Pub Date : 2022-12-23DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4280
A. El-atrash, Somia Zaki, E. Tousson, M. Negm
Aims: Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), which have potential hazards for organisms and the environment in a number of applications, have emerged as a prominent class of nanomaterials. Study Design: This study aimed to investigate the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles in rat liver and kidney tissues. Methodology: A total of 20 adult male rats were assigned randomly to 2 groups [1st, control; 2nd, CuO NPs (400 mg/kg body weight/day) intraperitoneally for 4 weeks]. Results: Current results revealed significant increases in serum ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, potassium ions and liver and kidney tissue damage after CuO NPs administration when compared to control group. Conversely, statistical significant decreases were detected in serum albumin, total proteins, calcium and sodium ions levels in CuO NPs group as compared to control group. Conclusion: We can conclude that; CuO NPs induced toxicity and injury in rat liver and kidney tissues.
{"title":"Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Rat","authors":"A. El-atrash, Somia Zaki, E. Tousson, M. Negm","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4280","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), which have potential hazards for organisms and the environment in a number of applications, have emerged as a prominent class of nanomaterials. \u0000Study Design: This study aimed to investigate the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles in rat liver and kidney tissues. \u0000Methodology: A total of 20 adult male rats were assigned randomly to 2 groups [1st, control; 2nd, CuO NPs (400 mg/kg body weight/day) intraperitoneally for 4 weeks]. \u0000Results: Current results revealed significant increases in serum ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, potassium ions and liver and kidney tissue damage after CuO NPs administration when compared to control group. Conversely, statistical significant decreases were detected in serum albumin, total proteins, calcium and sodium ions levels in CuO NPs group as compared to control group. \u0000Conclusion: We can conclude that; CuO NPs induced toxicity and injury in rat liver and kidney tissues.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76327035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4279
E. S. Asiwe, Chidi Uzoma Igwe, K. Iheanacho, V. Onwuliri, C. Alisi, Nmadike G. Ezeji-Chigbu, C. Ujowundu
Aims: This study was aimed at investigating the protective potential of ethyl acetate fractions of Persea americana (PA) seed and Bryophyllum pinnatum (BP) leaf binary combinations against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers. Methodology: Fifty (50) male Wistar rats were used in this study; they were assigned into 10 groups of five animals each and respective groups received a standard rat diet and drinking water ad libitum. The groups were group 1 (normal control group (NC)), group 2 (ulcer control (UC)), group 3 (Omeprazole, 20mgkg-1 (OMEP)), group 4 (PA) and group 5 (BP). Groups receiving binary combinations were group 6 (PA + BP, 1:1), group 7 (PA + BP, 1:2), group 8 (PA + BP, 1:3), group 9 (PA + BP, 2:1), group 10 (PA + BP, 3:1) each group was pre-treated with 400 mgKg-1 body weight/day of respective fraction or binary mixture by intubation for 21 days. On the 22nd day after overnight fasting, a gastric ulcer was induced with indomethacin (30mg/kg body weight) by intubation in a single dose. Ulcer markers and histopathology of stomach tissues were measured using standard methods. Results: The present study revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction of the plants PA seeds and BP leaf showed potent gastric tissue protective effects. Analysis of gastric changes indicated a significant (P<0.05) reduction in ulcer index, gastric acid output, gastric mucus content and pepsin activity of ulcerated rats pretreated with PA and BP fractions. The effect of the binary combinations was significantly (p<0.05) higher than single plant fractions. The protective effect of the fractions was in the order OMEP > PA+BP (3:1) > PA+BP (2:1) > PA+BP (1:1), > PA+BP (1:2) > PA+BP (1:3) > PA > BP. The observed ulcero-protective effect of the binary combinations of P. americana seed and B. pinnatum leaf may be attributed to the synergy of the phytochemicals contained in the fractions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that P. americana and B. pinnatum ethyl acetate fraction combination favorably protect against indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal oxidative damage, reducing ulcer index, gastric acid output, gastric mucus content and pepsin activity. The ethyl acetate fractions exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of ulcer formation in indomethacin gastric ulcer model.
{"title":"Ulcero-Protective Potential of Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Persea americana Seed and Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Binary Combinations in Indomethacin Induced Gastric Ulcer","authors":"E. S. Asiwe, Chidi Uzoma Igwe, K. Iheanacho, V. Onwuliri, C. Alisi, Nmadike G. Ezeji-Chigbu, C. Ujowundu","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4279","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study was aimed at investigating the protective potential of ethyl acetate fractions of Persea americana (PA) seed and Bryophyllum pinnatum (BP) leaf binary combinations against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers. \u0000Methodology: Fifty (50) male Wistar rats were used in this study; they were assigned into 10 groups of five animals each and respective groups received a standard rat diet and drinking water ad libitum. The groups were group 1 (normal control group (NC)), group 2 (ulcer control (UC)), group 3 (Omeprazole, 20mgkg-1 (OMEP)), group 4 (PA) and group 5 (BP). Groups receiving binary combinations were group 6 (PA + BP, 1:1), group 7 (PA + BP, 1:2), group 8 (PA + BP, 1:3), group 9 (PA + BP, 2:1), group 10 (PA + BP, 3:1) each group was pre-treated with 400 mgKg-1 body weight/day of respective fraction or binary mixture by intubation for 21 days. On the 22nd day after overnight fasting, a gastric ulcer was induced with indomethacin (30mg/kg body weight) by intubation in a single dose. Ulcer markers and histopathology of stomach tissues were measured using standard methods. \u0000Results: The present study revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction of the plants PA seeds and BP leaf showed potent gastric tissue protective effects. Analysis of gastric changes indicated a significant (P<0.05) reduction in ulcer index, gastric acid output, gastric mucus content and pepsin activity of ulcerated rats pretreated with PA and BP fractions. The effect of the binary combinations was significantly (p<0.05) higher than single plant fractions. The protective effect of the fractions was in the order OMEP > PA+BP (3:1) > PA+BP (2:1) > PA+BP (1:1), > PA+BP (1:2) > PA+BP (1:3) > PA > BP. The observed ulcero-protective effect of the binary combinations of P. americana seed and B. pinnatum leaf may be attributed to the synergy of the phytochemicals contained in the fractions. \u0000Conclusion: These findings suggest that P. americana and B. pinnatum ethyl acetate fraction combination favorably protect against indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal oxidative damage, reducing ulcer index, gastric acid output, gastric mucus content and pepsin activity. The ethyl acetate fractions exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of ulcer formation in indomethacin gastric ulcer model.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84780052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4277
B. Okolonkwo
Paraquat is a highly poisonous chemical that is commonly used as a herbicide (plant killer) to control weeds and grasses. It has been found to disrupt the levels and activities of some liver enzyme parameters. This experimental study was aimed at assessing the effect of Vitamin E in restoring liver physiology in paraquat-induced liver poisoning in rats. In this study, 200 male rats with a mean weight of 0.20.02kg, with 50 rats in each group of four, labeled A, B, C, and D. The "A" group received no paraquat, while the "B", "C", and "D" groups received 0.02g, 0.04g, and 0.06g of paraquat per kilogram of rat every two weeks for three months respectively. Each group also had a subgroup treated only with vitamin E and the Vit. E + paraquat subgroup BVE, CVE, and DVE but AVE was treated with paraquat but only Vit E. The blood was taken and the liver function was assayed. The result showed that there was a significant dose-dependent increase (P-value<0.05) in the levels liver enzymes in the subgroups treated with paraquat alone (A0, B0, C0 and D0). After treatment with vit E, the result revealed that there a significant decrease (P-value<0.05) in the level of the liver enzymes when compared to the corresponding subgroups without Vit. E treatment. This study has shown that vit E can ameliorate the effect of paraquat liver poisoning particularly when the treatment is administered weekly for two months.
{"title":"Effects of Two Months Durational Vitamin E Therapy on Paraquat-inflicted Liver Damage in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)","authors":"B. Okolonkwo","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4277","url":null,"abstract":"Paraquat is a highly poisonous chemical that is commonly used as a herbicide (plant killer) to control weeds and grasses. It has been found to disrupt the levels and activities of some liver enzyme parameters. This experimental study was aimed at assessing the effect of Vitamin E in restoring liver physiology in paraquat-induced liver poisoning in rats. In this study, 200 male rats with a mean weight of 0.20.02kg, with 50 rats in each group of four, labeled A, B, C, and D. The \"A\" group received no paraquat, while the \"B\", \"C\", and \"D\" groups received 0.02g, 0.04g, and 0.06g of paraquat per kilogram of rat every two weeks for three months respectively. Each group also had a subgroup treated only with vitamin E and the Vit. E + paraquat subgroup BVE, CVE, and DVE but AVE was treated with paraquat but only Vit E. The blood was taken and the liver function was assayed. The result showed that there was a significant dose-dependent increase (P-value<0.05) in the levels liver enzymes in the subgroups treated with paraquat alone (A0, B0, C0 and D0). After treatment with vit E, the result revealed that there a significant decrease (P-value<0.05) in the level of the liver enzymes when compared to the corresponding subgroups without Vit. E treatment. This study has shown that vit E can ameliorate the effect of paraquat liver poisoning particularly when the treatment is administered weekly for two months.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77405991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4278
B. Okolonkwo
Paraquat poisoning causes serious herbicide intoxication commonly and usually as a result of deliberate or accidental ingestion. Vitamins C and E are very good antioxidants that reacts rapidly with radicals and alters lipid peroxidation. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Vitamin E and C combination therapy on the chronic toxicity of paraquat on liver markers in Wistar rats. A total of 200 male rats were used for the study. The rats were divided into four groups of 50 rats in each group (A, B, C, D) and was further subgrouped into two (0 and VEC), having 25rats per subgroup. All “0” subgroups (A0, B0, C0 and D0) except A0 were treated with paraquat in 0.02g, 0.04g and 0.06g respectively every two weeks for three months. All “VEC” subgroups (AVEC, BVEC, CVEC and DVEC) except AVEC were treated with paraquat similarly, after which they were treated with vitamin E (500mg) and C (2000mg/L) weekly for one month. AVEC was only treated with vitamin E and C. Blood samples were collected and analysed for liver function test (total and direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin and globulin). There was a significant difference in the level of all the parameters among the “Ao”, “Bo”, “Co” and “Do”, p-value<0.05 and also among the “AVEC”, “BVEC”, “CVEC” and “DVEC”, p-value<0.05. The result also showed that there were significant differences in intra-group comparison in all the liver biochemical parameters, p-value<0.05. There was no significant difference in the concentration of globulin among the subgroup. This study has confirmed that vitamin E and C combination has a therapeutic effect in male Wistar rats on two month of weekly treatment. Therefore, a weekly treatment with Vit E and C can ameliorate liver toxicity in rats.
{"title":"The Effect of Combined Vitamin Treatment on Paraquat-inflicted Liver Damage","authors":"B. Okolonkwo","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4278","url":null,"abstract":"Paraquat poisoning causes serious herbicide intoxication commonly and usually as a result of deliberate or accidental ingestion. Vitamins C and E are very good antioxidants that reacts rapidly with radicals and alters lipid peroxidation. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Vitamin E and C combination therapy on the chronic toxicity of paraquat on liver markers in Wistar rats. A total of 200 male rats were used for the study. The rats were divided into four groups of 50 rats in each group (A, B, C, D) and was further subgrouped into two (0 and VEC), having 25rats per subgroup. All “0” subgroups (A0, B0, C0 and D0) except A0 were treated with paraquat in 0.02g, 0.04g and 0.06g respectively every two weeks for three months. All “VEC” subgroups (AVEC, BVEC, CVEC and DVEC) except AVEC were treated with paraquat similarly, after which they were treated with vitamin E (500mg) and C (2000mg/L) weekly for one month. AVEC was only treated with vitamin E and C. Blood samples were collected and analysed for liver function test (total and direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin and globulin). There was a significant difference in the level of all the parameters among the “Ao”, “Bo”, “Co” and “Do”, p-value<0.05 and also among the “AVEC”, “BVEC”, “CVEC” and “DVEC”, p-value<0.05. The result also showed that there were significant differences in intra-group comparison in all the liver biochemical parameters, p-value<0.05. There was no significant difference in the concentration of globulin among the subgroup. This study has confirmed that vitamin E and C combination has a therapeutic effect in male Wistar rats on two month of weekly treatment. Therefore, a weekly treatment with Vit E and C can ameliorate liver toxicity in rats.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78887920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-22DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4276
J. Sudiono, P. Trisfilha, Debi Agita
Background: In Indonesia, Solanum betaceum cav is a traditional herbal medicine which their skin is often wasted because not many people known its content. Aims: To find out the anti-toxic effect of Solanum betaceum cav peel skin ethanol extract on rat’s renal post-carrageenan induction. Study Design: Laboratory experimental in vivo study. Place and Duration of Study: This research was done at Animal Research Facilities (ARF) Medical Faculty University of Indonesia, at September to December 2021. Methodology: The samples used in this research are male white mice, Wistar strain (Rattus norvegicus) with the body weight 180–220 gram which divided into 5 groups, negative control (saline), positive control (sodium dilcofenac 7mg/kgBW), and Solanum betaceum Cav. peel skin ethanol extract groups (70mg/kgBW, 140mg/kgBW, and 280mg/kgBW). Mice’s buccal mucosa was injected with Caraagenan 1%. Macroscopic and microscopic observation was done before, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours post caraagenan injection. Results: Phytochemical test showed that Solanum betaceum Cav. peel skin ethanol extract contains phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and alkaloid. At all doses, anti-toxic effect of Solanum betaceum Cav. peel skin ethanol extract have same healing effectiveness within 48 hours. In positive control, the renal were normal at 48 hours. Meanwhile, the negative control’s healing effectiveness was seen at 72 hours. Conclusion: The anti-toxic effect of Solanum betaceum Cav. peel skin ethanol extract has effective healing process at all doses in 48 hours post-carrageenan induction without affect rats’ body weight, however with lower intensity than positive control which using dilcofenac as anti-inflammatory drug.
{"title":"Antitoxic Effects of Solanum betaceum cav. Peel Skin Extract","authors":"J. Sudiono, P. Trisfilha, Debi Agita","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4276","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Indonesia, Solanum betaceum cav is a traditional herbal medicine which their skin is often wasted because not many people known its content. \u0000Aims: To find out the anti-toxic effect of Solanum betaceum cav peel skin ethanol extract on rat’s renal post-carrageenan induction. \u0000Study Design: Laboratory experimental in vivo study. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: This research was done at Animal Research Facilities (ARF) Medical Faculty University of Indonesia, at September to December 2021. \u0000Methodology: The samples used in this research are male white mice, Wistar strain (Rattus norvegicus) with the body weight 180–220 gram which divided into 5 groups, negative control (saline), positive control (sodium dilcofenac 7mg/kgBW), and Solanum betaceum Cav. peel skin ethanol extract groups (70mg/kgBW, 140mg/kgBW, and 280mg/kgBW). Mice’s buccal mucosa was injected with Caraagenan 1%. Macroscopic and microscopic observation was done before, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours post caraagenan injection. \u0000Results: Phytochemical test showed that Solanum betaceum Cav. peel skin ethanol extract contains phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and alkaloid. At all doses, anti-toxic effect of Solanum betaceum Cav. peel skin ethanol extract have same healing effectiveness within 48 hours. In positive control, the renal were normal at 48 hours. Meanwhile, the negative control’s healing effectiveness was seen at 72 hours. \u0000Conclusion: The anti-toxic effect of Solanum betaceum Cav. peel skin ethanol extract has effective healing process at all doses in 48 hours post-carrageenan induction without affect rats’ body weight, however with lower intensity than positive control which using dilcofenac as anti-inflammatory drug.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89508670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4274
A. Mandal
The exposure of hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) mainly through the inhalation, skin contact or oral administration by the environmental chromium industrial processes causes the major toxicity-induced health hazardous mortality throughout the world. Though reduced chromium (Cr-III), as an essential micronutrient, is utilized to maintain the normal blood glucose, lipid and protein profiles through the metabolism in the body to activate the action of the hormones such as insulin, the high concentration exposures of Cr-VI and Cr-III cause oxidative stress-induced DNA oxidation and adducts, DNA strand breaks and mutations, DNA-protein cross-links, membrane-lipid peroxidation and reduced/altered antioxidant/immune response activities, leading to cellular damage-related various diseases and the development of malignant cancer. Applications of different cargos may inhibit Cr-VI or its intermediates-induced cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, or genotoxicity through chromium-chelating and scavenging free radical reactive species, restoring antioxidant and immune response activities or arresting disease-oriented signal transductions or other pathways at cellular and molecular levels. This review mainly demonstrates the development of various diseases by chromium exposure and their inhibitions by cargos.
{"title":"Chromium Induced Developments of Diseases and their Inhibitions by Cargos","authors":"A. Mandal","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4274","url":null,"abstract":"The exposure of hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) mainly through the inhalation, skin contact or oral administration by the environmental chromium industrial processes causes the major toxicity-induced health hazardous mortality throughout the world. Though reduced chromium (Cr-III), as an essential micronutrient, is utilized to maintain the normal blood glucose, lipid and protein profiles through the metabolism in the body to activate the action of the hormones such as insulin, the high concentration exposures of Cr-VI and Cr-III cause oxidative stress-induced DNA oxidation and adducts, DNA strand breaks and mutations, DNA-protein cross-links, membrane-lipid peroxidation and reduced/altered antioxidant/immune response activities, leading to cellular damage-related various diseases and the development of malignant cancer. \u0000Applications of different cargos may inhibit Cr-VI or its intermediates-induced cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, or genotoxicity through chromium-chelating and scavenging free radical reactive species, restoring antioxidant and immune response activities or arresting disease-oriented signal transductions or other pathways at cellular and molecular levels. This review mainly demonstrates the development of various diseases by chromium exposure and their inhibitions by cargos.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82501195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4272
N. J. Caleb, V. Nwankwo, Nweke Celestine Chimaobi, Ugoaghalam Uche James, Uchenna Sampson Igwe, A. Chinedu
Coronaviruses forma large family of respiratory viruses having positive (+ve)-stranded RNA (C0V). Their names are derived from the crown-like shape that is present on their them (surface). The new viral strain SARS-CoV-2 was first discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Even though this virus can spread via airborne, direct, and indirect contact, the most typical way of infection transmission is through droplets. Like the other coronaviruses in the same family, it can causeeverything from minor flu-like symptoms like; cold, sore throat, cough, and fever, to very seriousones like; pneumonia and breathing difficulties. It also has the potential to be fatal. The primary constituents make up the coronavirus. For instance, the positive-stranded RNA molecule that the host cell will translate is carried by the endoplasm, cell membrane, and outer globular protein. The transit of substances into and out of the cell is regulated by the cell membrane and membrane protein. One or more of them include the pointed glycoprotein, envelope small membrane protein, hemagglutinin esterase, nucleoprotein, and genomic RNA. The second coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome is the reason for the ongoing coronavirus disease epidemic known as covid-19 pandemic or coronavirus pandemic (SARS-COV-2). It was originally discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified the outbreak as a pandemic and a public health emergency of global concern in January 2020 and March 2020, respectively. As of March 7th, 2021, COVID-19, one of the deadliest pandemics in recorded history, had been linked to over 2.59 million fatalities and over 11.7 million confirmed cases. Being vaccination is one of the steps you may take to protect yourself and others from getting infected with COVID-19. Protection from COVID-19 is essential since it can cause severe illness or death in some persons. It takes all the tools at our disposal to stop a pandemic. You can reduce your risk of getting sick or spreading the disease to others by taking additional precautions like wearing masks and avoiding social situations. Combining the COVID-19 vaccine with following the CDC’s recommendations for safeguarding both you and others will provide the best defense against the virus.
{"title":"Biochemistry of Corona Virus: An Overveiw","authors":"N. J. Caleb, V. Nwankwo, Nweke Celestine Chimaobi, Ugoaghalam Uche James, Uchenna Sampson Igwe, A. Chinedu","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4272","url":null,"abstract":"Coronaviruses forma large family of respiratory viruses having positive (+ve)-stranded RNA (C0V). Their names are derived from the crown-like shape that is present on their them (surface). The new viral strain SARS-CoV-2 was first discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Even though this virus can spread via airborne, direct, and indirect contact, the most typical way of infection transmission is through droplets. Like the other coronaviruses in the same family, it can causeeverything from minor flu-like symptoms like; cold, sore throat, cough, and fever, to very seriousones like; pneumonia and breathing difficulties. It also has the potential to be fatal. The primary constituents make up the coronavirus. For instance, the positive-stranded RNA molecule that the host cell will translate is carried by the endoplasm, cell membrane, and outer globular protein. The transit of substances into and out of the cell is regulated by the cell membrane and membrane protein. One or more of them include the pointed glycoprotein, envelope small membrane protein, hemagglutinin esterase, nucleoprotein, and genomic RNA. The second coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome is the reason for the ongoing coronavirus disease epidemic known as covid-19 pandemic or coronavirus pandemic (SARS-COV-2). It was originally discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified the outbreak as a pandemic and a public health emergency of global concern in January 2020 and March 2020, respectively. As of March 7th, 2021, COVID-19, one of the deadliest pandemics in recorded history, had been linked to over 2.59 million fatalities and over 11.7 million confirmed cases. Being vaccination is one of the steps you may take to protect yourself and others from getting infected with COVID-19. Protection from COVID-19 is essential since it can cause severe illness or death in some persons. It takes all the tools at our disposal to stop a pandemic. You can reduce your risk of getting sick or spreading the disease to others by taking additional precautions like wearing masks and avoiding social situations. Combining the COVID-19 vaccine with following the CDC’s recommendations for safeguarding both you and others will provide the best defense against the virus.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90680946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-22DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4271
E. C. Uloeme, N. J. Caleb, V. C. Nwankwo, C. Nosiri
The antiretroviral medication (ART) compliance of expectant HIV/AIDS patients in Nigeria's Okigwe Imo state was investigated in this study. In particular, the study established the prevalence of HIV among expectant mothers in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria, identified the behavioral and demographic factors associated with ART adherence, and looked at the obstacles to ART use among expectant mothers in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria. The study adopted the AIDS risk reduction model by Catania and Coates, (1990), the pathway of survival model theory by Mosley and Chen (1984) and the health belief model by Rosenstock et al (1950). From the responses obtained and analysed, the findings revealed that the extent of the prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria is low. Also, the findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between demography and ART adherence among pregnant women in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria. The findings further revealed that there is a significant relationship between behaviour and ART adherence among pregnant women in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that PMTCT services should be accessible to every pregnant woman attending antenatal care, either onsite or through a referral to a nearby clinic, to improve coverage. When it comes to locating PMTCT facilities, using a geographic information system can help eliminate inequity and enhance accessibility within states.
{"title":"Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (Art) among Pregnant Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria","authors":"E. C. Uloeme, N. J. Caleb, V. C. Nwankwo, C. Nosiri","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4271","url":null,"abstract":"The antiretroviral medication (ART) compliance of expectant HIV/AIDS patients in Nigeria's Okigwe Imo state was investigated in this study. In particular, the study established the prevalence of HIV among expectant mothers in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria, identified the behavioral and demographic factors associated with ART adherence, and looked at the obstacles to ART use among expectant mothers in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria. The study adopted the AIDS risk reduction model by Catania and Coates, (1990), the pathway of survival model theory by Mosley and Chen (1984) and the health belief model by Rosenstock et al (1950). From the responses obtained and analysed, the findings revealed that the extent of the prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria is low. Also, the findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between demography and ART adherence among pregnant women in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria. The findings further revealed that there is a significant relationship between behaviour and ART adherence among pregnant women in Okigwe Imo State, Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that PMTCT services should be accessible to every pregnant woman attending antenatal care, either onsite or through a referral to a nearby clinic, to improve coverage. When it comes to locating PMTCT facilities, using a geographic information system can help eliminate inequity and enhance accessibility within states.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85362480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4270
Kimberly Morton Cuthrell, M. Singh, Marly Villamar, Ushna Shabbir
One of the most difficult clinical tasks is treating pregnant women with bipolar disorder. Decisions that patients and physicians make are challenging, and no strategy is without risks nor prevents potential malpractice litigation. There is debate about whether to continue or discontinue antipsychotic medications during pregnancy. While discontinuation of antipsychotics may increase the risk of relapse, continued use of these medications may lead to fetal and maternal adverse outcomes. Some antipsychotics effectively treat symptoms related to bipolar disorder, including manic episodes and mood swings between mania and depression. Though antipsychotics may be useful for the treatment and management of bipolar disorder, the medications are not always favorable and are associated with adverse effects which have influenced some medical professionals to practice defensive medicine for decades that, in some cases, may coincide or conflict with medical ethics. While antipsychotics have a less safe yet effective impact on bipolar disorder in pregnant women, an alternative therapeutic approach such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) should be considered. CBT psychotherapy is an evidence-based practice approach that can be beneficial in the treatment of bipolar disorder in pregnant women while bypassing the associated adverse reactions of antipsychotics. Attention is needed to explore the use and associated risks and benefits of antipsychotic medications during prenatal and postnatal, the debate of whether to continue or discontinue antipsychotic medication during pregnancy, and the role of CBT in the treatment of pregnant women with bipolar disorder. While antipsychotics may have beneficial effects that should not be underscored, the risks associated with the usage of antipsychotics during pregnancy cannot be minimized.
{"title":"Antipsychotic Medications and Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Pregnant Women with Bipolar Disorder","authors":"Kimberly Morton Cuthrell, M. Singh, Marly Villamar, Ushna Shabbir","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4270","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most difficult clinical tasks is treating pregnant women with bipolar disorder. Decisions that patients and physicians make are challenging, and no strategy is without risks nor prevents potential malpractice litigation. There is debate about whether to continue or discontinue antipsychotic medications during pregnancy. While discontinuation of antipsychotics may increase the risk of relapse, continued use of these medications may lead to fetal and maternal adverse outcomes. Some antipsychotics effectively treat symptoms related to bipolar disorder, including manic episodes and mood swings between mania and depression. Though antipsychotics may be useful for the treatment and management of bipolar disorder, the medications are not always favorable and are associated with adverse effects which have influenced some medical professionals to practice defensive medicine for decades that, in some cases, may coincide or conflict with medical ethics. While antipsychotics have a less safe yet effective impact on bipolar disorder in pregnant women, an alternative therapeutic approach such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) should be considered. CBT psychotherapy is an evidence-based practice approach that can be beneficial in the treatment of bipolar disorder in pregnant women while bypassing the associated adverse reactions of antipsychotics. Attention is needed to explore the use and associated risks and benefits of antipsychotic medications during prenatal and postnatal, the debate of whether to continue or discontinue antipsychotic medication during pregnancy, and the role of CBT in the treatment of pregnant women with bipolar disorder. While antipsychotics may have beneficial effects that should not be underscored, the risks associated with the usage of antipsychotics during pregnancy cannot be minimized.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80971602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-15DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4269
Florence Oremeyi Elujoba, Samuel Oche Odeh, K. Amadi, Micheal Kehinde Elujoba, H. Tijjani, Oto-obong Idah, Nwibo Nkechi Lilian
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secondarily cellular damage of varied severity. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are currently the therapy of optimal considerations for HIV-infected patients. Aims: The present study was designed to assess the oxidative stress levels in people living with HIV/AIDS on HAART. Methods: A total of one hundred and twenty (120) patients attending the Jos University Teaching Hospital APIN Centre were recruited for the study following the inclusion criteria. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated in blood samples of recruited patients. Results: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased in control patients with no significant difference (p<0.05) compared with HAART. However, significant increases (p>0.05) were observed in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration of control patients compared with HAART and HAART Naïve patients. More so, significant increase (p>0.05) was observed in malondialdehyde (MDA) of HAART Naïve patients compared with HAART treatment and control. No significant differences (p>0.05) was observed in alanine aminotransferase and creatinine in HAART, HAART Naïve compared with the control patients. Conclusion: The study indicated that HIV/AIDS positive patients express reduced levels of SOD, and GSH with an increase level of MDA. This could further lead to oxidative stress complications and thus HAART-naïve patients are encouraged to used HAART to prevent further complication that could arise from oxidative stress.
{"title":"Assessment of Oxidative Stress Level in HIV/AIDS Patients on HAART Treatments","authors":"Florence Oremeyi Elujoba, Samuel Oche Odeh, K. Amadi, Micheal Kehinde Elujoba, H. Tijjani, Oto-obong Idah, Nwibo Nkechi Lilian","doi":"10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2022/v12i4269","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secondarily cellular damage of varied severity. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are currently the therapy of optimal considerations for HIV-infected patients. \u0000Aims: The present study was designed to assess the oxidative stress levels in people living with HIV/AIDS on HAART. \u0000Methods: A total of one hundred and twenty (120) patients attending the Jos University Teaching Hospital APIN Centre were recruited for the study following the inclusion criteria. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated in blood samples of recruited patients. \u0000Results: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased in control patients with no significant difference (p<0.05) compared with HAART. However, significant increases (p>0.05) were observed in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration of control patients compared with HAART and HAART Naïve patients. More so, significant increase (p>0.05) was observed in malondialdehyde (MDA) of HAART Naïve patients compared with HAART treatment and control. No significant differences (p>0.05) was observed in alanine aminotransferase and creatinine in HAART, HAART Naïve compared with the control patients. \u0000Conclusion: The study indicated that HIV/AIDS positive patients express reduced levels of SOD, and GSH with an increase level of MDA. This could further lead to oxidative stress complications and thus HAART-naïve patients are encouraged to used HAART to prevent further complication that could arise from oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":8498,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84336162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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