Applied Animal Science最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on the prevention of digital dermatitis using an experimental infection model in cattle","authors":"K. Anklam ,&nbsp;M. Aviles ,&nbsp;J. Buettner ,&nbsp;S. Henschel ,&nbsp;R. Sanchez ,&nbsp;S. Ordaz ,&nbsp;I. Yoon ,&nbsp;J. Wheeler ,&nbsp;G. Dawson ,&nbsp;D. Doepfer","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02567","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of a feed supplement, <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> fermentation product (SCFP, NutriTek, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA), on the prevention of digital dermatitis (DD) lesions in Holstein Friesian steers. For this research, an experimental infection model was used to reliably induce DD lesions in cattle.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>A blind completely randomized study was conducted using a digital dermatitis infection model. Following 7 d of hydropic skin maceration in a wrap, the hind feet of 49 Holstein Friesian steers (24 control and 25 SCFP) were inoculated with bovine DD lesion homogenate and remained wrapped until clinical signs of DD were observed or until the protocol endpoint. Pellets containing SCFP (12 g/d NutriTek) or control supplements were mixed in the steers’ respective daily total mixed ration and fed throughout the duration of the study.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Seven days after inoculation, all 49 steers developed an M1 (early focal bacterial keratolysis of the epidermis) or M2 (ulcerated/active) lesion on at least 1 hind foot. Treponeme species were detected by polymerase chain reaction, and invasive spirochetes were observed by histology in skin biopsies of the experimentally induced DD lesions. In this DD induction model, the relative risk of steers to develop M2 lesions in the control group was 1.53 (1.09–2.15, 95% CI) times greater than the SCFP group, although SCFP supplementation did not significantly affect the size of the M2 lesions. The multivariable regression analysis, adjusted for risk factors, confirmed that the control steers were significantly more likely to develop M2 lesions than the SCFP steers.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>The DD experimental infection model used in the present study is useful for testing additional intervention strategies in cattle. The protective effect of SCFP against developing experimentally induced M2 DD lesions suggests that SCFP can be considered as a nutritional intervention to mitigate the risk of DD infection. Additional research is warranted to evaluate the potential mode of action to support the use of SCFP supplementation in the prevention of the development and transmission of DD lesions in cattle under field conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 2","pages":"Pages 47-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review: History of chromium in animal nutrition in the United States","authors":"J.W. Spears","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02653","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The purpose of this paper is to review animal research studies with chromium (Cr) sources that are permitted or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).</div></div><div><h3>Sources</h3><div>Research in peer-reviewed journals was the source of information reviewed.</div></div><div><h3>Synthesis</h3><div>Chromium tripicolinate (Chromax) and chromium propionate (KemTRACE Cr) are permitted by FDA for supplementation to swine diets at a level up to 0.20 mg Cr/kg diet. Chromium propionate (CrProp) is permitted by FDA for supplementation to cattle diets at a level up to 0.50 mg Cr/kg diet, and is approved for supplementation to adult horses at a level of 4 mg Cr/d, and broiler and turkey diets at a level not to exceed 0.20 mg Cr/kg diet. Chromium supplementation in swine has increased litter size in sows. In lactating dairy cows, CrProp supplementation has increased milk production and reproductive performance, and increased ADG and hot carcass wt in finishing steers. Improved gain and feed efficiency have been reported in broilers and turkeys supplemented with CrProp. In adult horses, CrProp supplementation increased insulin sensitivity following oral or i.v. carbohydrate administration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and Applications</h3><div>Studies in lactating dairy cows, finishing steers, broilers, and turkeys have indicated that CrProp supplementation can improve performance. Supplementation of Cr picolinate (CrPic) has increased litter size in sows in several studies. Animal responses to Cr supplementation have been variable and research is needed to determine factors that affect responses to Cr supplementation. Chromium propionate may be beneficial in preventing insulin resistance or improving insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant horses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 2","pages":"Pages 65-75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted durations of tylosin phosphate on incidence and severity of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle*","authors":"L.F.B.B. Feitoza ,&nbsp;A.N. Baker ,&nbsp;R.L. Thorn ,&nbsp;L.S. Monteiro ,&nbsp;F. Nasiu ,&nbsp;T.G. Nagaraja ,&nbsp;Q. Kang ,&nbsp;J.S. Drouillard","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02574","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our objective was to assess the effects of feeding tylosin phosphate at 60 mg∙steer⁻¹∙d⁻¹ for the first 30 or 60 d of the finishing phase on the incidence and severity of liver abscesses, performance, and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Steers (n = 462) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: no tylosin phosphate (control) or tylosin phosphate, administered in the feed as a type B medicated premix supplement, to provide 60 mg∙steer⁻¹∙d⁻¹ for the first 30 d (T-30) or 60 d (T-60) of the finishing phase (steers were fed the control diet for the remaining days of the finishing phase). Steers were housed in pens with 7 steers per pen and 22 pens per treatment. Cattle BW were recorded at 30-d intervals, and final BW was recorded on d 161 on feed. Steers were processed at a commercial abattoir, and incidence and severity of liver abscesses and carcass characteristics were recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Incidence of abscessed livers was not affected by targeted durations of tylosin phosphate administration. However, there was a trend for severe abscesses to happen less in T-30 and T-60 than in the control, possibly because of inclusion of tylosin phosphate during the diet transition phase when cattle are likely to experience ruminal acidosis. Steers that received tylosin phosphate had greater BW on d 30 or 60 compared with the control. Steer performance and carcass characteristics were not affected by treatments.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Administration of tylosin phosphate at 60 mg per animal daily for the first 30 or 60 d of the finishing phase had no effect on the incidence of abscessed livers, although there was a trend for the reduction in severe abscesses in feedlot steers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myosin heavy chain, myogenic regulatory factors, and steroid hormone receptor responses in serially slaughtered implanted or nonimplanted beef steers","authors":"K.R. Wesley ,&nbsp;L.K. Fuerniss ,&nbsp;J.T. Jobe ,&nbsp;J.P. Hutcheson ,&nbsp;W.T. Nichols ,&nbsp;T.J. Kirkpatrick ,&nbsp;S.L. Pillmore ,&nbsp;K.B. Cooper ,&nbsp;B.J. Johnson ,&nbsp;T.E. Lawrence","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02579","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The objective of this study was to quantify changes in beef steers in myosin-heavy-chain fiber type, myogenic regulatory factors, and steroid hormone receptors over time and in response to implantation in the longissimus dorsi (LD), semitendinosus (ST), and diaphragm (D) muscles.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Eighty beef steers were paired based on estimated final BW, and individuals received no implant (CON) or Revalor-XS (Merck Animal Health) administered at d 0 and 190 (IMP). Four pairs of steers were randomly assigned to slaughter group at 42-d intervals from d 0 to 378. At slaughter, samples were collected from the LD, ST, and D muscles of each animal for immunohistochemical analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Proportions of cross-sectional area (CSA) occupied by each myosin-heavy-chain type were not different between implant treatments. Increased days on feed led to increased CSA in all muscles. Total nuclei density tended to be greater in CON steers. Myogenic regulatory factors expressed as a proportion of total nuclei led to no difference due to implant treatment in all variables, except a tendency for increased proportion of myonuclei in the ST of IMP steers. Day influenced all variables in the LD with positive quadratic effects on proportion of myonuclei and MYF5-positive nuclei. In the ST, day affected proportion of myonuclei and PAX7- and MYF5/ PAX7-dual-positive nuclei. All myogenic factors were affected by day in the D. Steroid receptor expression was unaffected by implant status regardless of muscle. Day tended to affect steroid receptor variables in the LD, ST, and D, with varying trends by muscle and variable.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Implant treatment did not alter the proportion of muscle fiber types, myogenic outcomes relative to total nuclei, or steroid hormone receptors. However, implant administration increased overall CSA by 9% to 16%, suggesting enhanced muscle growth without affecting muscle composition or regulatory mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 10-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of ultrasonography to detect liver abscesses in cattle*","authors":"A.B. Thompson ,&nbsp;T.L. Perkins ,&nbsp;T.E. Lawrence ,&nbsp;R.G. Amachawadi ,&nbsp;T.G. Nagaraja ,&nbsp;P.R. Broadway ,&nbsp;N.C. Burdick Sanchez ,&nbsp;V. Machado ,&nbsp;M.S. Grant ,&nbsp;M.L. Galyean ,&nbsp;K.E. Hales","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02639","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our aim was to evaluate the use of ultrasonography to identify liver abscesses in cattle.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Finishing steers (n = 160, mean final BW = 649 kg) were used in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 (n = 63, mean final BW = 593 kg). Liver abscess images were obtained 24 h before slaughter. Steers in Exp. 3 (n = 40; mean final BW = 168 kg) and 4 (n = 40; mean final BW = 159 kg) were beef × dairy steers used in a study to experimentally induce liver abscesses. Real-time ultrasound imaging of the liver was conducted on the day of slaughter.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>In Exp. 1, the sensitivity of ultrasonography for detection of liver abscesses in finishing beef steers was 14.6%, and in Exp. 2 the sensitivity was 5.6%. In the lightweight beef × dairy steers, sensitivity was 50% in Exp. 2 and 41.1% in Exp 3. Ultrasound accuracy ranged from 70% to 75% within all 4 experiments. Specificity of ultrasonography ranged from 84.6% to 100% among all experiments.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Low sensitivity of detection in all experiments indicates ultrasonography has limited value for detecting liver abscesses in live cattle. Nonetheless, the greater specificity observed indicates that ultrasonography is effective at diagnosing a steer as negative, but the likelihood of detecting a negative is greater than detecting a positive because of the low prevalence of liver abscesses among the steers in each study. Even with modern ultrasound equipment with improved resolution, liver abscesses remain difficult to detect in live cattle, but sensitivity seems to be improved in lighter versus heavier weight cattle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 21-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Study: Assessment of greenhouse gas intensities on exemplary small and mid-sized US dairy farms","authors":"L.A. Olthof ,&nbsp;K.R. Briggs ,&nbsp;J.R. Knapp ,&nbsp;B.J. Bradford","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02624","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our objective was to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) intensities for 4 dairy farms representing the Northeast, Great Lakes, West, and Southeast US regions using the Farmers Assuring Responsible Management: Environmental Stewardship (FARM ES) life-cycle analysis model.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Four herds with &lt;1,000 lactating cows, on farms selected as excellent environmental stewards, were assessed, with mean (±SD) production of 10,782 ± 2,037 kg/yr fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM). Data from 2021 were gathered from management software, interviews, and on-farm evaluations. Soil OM data for ≥7 yr were available on 3 farms. Emissions intensity was quantified as net CO₂ equivalents (CO₂e) emitted per unit of FPCM sold.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Mean (±SD) GHG emissions intensity was 0.97 ± 0.16 kg of CO₂e/kg of FPCM. In terms of point sources, FARM ES attributed 42 ± 6% of the farms’ emissions to enteric methane and 28 ± 9% to manure emissions. The remaining emissions were associated with feed production and energy use. Two farms that used manure separation had an average emissions intensity 0.20 kg of CO₂e/kg of FPCM less than farms that did not. Average annual soil carbon sequestration rates ranged from −0.82 to 3.52 Mg of carbon/ha, decreasing mean net GHG emissions intensity by 18% on these farms (0.81 vs. 0.99 kg of CO₂e/kg of FPCM).</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Management practices have wide-ranging implications for dairy farm emissions intensities, and quantifying soil carbon sequestration is key for estimating net GHG emissions for a dairy farm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 28-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"February\" Cover","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00005-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00005-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"Page OFC"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Call for Submissions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00010-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00010-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages iii-v"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic returns and market risk of extending days on feed for beef × dairy cross heifers","authors":"C.S. Schmaltz ,&nbsp;T.C. Schroeder ,&nbsp;L.J. Walter ,&nbsp;J.P. Hutcheson","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02616","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Our objective was to estimate economic net returns and return risk for beef × dairy cross heifers as days on feed (DOF) are extended.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Cattle production information and carcass performance data were obtained from a recent publication detailing a beef × dairy heifer cross serial slaughter study. Before final implant date heifers were treated the same through the first 265 DOF. At terminal implant, heifers were randomized into 4 treatment groups. Treatment 1 was fed for 58 d after randomization; treatment 2 for 79 d; treatment 3 for 97 d; and treatment 4 for 120 d. Baseline budgets were constructed using 5-yr average prices. Scenarios varying prices and costs and risk analysis of price changes over extended DOF were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Net returns varied in economically important ways as DOF were extended. In baseline scenario, treatment 1 had highest net return of $99.84/head (hd) and treatment 4 lowest return of $57.13/ hd. Changing feed cost, carcass base price, and QG adjustments generally did not alter ordering of net returns across DOF. With low feed prices or high carcass prices, extending DOF increased net returns in some scenarios. Sensitivity analysis changing prices revealed base carcass price was the dominant risk determinant representing &gt;90% of return risk. Return standard deviations ranged $69.06/hd for 3 wk extended DOF to $114.52/hd for 9 wk.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Extending DOF reduced net returns in the baseline. With different market conditions from baseline, extending DOF could increase returns. Market risk, especially carcass base price changes, was prevalent when extending DOF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 824-834"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives and Commentary: Fat nutrition and metabolism of early-lactation dairy cows","authors":"A.F. Kertz","doi":"10.15232/aas.2024-02540","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2024-02540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>My objective was to review key factors involved in identifying and characterizing how dairy cows metabolize fat sources and their resultant effects on DMI, milk fat depression, and body condition, with emphasis on early lactation. Thus, short-term, mid-lactation studies were not included.</div></div><div><h3>Sources</h3><div>The main sources of information were peer-reviewed journal articles, some dairy nutrition conference proceedings, a monograph, several abstracts, a still pertinent periodical article (Lock and Bauman, 2007), and 50 yr of research and field experiences in this area.</div></div><div><h3>Synthesis</h3><div>Forms of fat, such as triglycerides or free fatty acids whether unsaturated or saturated, affect DMI, milk fat depression, and body condition. The more unsaturated that fatty acids (FA) are, especially the amount of linoleic acid, the more negatively these facets are affected.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and Applications</h3><div>Know what kinds of fat sources are being fed. What is the FA composition of feedstuffs fed and fat sources, especially the UFA and their levels? The more UFA sources there are, the more DMI and milk fat percentage may be negatively affected. Linoleic FA is a key marker for these negative effects, which may ensue if daily intake of linoleic acid is 300 to 400 g or more. This can be exacerbated by other factors such as low dietary forage levels, greater starch, wet forages, and finely chopped forages, which all contribute to lower rumen pH, which facilitates milk fat depression. Reduction in DMI is the major consideration when fat supplementation occurs, with digestibility of fat supplements being a secondary consideration. Either palmitic or stearic acid above 80%, but especially above 90%, in a fat supplement is of concern and may be less digestible because they can become more crystalline. This can also be a factor when physically blending these single sources together. However, if these 2 FA sources are melted and then prilled, this crystalline formation is not likely to occur. Palmitic and stearic acids melted together and then prilled incorporate the complementary benefits of both, potentially in ratios of 1:1 to 2:1, palmitic to stearic acid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 6","pages":"Pages 729-737"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}