Applied Animal Science最新文献_第3页

Review: Production and prediction of enteric methane in dairies in the Texas Panhandle and surrounding areas 综述：德克萨斯州狭长地带及周边地区奶牛场肠道甲烷的产生与预测

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2025-02676

M.S. Grant , K.E. Hales , M.A. Ballou , M.L. Galyean

Purpose

We reviewed the current understanding of methane production, prediction, and mitigation strategies in dairy cattle located in the Texas Panhandle and surrounding High Plains region.

Sources

Peer-reviewed literature was the primary source of information.

Synthesis

The dairy industry in the Texas Panhandle and surrounding High Plains region has expanded greatly in recent decades, reflecting a geographic shift from historically significant dairy production areas in Central and Northeast Texas and states in the Western United States. Along with this geographic shift, the US dairy cattle population has decreased 4.5% since 1990. Nonetheless, enteric CH₄ emissions increased 13% from 1990 to 2022. Enteric CH₄ emissions can be affected by numerous diet- related factors including feed intake, diet composition, and feed additives (hydrogen sinks and direct inhibitors) that alter CH₄ production in the gastrointestinal tract. Accurate, direct estimates of enteric CH₄ emissions are challenging and costly to measure from individual animals, which has resulted in the use of mathematical models as a means to predict CH₄ emissions in dairy cattle. We evaluated commonly used equations to predict CH₄ emissions in lactating cows, nonlactating cows, and growing heifers when applied to diets and performance typical of dairies in the Texas Panhandle. The CH₄ emissions (g/d) among the 3 equations used with 3 lactating cow diets ranged from 431 to 507 g/d. Additionally, the CH₄ emissions among the 2 equations used with 3 dry cow diets ranged from 251 to 278 g/d. For dairy heifers, CH₄ emissions among the 2 equations used with 3 growing heifer diets ranged from 157 to 175 g/d. Predicted CH₄ yield for equations and diets used ranged from 17.8 to 20.9 g/kg of DMI for lactating cows, 17.9 to 19.8 g/kg of DMI for dry cows, and 14.6 to 20.2 g/kg of DMI for growing heifers.

Conclusions and Applications

Dietary factors affecting enteric CH₄ production are generally well defined. Moreover, potential mitigation strategies exist to decrease CH₄ emissions, but our ability to accurately and precisely predict feed intake and digestibility, which are major factors affecting CH₄ production, needs improvement. Future research measuring enteric CH₄ emissions from cows fed diets typical of those used in the Texas Panhandle and High Plains region across a range of DMI would be useful to validate and potentially improve existing prediction equations for their utility in these regions. Improvement in predicting enteric CH₄ emissions will allow dairies to address potential regulatory challenges and understand practical effects of mitigation approaches.

目的综述了目前对德克萨斯州狭长地带及周边高平原地区奶牛甲烷产生、预测和缓解策略的了解。资料来源同行评议的文献是主要的资料来源。近几十年来，德克萨斯州狭长地带及其周边的高平原地区的乳制品工业得到了极大的发展，这反映了德克萨斯州中部和东北部历史上重要的乳制品生产区和美国西部各州的地理变化。随着这种地理位置的变化，美国奶牛的数量自1990年以来减少了4.5%。尽管如此，从1990年到2022年，肠道甲烷排放量增加了13%。肠道CH4排放可受到许多与饲料有关的因素的影响，包括采食量、饲料成分和饲料添加剂（氢汇和直接抑制剂），这些因素会改变胃肠道中CH4的产生。准确、直接地估计奶牛肠道内CH4的排放量具有挑战性，而且成本高昂，因此需要使用数学模型作为预测奶牛体内CH4排放量的手段。我们评估了用于预测泌乳奶牛、非泌乳奶牛和生长中的小母牛的CH4排放的常用方程，并将其应用于德克萨斯州狭长地区典型奶牛的日粮和生产性能。3种奶牛日粮的CH4排放量（g/d）在431 ~ 507 g/d之间。3种干牛日粮的CH4排放量在251 ~ 278 g/d之间。对于奶牛，3种生长中的母牛日粮所使用的2个方程的甲烷排放量在157 ~ 175 g/d之间。计算公式和饲粮对CH4产量的预测范围分别为：泌乳奶牛17.8 ~ 20.9 g/kg DMI，干奶牛17.9 ~ 19.8 g/kg DMI，生长母牛14.6 ~ 20.2 g/kg DMI。影响肠道CH4产生的膳食因素通常是明确的。此外，存在减少CH4排放的潜在缓解策略，但我们准确预测采食量和消化率的能力需要提高，这是影响CH4产生的主要因素。未来的研究将通过一系列DMI来测量饲喂德克萨斯州狭长地区和高平原地区典型饲料的奶牛的肠道CH4排放量，这将有助于验证和潜在地改进现有的预测方程，以使其在这些地区的实用性。改善对肠道甲烷排放的预测将使奶牛场能够应对潜在的监管挑战，并了解缓解方法的实际效果。

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引用次数: 0

Liver abscess bacterial pathogens in healthy liver tissues, normal tissues of abscessed livers, and corresponding ruminal epithelial tissues of beef-on-dairy cattle* 肉牛健康肝组织、脓肿肝正常组织及相应瘤胃上皮组织中的肝脓肿细菌病原体*

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2025-02704

Mina Abbasi , Reese A. Wilson , Xiaorong Shi , Leigh Ann George , Dale R. Woerner , Raghavendra G. Amachawadi , T.G. Nagaraja

Objective

Our objective was to determine the prevalence of Fusobacterium necrophorum ssp. necrophorum and ssp. funduliforme, Trueperella pyogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli and quantify F. necrophorum in parenchymal tissues of healthy livers and abscessed livers and ruminal epithelial tissues of beef-on-dairy cattle.

Materials and Methods

Samples, collected at slaughter, included 107 healthy livers and 110 abscessed livers, and 101 matched ruminal tissues each from cattle with healthy or abscessed livers. Culture methods to isolate the bacterial species and quantitative PCR to determine prevalence and concentrations of F. necrophorum were used. Statistical analyses included Fisher’s exact test for prevalence and ANOVA for bacterial concentration comparisons.

Results and Discussion

Culture and quantitative PCR data indicated prevalence of the 4 species of pathogens and E. coli in tissues of healthy livers and abscessed livers. The prevalences of the 2 subspecies were greater in ruminal than liver tissues. Fusobacterium necrophorum ssp. funduliforme was the dominant subspecies in both tissues, likely because it is the most prevalent subspecies in ruminal contents of cattle. Only one healthy liver yielded T. pyogenes. Both tissue types yielded S. enterica, and the dominant serotype was Montevideo. The prevalence of E. coli, an indicator of bacterial flow from the gut, ranged from 55% to 100%. Approximately, 8% of the liver tissues had quantifiable concentrations of F. necrophorum. More ruminal tissues from cattle with abscessed livers (76%) had quantifiable concentrations of the 2 subspecies than those from cattle with healthy livers (57.4%). Our data suggest that healthy livers harbor pathogens and ruminal tissues serve as a reservoir of pathogens that enter the portal blood.

Implications and Applications

Tissue-embedded pathogens exist in healthy livers, normal regions of abscessed livers, and ruminal epithelium of cattle. There is likely a threshold of concentration required to initiate abscess development, and delineating factors that trigger this process may aid in novel intervention strategies.

目的了解necrophorum梭杆菌的流行情况。Necrophorum和ssp。在健康的肝脏、脓肿的肝脏和奶牛的瘤胃上皮组织的实质组织中定量地检测出坏死性肉毒杆菌、化脓性真杆菌、肠炎沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌。材料与方法在屠宰时收集健康肝脏107例，脓肿肝脏110例，健康肝脏和脓肿肝脏各101例。采用培养法分离细菌种类，采用定量PCR法测定necrophorum的流行率和浓度。统计分析包括Fisher的流行率精确检验和细菌浓度比较的方差分析。结果与讨论培养和定量PCR结果显示，4种病原菌和大肠杆菌在健康肝脏和脓肿肝脏组织中普遍存在。2个亚种在瘤胃中的流行率高于肝组织。坏死梭杆菌。在这两个组织中，底状菌是优势亚种，可能是因为它是牛瘤胃内容物中最普遍的亚种。只有一个健康的肝脏产生了化脓性肠杆菌。两种组织类型均产生肠球菌，主要血清型为蒙得维的亚。大肠杆菌的流行率从55%到100%不等，大肠杆菌是肠道细菌流动的一个指标。大约8%的肝组织有可量化的坏死梭菌浓度。肝脏脓肿牛的瘤胃组织（76%）比肝脏健康牛的瘤胃组织（57.4%）含有更多的这两个亚种的可量化浓度。我们的数据表明，健康的肝脏含有病原体，而瘤胃组织是病原体进入门静脉血液的储存库。组织包埋病原体存在于牛的健康肝脏、脓肿肝脏的正常区域和瘤胃上皮中。引发脓肿发展可能需要一个浓度阈值，描述触发这一过程的因素可能有助于制定新的干预策略。

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引用次数: 0

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IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00086-2

引用次数: 0

Effects of neutral detergent fiber concentration in dietary roughage and bulk density of steam-flaked corn on the prevalence and concentration of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Fusobacterium varium in the ruminal contents of finishing beef steers* 饲粮粗饲料中中性洗涤纤维浓度和蒸汽玉米片堆积密度对育肥牛瘤胃内容物中坏死梭杆菌和变异梭杆菌感染率和浓度的影响*

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2025-02714

Colten W. Dornbach , Zach S. McDaniel , Paul R. Broadway , Mina Abbasi , Xiaorong Shi , Leigh Ann George , T.G. Nagaraja , Raghavendra G. Amachawadi , Nicole C. Burdick Sanchez , Michael L. Galyean , Kristin E. Hales

Objective

We assessed the effects of NDF concentra- tion of dietary roughage and bulk density of steam-flaked corn on the prevalence and concentrations of Fusobacte- rium necrophorum ssp. necrophorum, F. necrophorum ssp. funduliforme, and Fusobacterium varium in the ruminal contents of finishing beef steers.

Materials and Methods

Crossbred beef steers (n = 104; initial BW = 417 ± 8.9 kg) were blocked by BW, as- signed randomly to treatments, and fed for 118 d. Treat- ments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with 5 pens per simple-effect treatment and consisted of 3 NDF concentra- tions from alfalfa hay (3%, 4.5%, or 6%) and 309 g/L (24 lb/bu) or 412 g/L (32 lb/bu) steam-flaked corn (SFC; 69% or 33% starch availability, respectively). Ruminal content samples collected at the start of the finishing period (d 0) and the day before slaughter (d 118) were analyzed by quantitative PCR assay to determine the prevalence and concentrations of F. necrophorum and F. varium. Pen was the experimental unit for dietary treatment analyses. In- dividual animal was the experimental unit for analyses of liver abscess (LA) prevalence. The PROC GLIMMIX and MIXED procedures of SAS 9.4 were used to determine the effects of dietary treatments and LA prevalence on Fuso- bacterium populations in ruminal contents.

Results and Discussion

Liver abscess prevalence was greater in steers fed 3% roughage NDF from alfalfa hay compared with 4.5% and 6%. As bulk density increased from 309 to 412 g/L, LA prevalence tended to decrease 11.1 percentage points. Roughage NDF and bulk density of SFC did not affect F. necrophorum ssp. necrophorum or F. necrophorum ssp. funduliforme prevalence or concen- tration in ruminal contents. Fusobacterium varium con- centrations tended to be greater in steers fed 3.0% and 4.5% roughage NDF than in those fed 6% roughage NDF. Prevalence and concentration of F. necrophorum and F. varium did not differ between steers with or without LA regardless of experimental diet.

Implications and Applications

Increasing roughage NDF from alfalfa hay and SFC bulk density decreased LA prevalence; however, these dietary changes did not signifi- cantly alter Fusobacterium prevalence or concentrations in ruminal contents. The lack of clear associations between Fusobacterium populations and dietary strategies or LA prevalence suggests a need to refine our understanding of microbial and dietary contributions to LA etiology. Future research should explore how interactions between feed in- take patterns, dietary ingredients, and microbial competi- tion contribute to LA risk.

目的探讨饲粮粗饲料中NDF浓度和蒸玉米片容重对坏死性梭杆菌（fusobacterum necrophorum）流行率和浓度的影响。necrophorum；育肥牛瘤胃内容物中有底胞杆菌和各种梭杆菌。材料和MethodsCrossbred牛肉引导(n = 104;初始BW = 417±8.9公斤)被BW,——签署了随机治疗,美联储对118 d。治疗——是安排2×3的阶乘5笔/简单效应治疗和由3 NDF concentra——从苜蓿干草(3%、4.5%、6%)和309 g / L(24磅/ bu)或412 g / L(32磅/ bu) steam-flaked玉米(分别为证监会;69%或33%淀粉可用性)。在肥育期开始（第0天）和屠宰前一天（第118天）采集瘤胃内容物样本，采用定量PCR法测定坏死乳杆菌和变异乳杆菌的流行率和浓度。Pen是饮食治疗分析的实验单位。以个体动物为实验单位，分析肝脓肿（LA）的流行情况。采用SAS 9.4的PROC GLIMMIX和MIXED程序测定饲粮处理和LA患病率对瘤胃内容物中Fuso-细菌种群的影响。结果与讨论饲喂3%苜蓿干草NDF的肉牛肝脏脓肿发生率高于饲喂4.5%和6% NDF的肉牛。当容重从309 g/L增加到412 g/L时，LA患病率下降了11.1个百分点。粗料NDF和SFC的容重对坏死棘球蚴的生长无显著影响。死灵草或死灵草属。瘤胃内容物中基底形成的发生率或浓度。在饲粮中添加3.0%和4.5%粗料NDF的肉牛中，梭杆菌的浓度往往高于饲粮添加6%粗料NDF的肉牛。在饲喂或不饲喂LA的阉牛之间，坏死致病菌和变异致病菌的流行率和浓度没有差异。增加苜蓿干草粗料NDF和SFC容重可降低LA患病率；然而，这些饮食变化并没有显著改变瘤胃内容物中梭杆菌的流行率或浓度。Fusobacterium种群与饮食策略或LA患病率之间缺乏明确的联系，这表明需要完善我们对微生物和饮食对LA病因学的贡献的理解。未来的研究应探讨采食方式、饲粮成分和微生物竞争之间的相互作用如何导致LA风险。

{"title":"Effects of neutral detergent fiber concentration in dietary roughage and bulk density of steam-flaked corn on the prevalence and concentration of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Fusobacterium varium in the ruminal contents of finishing beef steers*","authors":"Colten W. Dornbach , Zach S. McDaniel , Paul R. Broadway , Mina Abbasi , Xiaorong Shi , Leigh Ann George , T.G. Nagaraja , Raghavendra G. Amachawadi , Nicole C. Burdick Sanchez , Michael L. Galyean , Kristin E. Hales","doi":"10.15232/aas.2025-02714","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2025-02714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We assessed the effects of NDF concentra- tion of dietary roughage and bulk density of steam-flaked corn on the prevalence and concentrations of <em>Fusobacte- rium necrophorum</em> ssp. <em>necrophorum</em>, <em>F. necrophorum</em> ssp. <em>funduliforme</em>, and <em>Fusobacterium varium</em> in the ruminal contents of finishing beef steers.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Crossbred beef steers (n = 104; initial BW = 417 ± 8.9 kg) were blocked by BW, as- signed randomly to treatments, and fed for 118 d. Treat- ments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with 5 pens per simple-effect treatment and consisted of 3 NDF concentra- tions from alfalfa hay (3%, 4.5%, or 6%) and 309 g/L (24 lb/bu) or 412 g/L (32 lb/bu) steam-flaked corn (SFC; 69% or 33% starch availability, respectively). Ruminal content samples collected at the start of the finishing period (d 0) and the day before slaughter (d 118) were analyzed by quantitative PCR assay to determine the prevalence and concentrations of <em>F. necrophorum</em> and <em>F. varium</em>. Pen was the experimental unit for dietary treatment analyses. In- dividual animal was the experimental unit for analyses of liver abscess (LA) prevalence. The PROC GLIMMIX and MIXED procedures of SAS 9.4 were used to determine the effects of dietary treatments and LA prevalence on <em>Fuso- bacterium</em> populations in ruminal contents.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>Liver abscess prevalence was greater in steers fed 3% roughage NDF from alfalfa hay compared with 4.5% and 6%. As bulk density increased from 309 to 412 g/L, LA prevalence tended to decrease 11.1 percentage points. Roughage NDF and bulk density of SFC did not affect <em>F. necrophorum</em> ssp. <em>necrophorum</em> or <em>F. necrophorum</em> ssp. <em>funduliforme</em> prevalence or concen- tration in ruminal contents. <em>Fusobacterium varium</em> con- centrations tended to be greater in steers fed 3.0% and 4.5% roughage NDF than in those fed 6% roughage NDF. Prevalence and concentration of <em>F. necrophorum</em> and <em>F. varium</em> did not differ between steers with or without LA regardless of experimental diet.</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>Increasing roughage NDF from alfalfa hay and SFC bulk density decreased LA prevalence; however, these dietary changes did not signifi- cantly alter <em>Fusobacterium</em> prevalence or concentrations in ruminal contents. The lack of clear associations between <em>Fusobacterium</em> populations and dietary strategies or LA prevalence suggests a need to refine our understanding of microbial and dietary contributions to LA etiology. Future research should explore how interactions between feed in- take patterns, dietary ingredients, and microbial competi- tion contribute to LA risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 5","pages":"Pages 473-481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"October" Cover “十月”封面

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2590-2865(25)00082-5

引用次数: 0

Effects of maternal bovine appeasing substance, metaphylaxis with tulathromycin, or a combination of both in high-risk, newly received feedlot heifers 母牛安抚物质，过敏反应与土拉霉素，或两者的组合在高风险，新接受饲养场小牛的影响

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2025-02687

Madeline M. Kimbrough, Kasi N. Schneid, J. Daniel Young, Kendall L. Samuelson, John T. Richeson

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate effects of maternal bovine appeasing substance and metaphylaxis using tulathromycin on health and performance of feedlot heifers during a 63-d receiving period.

Materials and Methods

High-risk beef heifers (n = 552; initial BW = 187 ± 7 kg) were stratified by initial BW and pre-existing ranch tag and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial: (1) maternal bovine appeasing substance administration on d 0 and 14 (FERA), (2) metaphylaxis with tulathromycin on d 0 (META), (3) FERA and META administration (FERAMETA), and (4) no FERA or META (CON). A generalized complete block design was used, where heifers were blocked by truckload (n = 5), with each block consisting of 2 pens per treatment. Tulathromycin was administered subcutaneously in the neck at 2.5 mg/kg of BW. A total of 5.0 mL of maternal bovine appeasing substance was administered topically directly behind the poll, and 5.0 mL was administered directly above the muzzle.

Results and Discussion

Heifers administered FERA tended to have reduced morbidity from bovine respiratory disease, and the main effect of META reduced percentage of initial, secondary, and tertiary treatment for bovine respiratory disease. Total antimicrobial cost and units administered were less for META. Heifers that received META had greater ADG from d 0 to 14 and overall (d 0 to 63). An interaction existed for G:F from d 0 to 63 such that FERA was the greatest, META and FERAMETA were intermediate, and CON was least.

Implications and Applications

Health and performance of high-risk feedlot heifers was improved by META, and the combination of FERA and META may have additive benefit.

目的评价母牛安抚物质和图拉霉素过敏反应在63 d内对饲养场小母牛健康和生产性能的影响。材料与方法根据初始体重和已有牧场标签对552头高危肉牛进行分层，随机分为4组，按2 × 2因子进行处理：(1)第0天和第14天给母牛安抚物质（FERA），(2)第0天和第14天给土拉霉素过敏反应（META），(3)给FERA和META (FERAMETA),(4)不给FERA或META （CON）。采用了一种广义的完整块设计，其中小母牛被卡车装载（n = 5）阻挡，每个块由2个猪圈组成，每次处理。图拉霉素按2.5 mg/kg体重皮下注射于颈部。母牛安抚物质共5.0 mL直接在轮轮后面局部施用，5.0 mL直接在口鼻上方施用。结果与讨论经FERA处理的小母牛容易降低牛呼吸道疾病的发病率，META的主要作用是降低牛呼吸道疾病的初始、二次和三级治疗的百分比。META组抗菌药物总费用和使用单位较低。在第0 ~ 14天和第0 ~ 63天，接受META治疗的小母牛平均日增重更高。G:F在d 0 ~ d 63之间存在交互作用，其中FERA最大，META和FERAMETA居中，CON最小。META可改善高风险饲养场小母牛的健康和生产性能，与META联合使用可能具有附加效益。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of 5 different implant programs on the health outcomes, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of lightweight beef steers 5种不同的植入方案对轻质肉牛健康结果、生长性能和胴体特性的影响

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2025-02695

D.J. Line , A.B. Word , K.J. Karr , B.P. Holland , L.J. Walter , W.T. Nichols , J.P. Hutcheson , N.C. Burdick Sanchez , P.R. Broadway , K.E. Hales

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate 5 different implant programs on the health outcomes, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of lightweight beef steers.

Materials and Methods

Crossbred steers (n = 3,817; initial BW 195 ± 1.1 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and fed to a common number of days on feed (280 d). Steers were blocked by time of arrival (n = 10 blocks) and assigned randomly to 1 of 5 treatments: (1) 200 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 40 mg of estradiol 17β administered on d 0 (XS0); (2) 200 mg of TBA and 40 mg of estradiol 17β administered on d 60 (XS60); (3) 200 mg of TBA and 40 mg of estradiol 17β administered on d 80 (XS80); (4) 200 mg of TBA and 40 mg of estradiol 17β administered on d 100 (XS100); and (5) 80 mg of TBA and 16 mg of estradiol 17β administered on d 0 followed by 200 mg of TBA and 40 mg of estradiol 17β administered on d 80 (IS-XS).

Results and Discussion

The proportion of steers treated once for bovine respiratory disease was less in XS60 and XS100 than XS0, XS80, and IS-XS. No difference was noted in mortality among treatments. Steers in XS0 and IS-XS had greater DMI than XS60, XS80, and XS100. Gain:feed differed among treatment, in which XS60, XS80, and XS100 had greater G:F than XS0 and IS-XS, both with dead and removed steers included and excluded. No differences were observed in carcass traits, except in fat thickness, marbling, and estimated empty body fat, indicating that implant timing influences carcass characteristics.

Implications and Applications

In steers fed more than 220 d, delaying Revalor-XS for 60 or 80 d after arrival does not differ from using a reimplant strategy in which Revalor-IS was followed by Revalor-XS or administering Revalor-XS on d 0. Delayed implantation with an extended-release implant can meet new US Food and Drug Administration guidelines without negatively affecting growth performance or carcass quality.

我们的目的是评估5种不同的植入方案对轻质肉牛的健康结果、生长性能和胴体特性的影响。材料与方法采用完全随机区组设计，选用初始体重195±1.1 kg的杂交阉牛（n = 3,817），饲喂相同天数的饲料（280 d）。按到达时间（n = 10个时段）将受试者随机分配到5个治疗组中的1个：(1)在第0天（x0）给予200 mg醋酸trenbolone （TBA）和40 mg雌二醇17β；(2) 60 d给予TBA 200 mg和雌二醇17β 40 mg (XS60)；(3) 80 d给予TBA 200 mg和雌二醇17β 40 mg (XS80)；(4) 100 d给予TBA 200 mg和雌二醇17β 40 mg (XS100)；(5)第0天给予TBA 80 mg和雌二醇17β 16 mg，第80天给予TBA 200 mg和雌二醇17β 40 mg （IS-XS）。结果与讨论XS60和XS100的牛呼吸道疾病治疗率低于XS80和IS-XS。两种治疗方法的死亡率没有差异。x50和IS-XS的转向器的DMI大于XS60、XS80和XS100。增重比在不同处理之间存在差异，在包括和不包括死牛和切除牛的情况下，XS60、XS80和XS100的G:F均大于XS0和IS-XS。除了脂肪厚度、大理石纹和估计的空体脂肪外，在胴体性状上没有观察到差异，这表明植入时间影响胴体特征。对于饲喂超过220 d的转向犬，在到达后延迟60或80 d使用revor - xs与使用重新种植策略（在revor - is之后使用revor - xs或在第0天使用revor - xs）没有区别。延迟植入缓释植入物可以满足美国食品和药物管理局的新指南，而不会对生长性能或胴体质量产生负面影响。

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引用次数: 0

Milk feeding through an open bucket or nipple bucket: Performance and behavior of dairy calves 通过开放式桶或乳头桶喂奶：小牛的性能和行为

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2025-02675

M.D. Silva , M.G. Coelho , A.P. Silva , A.F. Toledo , A.M. Cezar , S.C. Dondé , C.R. Tomaluski , F.Z. Miranda , R.Y.L. Ricci , C.M.M. Bittar

Objective

This study compared the performance and behavior of dairy calves using 2 different milk feeding methods: open bucket and nipple bucket.

Materials and Methods

Thirty newborn Holstein calves were blocked and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 milk feeding methods: (1) open bucket (n = 15) or (2) nipple bucket (n = 15). Calves were individually housed with ad libitum access to water and pelleted starter. Calves were fed 6 L/d of whole milk divided into 2 meals for 8 wk of life. Starter intake was recorded daily. Body weight and metabolic parameters were recorded weekly. Calf behavior was recorded weekly from wk 2 to 8 of life.

Results and Discussion

All calves consumed their al- located milk; however, the nipple bucket feeding decreased starter intake and consequently total DMI (1,067.8 and 964.3 ± 27.08 [SEM] g/d), with no effect on ADG or BW. The average fecal score was greater for calves fed with an open bucket, reflecting more fluid feces (1.85 and 1.59 ± 0.071). Calves fed with a nipple bucket presented greater glucose concentration levels 2 h after feeding (121.1 and 131.5 ± 3.95 mg/dL), but the protein, albumin, and he- matocrit were not affected. Milk intake speed was great- er for calves fed with a nipple bucket (1.86 and 5.33 ± 0.233, min/3 L). Calves fed with a nipple bucket spent less time eating starter (3.71 and 1.92 ± 0.311, min/4 h) and performing non-nutritive oral behavior (1.09 and 0.58 ± 0.212, min/4 h); however, they spent more time consum- ing milk (7.01 ± 0.224, min/4 h).

Implications and Applications

The milk feeding method has a short-term positive influence on calves’ pre- weaning behavior, although it does not affect performance.

目的比较开桶和乳头桶两种喂奶方式对犊牛生产性能和行为的影响。材料与方法将30头新生荷斯坦犊牛封闭，随机分为两种喂奶方式：(1)开桶（n = 15）和(2)乳头桶（n = 15）。犊牛单独饲养，可自由取水和饲喂颗粒状发酵剂。犊牛每天饲喂6升全脂牛奶，分两餐饲喂，持续8周。每天记录起始剂的摄入量。每周记录体重和代谢参数。从第2周到第8周，每周记录小牛的行为。结果与讨论所有犊牛均消耗了原位乳汁；然而，乳头桶喂养减少了起动器的摄入量，从而减少了总DMI(1,067.8和964.3±27.08 [SEM] g/d)，对平均日增重和体重没有影响。开桶喂养的犊牛粪便平均得分更高，反映出更多的流质粪便（1.85和1.59±0.071）。饲喂乳头桶后2 h，犊牛体内葡萄糖浓度升高（121.1和131.5±3.95 mg/dL），但对蛋白质、白蛋白和红细胞压积没有影响。乳头桶喂养的犊牛吸乳速度显著（1.86和5.33±0.233,min/3 L）。犊牛进食发酵剂的时间（分别为3.71和1.92±0.311,min/4 h）和非营养性口腔行为的时间（分别为1.09和0.58±0.212,min/4 h）较少；然而，它们消耗牛奶的时间更长（7.01±0.224,min/4 h）。启示与应用乳喂养方式对犊牛断奶前行为有短期的积极影响，但不影响生产性能。

{"title":"Milk feeding through an open bucket or nipple bucket: Performance and behavior of dairy calves","authors":"M.D. Silva , M.G. Coelho , A.P. Silva , A.F. Toledo , A.M. Cezar , S.C. Dondé , C.R. Tomaluski , F.Z. Miranda , R.Y.L. Ricci , C.M.M. Bittar","doi":"10.15232/aas.2025-02675","DOIUrl":"10.15232/aas.2025-02675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study compared the performance and behavior of dairy calves using 2 different milk feeding methods: open bucket and nipple bucket.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Thirty newborn Holstein calves were blocked and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 milk feeding methods: (1) open bucket (n = 15) or (2) nipple bucket (n = 15). Calves were individually housed with <em>ad libitum</em> access to water and pelleted starter. Calves were fed 6 L/d of whole milk divided into 2 meals for 8 wk of life. Starter intake was recorded daily. Body weight and metabolic parameters were recorded weekly. Calf behavior was recorded weekly from wk 2 to 8 of life.</div></div><div><h3>Results and Discussion</h3><div>All calves consumed their al- located milk; however, the nipple bucket feeding decreased starter intake and consequently total DMI (1,067.8 and 964.3 ± 27.08 [SEM] g/d), with no effect on ADG or BW. The average fecal score was greater for calves fed with an open bucket, reflecting more fluid feces (1.85 and 1.59 ± 0.071). Calves fed with a nipple bucket presented greater glucose concentration levels 2 h after feeding (121.1 and 131.5 ± 3.95 mg/dL), but the protein, albumin, and he- matocrit were not affected. Milk intake speed was great- er for calves fed with a nipple bucket (1.86 and 5.33 ± 0.233, min/3 L). Calves fed with a nipple bucket spent less time eating starter (3.71 and 1.92 ± 0.311, min/4 h) and performing non-nutritive oral behavior (1.09 and 0.58 ± 0.212, min/4 h); however, they spent more time consum- ing milk (7.01 ± 0.224, min/4 h).</div></div><div><h3>Implications and Applications</h3><div>The milk feeding method has a short-term positive influence on calves’ pre- weaning behavior, although it does not affect performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"41 5","pages":"Pages 448-457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dam and calf behavior in an early separation system under commercial dairy settings 商业奶场环境下早期分离系统中的母犊行为

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2025-02696

N. Herrera , C. Hernandez-Gotelli , J. Velez , P. Pinedo

Objective

This study aimed to describe dam and calf behaviors following calving in an early separation system (≤2 h of life) under commercial dairy settings. Analyzing the association of the early interactions between the dam and her calf with the separation behaviors at the time of calf removal was a secondary objective of this study. Potential associations of reference variables such as parity number, calf sex, calving time, environmental conditions, and time from calving to dam-calf separation with dam- calf interactions and separation behaviors were also tested.

Materials and Methods

A total of 163 calvings were video recorded for analysis. Associations among the 3 groups of variables (reference; dam-calf interactions; and separation behavior) were initially tested using the chi- squared test of independence. Subsequently, significant associations of reference and dam-calf interaction variables with separation behaviors identified in the chi-squared test of independence were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression.

Results and Discussion

According to the chi-squared test, the only separation behavior affected by reference variables was calf seeking the dam, which occurred more often in morning calvings, calvings in the dry lot, and when there was greater time from calving to separation. On the contrary, associations between the occurrence of dam-calf interactions and the expression of separation behaviors were identified for most of the variables, with calf attempting suckling showing the most evident associations. The subsequent multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that calf seeking their dam at separation was positively associated with calving in the dry lot (reference variable) and calf suckling their dams (dam-calf interaction variable). In addition, both dam following her calf and dam watching her calf at separation were positively associated with calf attempting suckling (dam-calf interaction variable).

Implications and Applications

The cows and calves in this study evidenced some immediate reactions to separation occurring before 2 h after calving. Further research into the long-term effects of early separation between the dam and calf in commercial settings would offer a broader perspective on the relevance of the findings reported in this study.

目的本研究旨在描述在商业奶牛场设置的早期分离系统（≤2小时生命）中产犊后母牛和小牛的行为。本研究的第二个目的是分析水坝与小牛之间的早期相互作用与小牛移除时的分离行为之间的关系。参考变量如胎次数、小牛性别、产犊时间、环境条件以及从产犊到坝-小牛分离的时间与坝-小牛相互作用和分离行为的潜在关联也进行了测试。材料与方法对163块石刻进行录像分析。三组变量（参考、坝-小牛相互作用和分离行为）之间的关联最初使用独立性的卡方检验进行检验。随后，通过卡方独立性检验，对参考变量和坝-小牛相互作用变量与分离行为的显著相关性进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果与讨论卡方检验显示，受参考变量影响的分离行为仅为小牛找坝，在早晨产犊、干地产犊、产犊至分离时间较长时更为常见。相反，在大多数变量中，发现了坝-小牛相互作用的发生与分离行为的表达之间的关联，小牛试图哺乳表现出最明显的关联。随后的多变量logistic回归分析发现，小牛在分离时寻找他们的水坝与在干地产犊（参考变量）和小牛吮吸他们的水坝（水坝-小牛相互作用变量）呈正相关。此外，母鹿跟随母鹿和母鹿在分离时看着母鹿都与母鹿试图哺乳呈正相关（母鹿-母鹿相互作用变量）。意义和应用本研究中的奶牛和小牛在产犊后2小时内对分离有一些直接反应。对商业环境中过早分离大坝和小牛的长期影响的进一步研究，将为本研究报告的结果的相关性提供更广泛的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of supplementing a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on performance and immune function of beef heifers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures 在内生真菌感染的高羊茅草场上添加芽孢杆菌直饲微生物对肉牛生产性能和免疫功能的影响

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2024-02668

Eric A. Bailey , Joshua M. Zeltwanger , Bruno I. Cappellozza , Andy McCorkill , Emily A. Petzel , Derek W. Brake

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on performance and immune function of beef heifers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures.

Materials and Methods

Crossbred beef heifers (n = 192; 196 kg ± 15.4 kg) were randomly assigned to 24 pastures (1.8 ha; 8 heifers/pasture; 12 pastures/treatment). Each day heifers received 2.83 kg (as-fed basis) of a commodity mix containing equal parts cracked corn, soyhull pellets, dried distillers grains. Treatments were created with a vitamin and mineral supplement containing a Bacillus-based DFM (BOVA; 3 g/head per day) or without additional additives (control) included in the commodity mix (50 kg of mineral/1,000 kg of commodity mix). Heifers were weighed every 28 d. Two heifers per pasture were randomly selected a priori for blood draws at each weighing to measure plasma cytokine concentration. The same heifers also received ova egg albumin injections on d 1 and 14, with additional blood collected on d 14, 28, 42, and 56 for serum albumin IgG measurement.

Results and Discussion

Body weight and ADG were not different between treatments. Feeding BOVA reduced the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IFN-γ, along with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 F5 and the chemokines MIG and MIP-1 β. However, TNF-α, IFN-αA, IL-21, IL-13, and IP-10 were not affected by treatment. Egg albumin IgG did not differ between treatments.

Implications and Applications

The reduction of cytokines indicates that supplementing a Bacillus-based DFM may reduce inflammation in beef heifers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue.

目的评价芽孢杆菌直接饲喂微生物（DFM）对放牧内生真菌感染的高羊茅牧场肉牛生产性能和免疫功能的影响。材料与方法选用杂交肉牛192头（196 kg±15.4 kg），随机分配到24个牧场（1.8 ha， 8头/牧场，12个牧场/处理）。每天，小母牛会得到2.83公斤（以饲料为基础）的混合饲料，其中含有等量的碎玉米、豆壳颗粒和干酒糟。使用含有芽胞杆菌DFM （BOVA；每天3克/头）的维生素和矿物质补充剂进行处理，或在混合商品中不添加其他添加剂（对照）（50公斤矿物质/1,000公斤混合商品）。每28 d称重一次。每个牧场随机抽取2头母牛，每次称重时抽血测定血浆细胞因子浓度。在第1天和第14天，同样的母牛也接受鸡蛋白蛋白注射，并在第14天、第28天、第42天和第56天采血检测血清白蛋白IgG。结果与讨论各组体重和平均日增重无显著差异。饲喂BOVA可降低促炎细胞因子IL-1α和IFN-γ、抗炎细胞因子IL-1 F5和趋化因子MIG和MIP-1 β。TNF-α、IFN-α a、IL-21、IL-13、IP-10均未受影响。鸡蛋白蛋白IgG在不同处理间无差异。细胞因子的减少表明，在食用内生菌感染的高羊茅时，补充芽孢杆菌基DFM可以减轻肉牛的炎症。

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引用次数: 0