性状显著低于未处理玉米。添加生物炭显著增强了这些特性。随着盐度的增加，光合色素的价值逐渐下降。在土壤中施用生物炭显著增加了Chl a、Chl b和类胡萝卜素的含量。在150 mM NaCl + FWB处理下，盐胁迫幼苗的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和总游离氨基酸含量较低。结果表明，在盐胁迫幼苗中施用生物炭，在最高盐度(150 mM NaCl)下，其脯氨酸含量显著增加。盐胁迫的增加对Na+和Cl-含量有显著的正向影响。增加盐胁迫对K+、Ca2+和Mg2+水平有不利影响。另一方面，施用FWB提高了K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的含量，降低了Na+和Cl-的含量;结论:鱼粪生物炭具有显著降低盐胁迫的潜力。
{"title":"Mitigating the Harmful Effect of Salinity on Maize Plants Using Fish Waste-Derived Biochar","authors":"Heba Sallam, Mervat Abdel Nasser, Hager Mohamed, Marwa Bahy, Hager Khalil","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3336","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study was conducted to determine if applying biochar made from fish waste to the soil can alleviate the adverse impacts of salinity stress on maize (Zea mays L.) seedling growth.
 Materials and Methods: Maize plants were cultivated in two groups of pots; the first group had the soil without any additions, and the second group had the soil mixed with biochar (1% w/w). Each group was irrigated with saline water (0, 50 and 150 mM NaCl).
 Results: According to the findings, Zea mays exposed to salt stress showed a significant decrease in growth traits such as shoot and root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of shoot and root, compared to untreated control. The addition of biochar significantly enhanced these attributes. As salinity levels increased, the value of photosynthetic pigments gradually declined. Applying biochar to the soil significantly increased the amounts of Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoid. Salt-stressed seedlings treated with biochar have lower levels of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and total free amino acids at 150 mM NaCl + FWB of the shoot. The findings demonstrate that applying biochar to salt-stressed seedlings caused their proline content to increase noticeably at the highest salinity level (150 mM NaCl). The contents of Na+ and Cl- were positively affected by increasing salt stress. Increasing salt stress had a deleterious impact on K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ levels. On the other hand, applying FWB raised the content of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ while decreasing the amounts of Na+ and Cl-.
 Conclusion: Biochar made from fish waste has the potential to reduce salinity stress significantly.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136114053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3334
Mohamed A. Hussein, Eman Salah, Dina Marwan, Omnia Sayed, Asmaa Abdalhakm, Roqaia Abdelhakeem, Ebtesam Ibrahim, Aya Abdelhakeem, Youssuf A. Gherbawy
The objectives of the study identify the fungal species from guava leaves symptomatic with leaf spots. Six fungal species (Alternaria atra, Botryotrichium verrucosum, Cochliobolus specifer, Drechslera halodes, Humicola grisea and Stachybotrys chartarum) were isolated from infected guava leaves by the direct plate method on PDA medium at 28°C. Pathogenicity test illustrated that only two species were pathogenic to guava leaves, and B. verrucosum exhibited moderate virulent ability, but C. specifer was weakly virulent. Half of the fungal species were pathogenic to apple fruits indicating that the species were non-host-specific to the guava plant. Scabdel fungicide completely inhibited the growth of B. verrucosum at 50 ppm, but in the case of C. specifer the inhibition ranged 18.8-33.3% with dose increases. Golden Copper was stimulatory to the growth of tested fungi at 50 -1000 ppm doses.
{"title":"Efficacy of Scabdel and Golden Copper Fungicides on Phytopathogenic Fungi Isolated from Guava Leaves","authors":"Mohamed A. Hussein, Eman Salah, Dina Marwan, Omnia Sayed, Asmaa Abdalhakm, Roqaia Abdelhakeem, Ebtesam Ibrahim, Aya Abdelhakeem, Youssuf A. Gherbawy","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3334","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of the study identify the fungal species from guava leaves symptomatic with leaf spots. Six fungal species (Alternaria atra, Botryotrichium verrucosum, Cochliobolus specifer, Drechslera halodes, Humicola grisea and Stachybotrys chartarum) were isolated from infected guava leaves by the direct plate method on PDA medium at 28°C. Pathogenicity test illustrated that only two species were pathogenic to guava leaves, and B. verrucosum exhibited moderate virulent ability, but C. specifer was weakly virulent. Half of the fungal species were pathogenic to apple fruits indicating that the species were non-host-specific to the guava plant. Scabdel fungicide completely inhibited the growth of B. verrucosum at 50 ppm, but in the case of C. specifer the inhibition ranged 18.8-33.3% with dose increases. Golden Copper was stimulatory to the growth of tested fungi at 50 -1000 ppm doses.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135967769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous disorder characterized by signs and symptom of androgen excess and ovarian dysfunction in the absence of other diagnosis, with a prevalence of ~6%-~20%. The aetiology of PCOS can either be unknown (primary) or originating from identifiable causes (secondary) like obesity, idiopathic hirsutism, epilepsy, androgen-secreting tumors etc. Weight gain especially around the stomach, missed, irregular or light menstruations, hyperandrogenism, infertility can serve as indicators for PCOS. This review is aimed at examining the relationship that exists between PCOS and dyslipidemia. With a prevalence report of about 70%, dyslipidemia, is related to PCOS, and its causes are multifactorial with many cases being undiagnosed due to different diagnostics criteria for PCOS. Studies revealed that women with PCOS showed increased levels of LDL-cholesterol, VLD Lipoprotein, ApoC-I, lipoprotein (a), decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol and ApoA-I while ApoB. Psychophysiology in dyslipidemia in PCOS include: obesity, hyperandrogenism. Insulin resistance. Diagnostic measures include: complete lipid profile test, pelvic ultrasound and transvaginal scan, hormone tests, glucose and insulin tolerance test, etc. There is no known cure of PCOS reported yet but there are different options on management which include lifestyle change, use of statin drugs if lifestyle modifications do not work, use of androgen inhibiting drugs and metformin might help. It is important and more advisable for the age range for PCOS testing to be reduced to accommodate females just entering puberty.
{"title":"Understanding the Relationship between Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and Dyslipidemia","authors":"Chikadibia Fyneface Amadi, Benjamin Nnamdi Okolonkwo, Melody Igochiyerum George-Oparati, Kingsley Kalawari Odiabara","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i3333","url":null,"abstract":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous disorder characterized by signs and symptom of androgen excess and ovarian dysfunction in the absence of other diagnosis, with a prevalence of ~6%-~20%. The aetiology of PCOS can either be unknown (primary) or originating from identifiable causes (secondary) like obesity, idiopathic hirsutism, epilepsy, androgen-secreting tumors etc. Weight gain especially around the stomach, missed, irregular or light menstruations, hyperandrogenism, infertility can serve as indicators for PCOS. This review is aimed at examining the relationship that exists between PCOS and dyslipidemia. With a prevalence report of about 70%, dyslipidemia, is related to PCOS, and its causes are multifactorial with many cases being undiagnosed due to different diagnostics criteria for PCOS. Studies revealed that women with PCOS showed increased levels of LDL-cholesterol, VLD Lipoprotein, ApoC-I, lipoprotein (a), decreased levels of HDL-cholesterol and ApoA-I while ApoB. Psychophysiology in dyslipidemia in PCOS include: obesity, hyperandrogenism. Insulin resistance. Diagnostic measures include: complete lipid profile test, pelvic ultrasound and transvaginal scan, hormone tests, glucose and insulin tolerance test, etc. There is no known cure of PCOS reported yet but there are different options on management which include lifestyle change, use of statin drugs if lifestyle modifications do not work, use of androgen inhibiting drugs and metformin might help. It is important and more advisable for the age range for PCOS testing to be reduced to accommodate females just entering puberty.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136353243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i2332
Syed Bilal Hussain, Maria Aslam, Asad Aslam, Sadaf Noor, Muhammad Zubair
Nanotechnology is a well advanced area and different types of nanoparticles are now produced. The most revolutionary topic of the twenty-first century is nanotechnology. Recently, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have gained a lot of attention. In this study a straightforward, safe, and economical method is used for synthesizing copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by using cell free filtrate of Aspergillus niger. Fungi secretes enormous amount of enzymes which act as reducing as well stabilizing agents. Synthesized CuNPs were characterized by different techniques. Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometer showed a characteristic peak at 380nm, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis indicated that CuNPs have average size of 570nm with 0.480 PDI. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) revealed CuNPs are of cubic shape. As per FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis) two functional groups i.e., -O-H- and C=C- on the surface of CuNPs. Genetic analysis of Aspergillus niger revealed the presence of nitrate reductase enzyme that may involve in reduction of metal into NPs. Furthermore, CuNPs showed significant antibacterial action against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with 17mm, 20mm, 17mm and 20mm respectively. CuNPs also showed antioxidant potential with 59.41µg/ml.
Fungi secretes valuable enzymes with inherent ability to reduce metal ions into NPs. This reduced the cost of NPs synthesis and also synthesized NPs exhibit greater biomedical applications.
纳米技术是一个非常先进的领域，现在已经生产出不同类型的纳米颗粒。21世纪最具革命性的话题是纳米技术。近年来，金属纳米颗粒(NPs)得到了广泛的关注。本研究采用一种简单、安全、经济的方法，利用黑曲霉无细胞滤液合成纳米铜。真菌分泌大量的酶，这些酶既可以起到还原作用，也可以起到稳定作用。用不同的技术对合成的CuNPs进行了表征。紫外可见分光光度计在380nm处显示出特征峰，动态光散射(DLS)分析表明，CuNPs的平均尺寸为570nm, PDI为0.480。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析显示，其结构为立方结构。根据FTIR(傅里叶变换红外分析)，在CuNPs表面有两个官能团，即- o - h -和C=C-。遗传分析表明，黑曲霉中存在硝酸还原酶，该酶可能参与将金属还原为NPs的过程。对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的抗菌作用分别为17mm、20mm、17mm和20mm。CuNPs的抗氧化能力为59.41µg/ml。
真菌分泌有价值的酶，具有将金属离子还原成NPs的固有能力。这降低了合成NPs的成本，并且合成的NPs具有更大的生物医学应用。
{"title":"Production of Copper Nanoparticles by Aspergillus niger and Evaluation of their Biomedical Applications","authors":"Syed Bilal Hussain, Maria Aslam, Asad Aslam, Sadaf Noor, Muhammad Zubair","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i2332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2023/v15i2332","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology is a well advanced area and different types of nanoparticles are now produced. The most revolutionary topic of the twenty-first century is nanotechnology. Recently, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have gained a lot of attention. In this study a straightforward, safe, and economical method is used for synthesizing copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by using cell free filtrate of Aspergillus niger. Fungi secretes enormous amount of enzymes which act as reducing as well stabilizing agents. Synthesized CuNPs were characterized by different techniques. Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometer showed a characteristic peak at 380nm, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis indicated that CuNPs have average size of 570nm with 0.480 PDI. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) revealed CuNPs are of cubic shape. As per FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis) two functional groups i.e., -O-H- and C=C- on the surface of CuNPs. Genetic analysis of Aspergillus niger revealed the presence of nitrate reductase enzyme that may involve in reduction of metal into NPs. Furthermore, CuNPs showed significant antibacterial action against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae with 17mm, 20mm, 17mm and 20mm respectively. CuNPs also showed antioxidant potential with 59.41µg/ml.
 Fungi secretes valuable enzymes with inherent ability to reduce metal ions into NPs. This reduced the cost of NPs synthesis and also synthesized NPs exhibit greater biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135350878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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