Applied Animal Science最新文献_第6页

Effects of conventional and natural management systems on backgrounding and finishing performance of beef steers 传统和自然管理系统对肉牛育成和育成性能的影响

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02425

J. Smith , E. Darambazar , G.B. Penner , N. Erickson , K. Larson , J. McKinnon , D. Damiran , H.A. (Bart) Lardner

Objective

This study evaluated 2 beef cattle manage- ment strategies, conventional (CONV) or natural (NAT), for 3 BW groups at weaning to evaluate growth perfor- mance during backgrounding and finishing and carcass characteristics.

Materials and Methods

A total of 240 weaned steers, free of preweaning implants, were allocated into heavy (HV) (290 ± 21 kg; mean ± SD), medium (MD) (247 ± 8 kg), or light (LT) (214 ± 15.6 kg) weight groups over 2 yr. Each weight group (n = 80) was randomly allo- cated to 1 of 2 treatments (n = 40): either conventional or natural (n = 4). Conventional treatments used hormonal implants and feed additives, but the natural treatment did not. Following a 41-d receiving phase, HV steers entered direct finishing, MD steers entered a short backgrounding and finishing, and LT steers entered a long backgrounding, grazing, and finishing, all fed to a shrink weight of 620 kg.

Results and Discussion

Steer ADG was 19% and 22% greater for MD- and LT-CONV, respectively, at backgrounding, compared with NAT. The G:F was 20% greater for HV- and MD-CONV at finishing and 25% greater for LT-CONV at backgrounding. The HV-, MD-, and LT-CONV took 50, 71, and 59 fewer days on feed, respectively, to finish, relative to NAT. The rib-eye area were greatest in HV-CONV, and NAT produced greater marbling, QG (AAA), and backfat thickness and had a greater proportion of liver abscesses.

Implications and Applications

Steers managed without performance-enhancing technologies under west- ern Canadian conditions will have lower ADG, G:F, and YG1, but greater days on feed to a target weight, AAA grade, marbling, and backfat thickness, than convention- ally-managed steers.

目标本研究评估了常规（CONV）或自然（NAT）这两种肉牛管理策略对 3 个体重组断奶后的生长性能以及胴体特征的影响。每个体重组（n = 80）随机分配到两种处理（n = 40）中的一种：常规处理或自然处理（n = 4）。传统疗法使用激素植入剂和饲料添加剂，而自然疗法不使用激素植入剂和饲料添加剂。经过 41 天的接收阶段后，HV 牛直接进入精饲料阶段，MD 牛进入短背景饲养和精饲料阶段，LT 牛进入长背景饲养、放牧和精饲料阶段，所有牛的收缩体重均为 620 千克。在育成期，HV-和 MD-CONV 的 G:F 比 NAT 高 20%，在背景期，LT-CONV 比 NAT 高 25%。与 NAT 相比，HV-、MD- 和 LT-CONV 的育成期分别缩短了 50 天、71 天和 59 天。在加拿大西部条件下，如果不采用提高性能的技术进行管理，阉牛的ADG、G:F和YG1会比传统管理的阉牛低，但达到目标体重、AAA级、大理石纹和背膘厚度的饲养天数会比传统管理的阉牛多。

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引用次数: 0

Activity and rumination of implanted Charolais × Angus feedlot steers versus non-implanted counterparts consuming 3 levels of roughage throughout a 361-day feeding duration 在为期 361 天的饲养过程中，植入夏洛莱 × 安格斯饲料的小公牛与未植入饲料的小公牛在摄入 3 种粗饲料水平时的活动量和反刍量比较

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02517

Sierra L. Pillmore , Tylo J. Kirkpatrick , Kaitlyn R. Wesley , Kimberly B. Cooper , Forest L. Francis , Travis C. Tennant , Wade T. Nichols , John P. Hutcheson , Ty E. Lawrence

Objective

Rumination and activity of growing feedlot steers were evaluated in response to growth-promoting implant administration, feeding duration, and dietary rough- age.

Materials and Methods

Charolais × Angus steers (n = 80) were randomized to harvest (1, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336, or 378 d on feed) and implant treatment (REV: Revalor-XS on d 0 and d 190; CON: no implant). Activity and rumination were objectively monitored via accelerometers attached to the left ear. Steers consumed 3 rations throughout the study: starter (38.5% roughage), intermediate (23% roughage), and finishing (8.5% rough- age). Data were logged in 2-h increments from 77 steers across 361 d and analyzed using mixed models.

Results and Discussion

Rumination and activity varied within 24-h, exhibiting bimodal patterns; rumination peaked at 0600 and 1400 h and troughed at 1000 and 1800 h. Activity peaked at 0800 and 1800 h and troughed at 0400, 1200 to 1400, and 2200 h. Steers administered REV ruminated less (331 vs. 354 min/d) than CON; however, activity was similar between treatments. Treatment × roughage interactions occurred for rumination and activity. Rumination tended to be greater for CON steers consuming 38.5% than CON steers consuming 23% roughage, furthermore, CON steers ruminated more than REV when consuming 8.5% roughage. Implanted and non-implanted steers ruminated less as roughage inclusion decreased from 38.5% and 23% to 8.5% (457 and 439 vs. 317 min/d, respectively) in the finishing ration. Activity was greatest for steers consuming 38.5% roughage and was similar between treatments; however, activity decreased upon transition to 23% and 8.5% roughage. Observed surges and declines in activity can be attributed to processing days and weather events. Implanted steers consuming 8.5% roughage were more active (342 vs. 337 and 333 min/d) than CON and REV steers consuming 23% roughage.

Implications and Applications

In conclusion, rumination and activity are responsive to hour of day, dietary roughage and growth-promoting implants.

材料与方法将夏洛莱牛×安格斯牛（n = 80）随机分为收获期（1、42、84、126、168、210、252、294、336 或 378 天）和植入物处理（REV：第 0 天和第 190 天使用 Revalor-XS；CON：不使用植入物）。通过安装在左耳上的加速度计对活动和反刍进行客观监测。在整个研究过程中，雌性奶牛食用 3 种饲料：开食饲料（38.5% 粗饲料）、中食饲料（23% 粗饲料）和精食饲料（8.5% 粗饲料）。反刍量和活动量在 24 小时内变化，表现出双峰模式；反刍量在 0600 和 1400 h 达到高峰，在 1000 和 1800 h 出现低谷；活动量在 0800 和 1800 h 达到高峰，在 0400、1200 至 1400 和 2200 h 出现低谷。在反刍和活动方面，处理与粗饲料之间存在相互作用。摄入 38.5% 粗饲料的 CON 牛的反刍量往往大于摄入 23% 粗饲料的 CON 牛，此外，当摄入 8.5% 粗饲料时，CON 牛的反刍量大于 REV 牛。当精饲料中的粗饲料含量从 38.5% 和 23% 降至 8.5% 时（分别为 457 和 439 分钟/天对 317 分钟/天），植入和未植入粗饲料的阉牛反刍量减少。摄入 38.5% 粗饲料的母牛活动量最大，而且不同处理之间的活动量相似；但是，在过渡到 23% 和 8.5% 粗饲料时，活动量有所下降。观察到的活动量激增和下降可归因于加工天数和天气事件。与摄入 23% 粗饲料的 CON 和 REV 牛相比，摄入 8.5% 粗饲料的植入牛的活动量更大（342 分钟/天 vs. 337 分钟/天和 333 分钟/天）。

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引用次数: 0

US wool industry perceptions of digital record keeping and wool supply-chain traceability 美国羊毛产业对数字记录保存和羊毛供应链可追溯性的看法

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02496

C.E. Newman , C.L. Gifford , D.P. Anderson , J.D. Scasta , W.C. Stewart

Objective

The objectives of this research were to assess the awareness and perceptions of technology currently available to the US sheep industry, to determine how each industry segment prioritizes data records, to understand what level of premiums are needed and realistic, and to assess changes by industry segment and operation size.

Materials and Methods

An online survey was distributed at the 2022 American Sheep Industry Association (ASI) Convention and through the University of Wyoming Sheep Extension and ASI Emerging Entrepreneurs social media pages. Respondents were asked demographic questions and specific segment questions that assessed knowledge of blockchain, importance of records, and current adoption of technology. All descriptive and ANOVA analyses used R statistical procedures (R Core Team; version 2023.03.0). Least squares means were calculated, and the glm procedure of R was used to develop a binary logit model to assess statistical probabilities. Significance was considered at α = 0.05.

Results and Discussion

A total of 61 responses were acquired (n = 52 producers; n = 9 wool warehousers/ processors), representing operations in 19 US states and Ontario, Canada. Respondents indicated they are somewhat familiar with using blockchain technology for tracking records of importance. Adoption of electronic identification (EID) technology and digital record keeping were significant by operation size, with inflection points for operations with <99 head or >2,000 head (i.e., extremes). A market premium 8.1–12% over base price is needed to submit a raw wool core test into a blockchain-based system, but wool warehousers/processors are willing to pay a premium to have access to the records on a blockchain- based system at 4.1–8% over base price.

Implications and Applications

Producers and wool warehousers/processors are somewhat familiar with block-chain technology for tracking records of importance, but producer adoption of the current technologies (e.g., EID, software) is limited. Adoption of current management technologies is influenced by operation size, so further work should be conducted to determine the largest barriers to adoption. Further adoption of the current technologies is needed before blockchain technology can be used to its full potential in the sheep industry.

材料和方法在 2022 年美国绵羊产业协会（ASI）大会上，并通过怀俄明大学绵羊推广中心和 ASI 新兴企业家社交媒体页面发布了一份在线调查。受访者被问及人口统计学问题以及评估区块链知识、记录重要性和当前技术采用情况的特定细分问题。所有描述性分析和方差分析均使用 R 统计程序（R 核心团队；版本 2023.03.0）。计算最小二乘法均值，并使用 R 的 glm 程序开发二元对数模型，以评估统计概率。结果与讨论共收到 61 份回复（n = 52 个生产商；n = 9 个羊毛仓储商/加工商），代表了美国 19 个州和加拿大安大略省的运营情况。受访者表示，他们对使用区块链技术追踪重要记录有些了解。电子身份识别（EID）技术和数字记录保存的采用因经营规模而异，拐点出现在拥有 99 头或 2000 头（即极端）的经营场所。向基于区块链的系统提交原毛芯测试需要支付比基准价格高出 8.1-12% 的市场溢价，但羊毛仓储商/加工商愿意支付比基准价格高出 4.1-8% 的溢价来访问基于区块链的系统中的记录。当前管理技术的采用受经营规模的影响，因此应进一步开展工作，确定采用技术的最大障碍。在区块链技术在养羊业充分发挥其潜力之前，需要进一步采用当前的技术。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of indigestible neutral and acid detergent fiber measurement protocols* 优化难消化中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的测量方案*

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02521

M.R. Beck , M.L. Griffin , J.A. Proctor , R. Foster , N.S. Long , J.K. Smith , V.N. Gouvêa

Objective

The objective was to evaluate the effect of using a diet predigestion (PD) of HCl and pepsin along with different in situ ruminal incubation lengths on indi- gestible NDF (INDF) and ADF (IADF) content recovery from diet and fecal samples.

Materials and Methods

Diet and total fecal collec- tion samples from steers fed a high-roughage starter or a low-roughage finisher diet were collected from a larger experiment. Diet samples either underwent PD or not (NPD). Then, diet and fecal samples were ruminally in- cubated for 72, 96, 120, or 288-h. After incubation, NDF or ADF protocols were conducted to determine INDF and IADF.

Results and Discussion

For PD, a 120-h ruminal incubation length was needed to achieve fecal recoveries that were not different from 100% for all marker by diet combinations. For NPD, a 288-h incubation was required to achieve 100% fecal recovery for all diet by marker com- binations, except for IADF with the finisher diet. A 120-h incubation resulted in the highest agreement [Lin’s concor- dance correlation coefficient (CCC) ≥0.90] with observed dry matter digestibility (DMD) for INDF and IADF for PD. With NPD, a 288-h incubation was needed to achieve estimates of DMD with excellent agreement (CCC ≥0.89) for INDF and IADF.

Implications and Applications

Based on these re- sults, PD followed by a 120-h ruminal incubation shortens time requirements and provides acceptable measurements of INDF and IADF concentrations in feeds and feces. For NPD a 288-h ruminal incubation length is required.

材料与方法从一项大型实验中收集了饲喂高粗饲料初乳牛或低粗饲料精饲料的母牛的日粮和粪便样本。日粮样本要么经过PD处理，要么未经过（NPD）处理。然后，将日粮和粪便样品分别反刍 72、96、120 或 288 小时。孵育后，进行 NDF 或 ADF 试验，以确定 INDF 和 IADF。结果与讨论对于 PD，需要 120 小时的瘤胃孵育时间才能使所有标记物与日粮组合的粪便回收率不低于 100%。对于 NPD，除 IADF 与阉鸡日粮外，所有日粮与标记物组合的粪便回收率均需达到 100%。对于 INDF 和 IADF，120 小时培养与观察到的干物质消化率（DMD）的一致性最高[Lin's concor- dance correlation coefficient (CCC) ≥0.90]。对于 NPD，需要经过 288 小时的培养才能估算出 INDF 和 IADF 的干物质消化率（DMD），且两者的相关系数极高（CCC ≥0.89）。对于 NPD，则需要 288 小时的瘤胃培养时间。

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引用次数: 0

Applicability of an automated supplement feeder to dose titanium dioxide to estimate forage intake, fecal output, and diet digestibility of beef cattle 自动补充饲喂器对二氧化钛剂量的适用性，以估算肉牛的饲料摄入量、粪便排出量和日粮消化率

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02448

Beatriz Ramos, Georgget Banchero, Alejandro La Manna, Maria Eugênia Andrighetto Canozzi, Enrique Fernández, Juan Clariget

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate 2 methods of external marker dosing, at 2 levels of forage allowance, to estimate forage intake in beef cattle.

Materials and Methods

Sixteen Aberdeen Angus steers (mean age of 18 mo; 350 ± 9 kg BW), kept in in- dividual pens, were used in a quadruplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrange- ment. The factors were forage allowance level (4 vs. 7 kg DM/d of alfalfa plus orchard grass haylage) and supple- ment feeding method (manual vs. automatic). A supple- ment consisting of 2 kg DM of pelleted corn with 1% ti- tanium dioxide (TiO₂) per day was offered to each steer. Total DMI and diet DM digestibility were estimated using the dual-marker technique, with acid insoluble ash (AIA; 2 different methods) or ADL used as the internal marker. Fecal output was estimated by TiO₂ concentration using feces from the daily total fecal collection (TFC) samples and others from a morning subsample. The TFC was car- ried out individually and daily during the last 4 d of each 21-d period.

Results and Discussion

The overall mean recovery of TiO₂ was 104% (SD: 0.05; range: 101–107%). Fecal subsamples obtained in the morning overestimated fecal production with no difference between dosing methods. The DM digestibility was overestimated with AIA and ADL. The estimation of DM digestibility by ADL was closer than AIA to those obtained by TFC, without differ- ences between the 2 AIA techniques. The overestimation of forage intake using the dual-marker technique was more affected by the overvalued DM digestibility using the in- ternal markers than by fecal production using the external marker, without the effect of the dosing method.

Implications and Applications

It is viable and reli- able to automatically supply pelleted corn with TiO₂ for fecal production estimation. The accuracy could be im- proved by obtaining at least 2 fecal samples during the day. Under the current experimental conditions, ADL is more accurate than AIA for estimating DM digestibility when the diet offered to cattle is based on alfalfa plus or- chard grass haylage and concentrate.

材料与方法 16 头阿伯丁安格斯阉牛（平均年龄 18 月；体重 350 ± 9 千克）被饲养在单个牛栏中，采用 2 × 2 因子排列的 4 × 4 拉丁方阵设计实验。试验因子为饲草补贴水平（苜蓿加果园干草 4 与 7 千克 DM/天）和补饲方法（手动与自动）。每天为每头阉牛提供 2 kg DM 含有 1% 二氧化钛 (TiO2) 的颗粒玉米。使用双标记技术估算总 DMI 和日粮 DM 消化率，酸性不溶性灰分（AIA；2 种不同方法）或 ADL 用作内部标记。粪便产出量是通过TiO2浓度估算的，使用的粪便来自每天的粪便收集样本（TFC）和来自早晨子样本的其他样本。在每个 21 天期间的最后 4 天，每天单独进行 TFC 采集。早上采集的粪便子样高估了粪便产量，不同给药方法之间没有差异。AIA 和 ADL 高估了 DM 消化率。用 ADL 估算的 DM 消化率比用 AIA 估算的 DM 消化率更接近于用 TFC 估算的 DM 消化率，两种 AIA 技术之间没有差异。使用双标记技术高估牧草摄入量更多的是受使用内部标记高估的 DM 消化率的影响，而不是受使用外部标记的粪便产量的影响，而配料方法没有影响。在一天中至少采集两次粪便样本可提高准确性。在目前的实验条件下，当牛的日粮以紫花苜蓿加或莎草干草和精料为主时，ADL 比 AIA 更能准确估计 DM 消化率。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating supplementation programs for growing calves grazing bermudagrass pastures 评估生长中的犊牛放牧百慕大草牧场的补充方案

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02494

A.M. Womack , PAS, E.B. Kegley , PAS, Shane Gadberry , PAS, T. Hess , D. Hubbell , P.A. Beck , PAS

Objective

Our objective was to determine gain in response to hand-fed (HF) or self-fed (SF) summer supplementation programs at the University of Arkansas Livestock and Forestry Research Station, on twenty 0.81-ha common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) pastures at a stocking rate of 6.17 calves/ha (BW ± SD = 247 ± 24.6) over 3 yr.

Materials and Methods

This experiment was designed in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments including control (CON), with only free-choice mineral; HF, 1.13 kg/d byproduct-based supplement offered only late summer (LS) or all summer (AS); or SF tub supplement (PVM Cattle Tub, Positive Feed Ltd., Sealy, TX) either LS or AS. The HF supplement in yr 1 was a 50:50 blend of soybean hulls and corn gluten feed, in yr 2 an extruded dried distillers grains cube (MasterHand Milling, Lexington, NE) was used, and in yr 3 corn gluten feed was the HF supplement. Data were analyzed as a generalized randomized complete block design using the mixed procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Fixed effects in the model included supplementation treatment, year, and year × treatment interaction.

Results and Discussion

Even though different HF supplements were used each year, there were no year × treatment interactions. Early summer ADG was greater for HFAS than CON and SFAS, whereas supplemental efficiency (kg added gain/kg supplement) in early summer was less for SFAS than HFAS. Late summer ADG was greater for HF treatments than SF treatments and CON, whereas SF did not differ among supplement treatments. Cost of added gain was $28.33 and $16.14/kg for SFAS and SFLS, respectively, compared with $3.32 and $1.68/ kg for HFAS and HFLS, respectively.

Implications and Applications

Calves on this experiment did not respond as expected to the SF supplement, likely because the bermudagrass pastures in this experiment averaged over 13% CP and were in excess of 10% even in the LS sampling periods. Depending on supplement delivery costs, the most cost-effective way to add gain with supplement to growing calves grazing bermudagrass pasture is by HF.

目标我们的目标是确定阿肯色大学畜牧和林业研究站在 20 个 0.81 公顷的普通百慕大草（Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.）牧场上，在 6.17 头小牛/公顷的放养率下（体重 ± SD = 247 ± 24.材料与方法本实验采用 2 × 2 + 1 因式排列，处理包括：对照组（CON），仅提供自由选择的矿物质；HF，仅在夏末（LS）或整个夏季（AS）提供 1.13 千克/天的副产品补充剂；或 SF 浴盆补充剂（PVM 牛浴盆，Positive Feed Ltd., Sealy, TX、SF浴盆补充剂（PVM牛浴盆，Positive Feed Ltd，德克萨斯州西利市）。第 1 年的高频补充剂是大豆壳和玉米麸质饲料按 50:50 的比例混合而成，第 2 年使用的是挤压干燥的蒸馏谷物立方体（MasterHand Milling，莱克星顿，东北部），第 3 年的高频补充剂是玉米麸质饲料。数据采用 SAS（SAS Institute Inc.）模型中的固定效应包括添加处理、年份和年份 × 处理交互作用。结果与讨论尽管每年使用不同的高频添加剂，但并不存在年份 × 处理交互作用。夏初高频补饲的ADG高于CON和SFAS，而夏初SFAS的补饲效率（千克添加增重/千克补饲物）低于高频补饲。高频处理的夏末平均日增重高于低频处理和中频处理，而低频处理与中频处理之间没有差异。SFAS和SFLS的增重成本分别为28.33美元/公斤和16.14美元/公斤，而HFAS和HFLS的增重成本分别为3.32美元/公斤和1.68美元/公斤。根据补饲成本的不同，对放牧百慕大草牧草的生长犊牛进行补饲以提高增重的最经济有效的方法是高频补饲。

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引用次数: 0

Perspective and Commentary: Effects of conversion of farmland to an integrated beef cattle grazing operation and water use in the Southern Plains and Ogallala Aquifer of the USA 观点与评论：美国南部平原和奥加拉拉含水层农田转为肉牛综合放牧和用水的影响

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02506

Miles E. Theurer , Jonathan Aguilar , Rachael Clews , J. Trent Fox , Gina Gigot , Marc Gigot , Tom M. Jones , Darrin McGraw , Justin W. Waggoner

Purpose

The objectives were to quantify the amount of water savings by converting farmland to an integrated cattle grazing operation through farming practices and cattle requirements, quantify estimated water savings from Thunderstruck Farms over a 20-yr period in relationship to a nearby municipality, and evaluate cattle water intake in backgrounding and feedlot phases.

Sources

Thunderstruck Farms is located near Garden City, Kansas, which has 3,035 irrigated hectares with the primary water source coming from the Ogallala Aquifer. In 2018 Thunderstruck Farms entered all its irrigated land into a water conservation area (WCA) to conserve water resources, and all crops grown are used for silage, hay, or pasture to support the dairy and feedyard enterprises in the region. Historical water and nitrogen use from Thunderstruck Farms was evaluated from 2013 through 2022. Light-weight beef cattle (181–272 kg) graze these irrigated pastures (approximately 120 d). Following the grazing season, the cattle are finished at Hy-Plains Feedyard (Montezuma, KS).

Synthesis

Thunderstruck Farms is allocated 22.9 billion liters of water annually for stock water and irrigation purposes. Thunderstruck Farms used 50.8 billion liters less water than allocated, with 57.8% of the conservation occurring during the 5-yr period of the WCA. Average nitrogen administration has decreased 39% per year since entering into the WCA. During the same period, Thunderstruck Farms has produced 2.8 million kilograms of total weight gain of beef; beef cattle were then transferred to Hy-Plains Feedyard to finish. Based on the calculations from this research, the average amount of water saved over a 4-yr period by decreasing commodity resource use by grazing cattle would average 1.1 billion liters of water each year per 4,047 ha. On average, cattle consumed 17.94 L/ head per day while grazing. Peak monthly water use corresponded with average ambient temperature peak during the summer months.

Conclusions and Applications

Integrated grazing systems reduce the inputs required for cattle to reach a slaughter endpoint. They also may improve soil health. All of these practices result in more water availability for surrounding municipalities and allow for a thriving local economy.

目的通过耕作方式和牛的需求，量化农田转为综合牧场后的节水量，量化雷霆农场与附近城市 20 年间的估计节水量，并评估牛在背景饲养和饲养场阶段的取水量。2018 年，Thunderstruck 农场将其所有灌溉土地划入水源保护区 (WCA)，以保护水资源，种植的所有作物均用于青贮、干草或牧草，以支持该地区的乳制品和饲料厂企业。对雷霆农场从 2013 年到 2022 年的历史用水量和氮用量进行了评估。轻型肉牛（181-272 千克）在这些灌溉草场上放牧（约 120 天）。在放牧季节结束后，牛群在 Hy-Plains Feedyard（肯萨斯州蒙特祖马）完成屠宰。综述雷霆农场每年分配 229 亿升水用于牲畜用水和灌溉。Thunderstruck 农场的用水量比分配水量少 508 亿升，其中 57.8%的节水发生在 WCA 的 5 年期间。自加入 WCA 以来，平均施氮量每年减少 39%。同期，雷霆农场生产了 280 万公斤总增重的牛肉；随后，肉牛被转移到 Hy-Plains Feedyard 完成屠宰。根据这项研究的计算，在 4 年的时间里，通过减少放牧牛群对商品资源的使用，平均每年每 4047 公顷可节约 11 亿升水。牛在放牧期间平均每天消耗 17.94 升/头。结论与应用综合放牧系统减少了牛达到屠宰终点所需的投入。它们还可以改善土壤健康。所有这些做法都为周边城市提供了更多的水源，促进了当地经济的繁荣。

{"title":"Perspective and Commentary: Effects of conversion of farmland to an integrated beef cattle grazing operation and water use in the Southern Plains and Ogallala Aquifer of the USA","authors":"Miles E. Theurer , Jonathan Aguilar , Rachael Clews , J. Trent Fox , Gina Gigot , Marc Gigot , Tom M. Jones , Darrin McGraw , Justin W. Waggoner","doi":"10.15232/aas.2023-02506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2023-02506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The objectives were to quantify the amount of water savings by converting farmland to an integrated cattle grazing operation through farming practices and cattle requirements, quantify estimated water savings from Thunderstruck Farms over a 20-yr period in relationship to a nearby municipality, and evaluate cattle water intake in backgrounding and feedlot phases.</p></div><div><h3>Sources</h3><p>Thunderstruck Farms is located near Garden City, Kansas, which has 3,035 irrigated hectares with the primary water source coming from the Ogallala Aquifer. In 2018 Thunderstruck Farms entered all its irrigated land into a water conservation area (WCA) to conserve water resources, and all crops grown are used for silage, hay, or pasture to support the dairy and feedyard enterprises in the region. Historical water and nitrogen use from Thunderstruck Farms was evaluated from 2013 through 2022. Light-weight beef cattle (181–272 kg) graze these irrigated pastures (approximately 120 d). Following the grazing season, the cattle are finished at Hy-Plains Feedyard (Montezuma, KS).</p></div><div><h3>Synthesis</h3><p>Thunderstruck Farms is allocated 22.9 billion liters of water annually for stock water and irrigation purposes. Thunderstruck Farms used 50.8 billion liters less water than allocated, with 57.8% of the conservation occurring during the 5-yr period of the WCA. Average nitrogen administration has decreased 39% per year since entering into the WCA. During the same period, Thunderstruck Farms has produced 2.8 million kilograms of total weight gain of beef; beef cattle were then transferred to Hy-Plains Feedyard to finish. Based on the calculations from this research, the average amount of water saved over a 4-yr period by decreasing commodity resource use by grazing cattle would average 1.1 billion liters of water each year per 4,047 ha. On average, cattle consumed 17.94 L/ head per day while grazing. Peak monthly water use corresponded with average ambient temperature peak during the summer months.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and Applications</h3><p>Integrated grazing systems reduce the inputs required for cattle to reach a slaughter endpoint. They also may improve soil health. All of these practices result in more water availability for surrounding municipalities and allow for a thriving local economy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8519,"journal":{"name":"Applied Animal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 199-204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286524000272/pdf?md5=e2b9dc99bcab33977a97e1532ee87608&pid=1-s2.0-S2590286524000272-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140295860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Classification of postpartum beef cows as estrous cycling or anestrous through the use of estrus detection patches prior to the start of the breeding season 通过在繁殖季节开始前使用发情检测贴片，将产后肉牛划分为发情周期牛和无情牛

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02474

E.G. Smith , K.R. Ricardo , G.M. VanWye , L.J. Palcheff , R.C. Bonacker , C.M. Andersen , J.M. Thomas

Objective

Two experiments were designed to evaluate use of estrus detection patches (Estrotect Breeding Indi- cators; Hermitage, TN) applied to postpartum cows 24 d before estrus synchronization as a diagnostic tool to clas- sify postpartum beef cows as estrous cycling or anestrous.

Materials and Methods

Estrous cyclicity was de- termined via blood samples (experiment 1) or transrectal ovarian ultrasonography (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, blood samples were collected from 257 cows 10 d before, and coincident with the start of synchronization. Serum progesterone concentrations were determined via radioim- munoassay; cows were considered cycling if one or both samples exceeded 0.5 ng/mL.

Results and Discussion

Based on progesterone, 55% were cycling at the start of estrus synchronization. Use of activated patches to infer cyclicity resulted in 85% sensi- tivity and 79% specificity. However, 75% of cows presented with missing patches. If missing patches were considered activated, sensitivity was 96% but specificity was 16%, In Experiment 2, estrous cyclicity status was determined for 269 cows via transrectal ovarian ultrasonography coinci- dent with the start of estrus synchronization. Cows were classified as cycling based on the presence of a corpus lu- teum. Based on transrectal ovarian ultrasonography, 59% (161/269) were cycling at the start of estrus synchroniza- tion. Of cows receiving patches, 95% (256/269) retained patches for the full 24-d period. Use of activated patches to infer cyclicity resulted in 89% sensitivity and 68% speci- ficity in Experiment 2.

Implications and Applications

Estrus detection patches are a sensitive tool to classify postpartum cows as cycling before the start of the breeding season; however, patch retention could limit application for this purpose.

目的设计了两项实验，以评估在同步发情前 24 d 在产后奶牛身上贴发情检测贴片（Estrotect Breeding Indi-cators；Hermitage，TN）作为诊断工具的使用情况，从而将产后肉牛划分为发情周期期或无发情期。材料与方法通过血液样本（实验 1）或经直肠卵巢超声波检查（实验 2）确定发情周期期。在实验 1 中，257 头奶牛在同步化开始前 10 天采集了血液样本。血清孕酮浓度通过放射免疫法测定；如果一个或两个样本的孕酮浓度都超过 0.5 纳克/毫升，则认为奶牛处于周期性发情期。使用活性贴片推断周期性发情的灵敏度为 85%，特异性为 79%。然而，有 75% 的奶牛出现斑块缺失。在实验 2 中，通过经直肠卵巢超声波检查确定了 269 头奶牛的发情周期状态。奶牛是否处于周期性发情状态取决于是否存在卵巢。根据经直肠卵巢超声波检查，59%（161/269）的奶牛在同步发情开始时处于周期性发情状态。在接受贴片的奶牛中，95%（256/269）的奶牛在整个 24 天期间保留了贴片。在实验 2 中，使用激活的贴片来推断周期性发情的灵敏度为 89%，特异度为 68%。意义和应用发情检测贴片是一种灵敏的工具，可将产后奶牛归类为在繁殖季节开始前周期性发情的奶牛；但是，贴片的保留可能会限制贴片的应用。

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引用次数: 0

A cooperative study assessing the effects of a second iron injection administered before weaning on growth performance, hematological status, and tissue mineral concentrations of nursery pigs* 一项合作研究，评估断奶前注射第二次铁剂对育肥猪生长性能、血液状态和组织矿物质浓度的影响*

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02480

T.B. Chevalier , O. Adeola , S.D. Carter , C.R. Dove , M.J. Estienne , C.L. Levesque , C.V. Maxwell , T. Tsai , M.D. Lindemann

Objective

A study involving 7 experiment stations evaluated the effects of a second iron injection adminis- tered before weaning on growth and hematological mea- sures of pigs.

Materials and Methods

Pigs (n = 514) were given an iron injection (100–200 mg) on the first day of life. Piglets were then allotted to pairs of similar-weight, same- sex siblings 3 to 5 d before weaning (on d 18–24) with one piglet from each pair receiving a second iron injection. All pigs received common station-specific postweaning diets. Data were subjected to ANOVA with the model contain- ing the terms treatment, station, pair within station, and treatment × station interaction.

Results and Discussion

Postweaning ADG was greater for the added-injection group during during 0 to 14 d after weaning, but the response (212.5 vs. 202.6 g) was largely influenced by a single station as evidenced by a treatment × station interaction. The tendency for a treatment × station interaction for overall ADG (d −4 to 28) indicated that iron status was not the most limiting factor for growth at all stations. Hemoglobin concentra- tion was greater for the added-injection group at weaning and d 14 after weaning.

Implications and Applications

An additional iron injection before weaning may lead to improved early nursery growth; however, the beneficial effects of an additional iron injection are not universal and are likely dependent on unique herd characteristics including timing and total dosage of iron injections as well as nursery diet supple- mentation.

目的一项涉及 7 个实验站的研究评估了断奶前注射第二次铁剂对猪生长和血液学指标的影响。然后在断奶前 3 到 5 天（第 18-24 天）将仔猪分配到体重相近、性别相同的兄弟姐妹中，每对中有一头仔猪接受第二次铁注射。断奶后，所有猪只均食用同一站的特定日粮。对数据进行方差分析，模型中包含处理、站、站内配对和处理 × 站交互作用等项。结果与讨论断奶后 0 到 14 d 内，添加注射剂组的断奶后 ADG 更大，但反应（212.5 g 对 202.6 g）在很大程度上受单个站的影响，这体现在处理 × 站交互作用上。总体 ADG（第 4 天至第 28 天）的处理 × 工位交互作用趋势表明，铁的状况并不是所有工位生长的最大限制因素。在断奶时和断奶后第 14 d，添加注射剂组的血红蛋白浓度更高。意义和应用在断奶前额外注射铁剂可能会改善早期育肥猪的生长；然而，额外注射铁剂的有益效果并不普遍，可能取决于独特的牛群特征，包括注射铁剂的时间和总剂量以及育肥猪的日粮供应。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of short-term nutritional increase before artificial insemination on average daily gain and reproductive efficiency in March-calving beef heifer development systems 人工授精前短期增加营养对三月产犊肉用小母牛发育系统平均日增重和繁殖效率的影响

IF 1.5 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Applied Animal Science

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.15232/aas.2023-02399

L.F. Tadich , R.E.S. Rogers , R.N. Funston

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate increased nu- tritional energy before AI on BW, ADG, and reproductive efficiency in heifers developed on range or in a drylot.

Materials and Methods

A 3-yr study used Angus crossbred heifers (n = 100/yr) near North Platte, Nebras- ka. Heifers were stratified by BW and assigned to 1 of 3 treatments. During winter development (131 ± 3.5 d/yr), heifers grazed upland range (RANGE) or were fed a drylot diet in 2 pens with a targeted gain of 0.68 kg/d to achieve 65% of mature BW (6.35 kg/head per day hay, 2.27 kg/ head per day wet corn gluten feed, and 0.34 kg/head per day supplement). Thirty-three days before AI, one dry- lot group remained on this diet (DLLO) while the other (DLHI) received an additional 4.08 kg/head per day wet corn gluten feed. Heifers developed on RANGE received 0.45 kg/head per day of a 29% CP, dried distillers grain– based pellet until 38 d before AI, when they were fed the DLLO diet.

Results and Discussion

Prebreeding BW was great- er for DLHI (375 ± 3.4 kg) and DLLO (363 ± 3.4 kg) compared with RANGE (312 ± 3.4 kg), but breeding ADG was greater for RANGE (0.69 ± 0.01 kg) compared with DLHI (0.35 ± 0.02 kg) and DLLO (0.37 ± 0.02 kg). Pregnancy rates to AI were similar among DLHI (69%), DLLO (63%), and RANGE (49%); final pregnancy rates tended to be different: DLHI (96%), DLLO (95%) and RANGE (84%). Calving rate and calving in the first 21 d was similar.

Implications and Applications

Greater nutrient and energy intake for DLHI and DLLO led to greater BW and ADG compared with RANGE, but short-term nutri- tional increase had no effect on pregnancy rate to AI nor final pregnancy rates.

目标我们的目标是评估在人工授精前增加过渡能量对在牧场或干牧场培育的小母牛的体重、ADG 和繁殖效率的影响。材料和方法一项为期 3 年的研究使用了内布拉斯加州北普拉特附近的安格斯杂交小母牛（n = 100 头/年）。母牛按体重分层，并分配到 3 种处理中的 1 种。在冬季生长发育期间（131 ± 3.5 d/年），小母牛在高地牧场（RANGE）放牧，或在 2 个栏中饲喂干饲料，目标增重为 0.68 kg/d，以达到成熟体重的 65%（干草 6.35 kg/头/天，湿玉米麸质饲料 2.27 kg/头/天，补充饲料 0.34 kg/头/天）。在人工授精前 33 天，一个干批组（DLLO）仍使用这种日粮，而另一个干批组（DLHI）则每天额外添加 4.08 千克/头的湿玉米麸质饲料。在 RANGE 上发育的小母牛每天每头摄入 0.45 千克 CP 含量为 29% 的干蒸馏谷物颗粒饲料，直到人工授精前 38 天才开始饲喂 DLLO 日粮。4 kg）和 DLLO（363 ± 3.4 kg）比 RANGE（312 ± 3.4 kg）高，但 RANGE 的育成 ADG（0.69 ± 0.01 kg）比 DLHI（0.35 ± 0.02 kg）和 DLLO（0.37 ± 0.02 kg）高。DLHI（69%）、DLLO（63%）和 RANGE（49%）的人工授精妊娠率相似，但最终妊娠率往往不同：DLHI（96%）、DLLO（95%）和 RANGE（84%）。意义和应用与 RANGE 相比，DLHI 和 DLLO 的营养和能量摄入量更高，体重和 ADG 也更大，但短期营养的增加对人工授精妊娠率和最终妊娠率没有影响。

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引用次数: 0