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Regional trends in crude birth, death, and natural increase rates in Russia and the USSR: 1897-1989. 俄罗斯和苏联粗出生、死亡和自然增长率的区域趋势:1897-1989。
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-12-01
R A Lewis, R H Rowland

"This paper establishes and discusses briefly regional patterns and trends in crude birth, death, and natural increase rates in Russia and the USSR from the turn of the century to 1989. The study is based on a comparable regional framework and placed in the context of the demographic transition theory. It discusses sources, collection, and quality of data, as well as necessary estimating procedures. An attempt also is made to examine briefly regional age-standardized rates."

“本文建立并简要讨论了俄罗斯和苏联从世纪之交到1989年的原始出生、死亡和自然增长率的区域模式和趋势。这项研究以一个可比较的区域框架为基础，并在人口过渡理论的背景下进行。它讨论了数据的来源、收集和质量，以及必要的评估过程。我们还试图简要地考察区域年龄标准化比率。”
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引用次数: 0
The Geography of the Russian 1995 Parliamentary Election: Continuity, Change, and Correlates 俄罗斯1995年议会选举的地理:连续性、变化和相关因素
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641008
R. Clem, P. Craumer
Two specialists on the electoral geography of post-Soviet Russia analyze the spatial patterns emerging from the parliamentary election held in December 1995. In addition to detailed description of the geographical aspect of the party-preference vote, comparisons are made with the previous election in December 1993. Regression analysis is undertaken to relate the results across Russia's 89 regions to underlying demographic and economic factors thought to influence voting behavior. 13 figures, 6 tables, 28 references.
两位研究苏联解体后俄罗斯选举地理学的专家分析了1995年12月举行的议会选举所产生的空间格局。除了详细说明政党偏好投票的地理方面外，还与1993年12月的上次选举进行了比较。进行回归分析，将俄罗斯89个地区的结果与被认为影响投票行为的潜在人口和经济因素联系起来。图13张，表6张，文献28篇。
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引用次数: 41
Is Russia's demographic situation improving? 俄罗斯的人口状况正在改善吗?
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-12-01
T Heleniak

"Since the Russian economy recently has shown sings of stabilization, there now is evidence that demographic trends are beginning to improve somewhat. Although the population declined by 164,200, to 148.1 million at the beginning of 1996, the release of new statistical compendia by the Russian statistical agency (Goskomstat Rosii) in 1995 and early 1996 makes it possible to identify several positive trends.... Life expectancy increased for the first time since 1985. The infant mortality rate declined for the second year in a row. The crude death rate declined for the first time in a decade. The birth rate remained at about the same level for the third consecutive year. The rate of natural increase (births minus deaths), although still negative, recorded a moderate increase."

“由于俄罗斯经济最近显示出稳定的迹象，现在有证据表明人口趋势开始有所改善。虽然人口在1996年初减少了164 200人，降至1.481亿人，但俄罗斯统计机构(俄罗斯统计局)在1995年和1996年初出版了新的统计汇编，因此有可能查明若干积极趋势....预期寿命自1985年以来首次增加。婴儿死亡率连续第二年下降。粗死亡率十年来首次下降。出生率连续第三年保持在大致相同的水平。自然增长率(出生人数减去死亡人数)虽然仍然为负，但有了适度的增长。”
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引用次数: 0
Regional trends in crude birth, death, and natural increase rates in Russia and the USSR: 1897-1989. 俄罗斯和苏联粗出生、死亡和自然增长率的区域趋势:1897-1989。
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641009
R. Lewis, R. Rowland
"This paper establishes and discusses briefly regional patterns and trends in crude birth, death, and natural increase rates in Russia and the USSR from the turn of the century to 1989. The study is based on a comparable regional framework and placed in the context of the demographic transition theory. It discusses sources, collection, and quality of data, as well as necessary estimating procedures. An attempt also is made to examine briefly regional age-standardized rates."
“本文建立并简要讨论了俄罗斯和苏联从世纪之交到1989年的原始出生、死亡和自然增长率的区域模式和趋势。这项研究以一个可比较的区域框架为基础，并在人口过渡理论的背景下进行。它讨论了数据的来源、收集和质量，以及必要的评估过程。我们还试图简要地考察区域年龄标准化比率。”
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引用次数: 0
Land Reform and Farm Restructuring in the Kyrgyz Republic 吉尔吉斯共和国的土地改革和农业结构调整
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641007
James M. Delehanty, K. Rasmussen
Two land tenure specialists chronicle initiatives in land reform and farm restructuring in the Kyrgyz Republic from 1991 to the present. A brief review of the legal basis for reforms to date is outlined and compared against progress in land reform and farm restructuring on the ground. Specific attention is devoted to regional variation in progress in farm restructuring, the impact of the reforms on farm size, farm labor requirements, and rural-to-urban migration. 1 figure, 9 tables, 10 references.
两位土地权属专家记录了1991年至今吉尔吉斯共和国在土地改革和农业结构调整方面的主动行动。简要回顾了迄今为止改革的法律基础，并与土地改革和农场结构调整的实际进展进行了比较。特别关注农业结构调整进展的区域差异、改革对农场规模、农场劳动力需求和农村向城市迁移的影响。1张图，9张表，10个参考文献。
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引用次数: 15
The Russian Natural Gas Industry in the Mid-1990s 20世纪90年代中期的俄罗斯天然气工业
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641006
M. J. Sagers
Russia's natural gas industry has been enormously successful over the past quarter century (gas production increased nearly eightfold between 1970 and 1990 and exports outside the territory of the former USSR increased by 33 times), an outward success that appears to have carried over into the difficult transition period of the last five years; output has remained almost stable despite unprecedented declines elsewhere in the economy. Still, in recent years, with the overall economic and political transformation, the situation has become far more unsettled for the industry. This paper identifies and analyzes emerging new forces associated with the economic transition and assesses their likely impact upon the natural gas sector in terms of production trends and related developments in demand (both in terms of internal consumption and exports). 6 tables, 3 figures, 41 references.
在过去的四分之一个世纪里，俄罗斯的天然气工业取得了巨大的成功(1970年至1990年间，天然气产量增长了近8倍，前苏联境外的出口量增长了33倍)，这种外在的成功似乎延续到了过去五年艰难的过渡期;尽管经济的其他领域出现了前所未有的衰退，但产出几乎保持稳定。然而，近年来，随着整体经济和政治转型，该行业的形势变得更加不稳定。本文确定并分析了与经济转型相关的新兴力量，并从生产趋势和相关需求发展(国内消费和出口)方面评估了它们对天然气部门可能产生的影响。表6张，图3张，文献41篇。
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引用次数: 11
The Development of Market Relations in Agricultural Land: The Case of Kostroma Oblast 农地市场关系的发展:以科斯特罗马州为例
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641005
S. Wegren
A status report on land property relations in post-Soviet Russia examines progress made toward the development of markets for agricultural land (with emphasis on the situation in Kostroma Oblast). The author surveys the evolution of legislation addressing rural land issues in Russia before focusing on how agricultural land transactions generally are conducted at present, e.g., processes through which land becomes available for sale, the determination of land valuation and taxation upon sale, and registration procedures. The general picture emerging with respect to rural land relations in Russia then is supplemented by a detailed description of a local land market as it operates in Kostroma Oblast (Central Region), pieced together from extensive interviews with local officials, a survey of the local press, and examination of local records and documents. 1 figure, 2 tables, 16 references.
一份关于苏联解体后俄罗斯土地财产关系的现况报告审查了在发展农业用地市场方面取得的进展(重点是科斯特罗马州的情况)。作者调查了俄罗斯解决农村土地问题的立法演变，然后重点介绍了目前农业土地交易的一般进行方式，例如，土地可供出售的过程，确定土地估价和出售时的税收，以及登记程序。关于俄罗斯农村土地关系的总体情况，然后通过对当地官员的广泛采访，对当地媒体的调查以及对当地记录和文件的审查，对科斯特罗马州(中部地区)当地土地市场运作的详细描述进行了补充。图1张，表2张，参考文献16篇。
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引用次数: 11
A Rayon-Level Analysis of the Russian Election and Constitutional Plebiscite of December 1993 对1993年12月俄罗斯选举和宪法全民投票的分析
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641003
R. Clem, P. Craumer
Two specialists on the electoral geography of post-Soviet Russia present findings from the first systematic study of regional political patterns at the rayon level. Drawing on a sample of 303 rayons from nine oblasts, the analysis underscores the salience of the urban-rural divide in Russian politics, as manifested in voters' preferences for parties and their support for the new Russian constitution in the national election of December 1993. The extent to which party preference, voting on the constitution, and voter turnout are associated with one another and with the age composition and educational attainment of the population in the respective units is tested using regression techniques. 4 figures, 6 tables, 28 references.
两位研究苏联解体后俄罗斯选举地理的专家介绍了对区域政治格局进行的首次系统研究的结果。从9个州的303人的样本中，分析强调了俄罗斯政治中城乡差别的显著性，这表现在1993年12月全国选举中选民对政党的偏好和对俄罗斯新宪法的支持上。政党偏好、宪法投票和选民投票率彼此之间以及与各自单位人口的年龄构成和受教育程度之间的关联程度是用回归技术检验的。4张图，6张表，28个参考文献。
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引用次数: 37
Economic Conditions of Nationalities in the Baltics 波罗的海国家的民族经济状况
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641004
R. Rose
Economies can be analyzed at both the macro- and micro-economic levels; in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, a cross-cutting dimension also is relevant, comparing similarities and differences in the micro-economic conditions of the multiple nationalities living there. This paper first outlines different levels and types of economic activity especially relevant in economies in transformation. Second, it draws upon the second New Baltic Barometer (NBB) survey of April 1995 to analyze individual and household economic conditions in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In each country the Barometer separately examines Baltic and Russian nationals. It thus can test how important nationality is (or is not) for economic success or for avoiding destitution. The study draws upon comparisons of micro-economic conditions and macro-level data for the Baltic states, demonstrating the need to use micro-level data to understand what is actually happening within societies in transformation. 13 tables, 31 references.
经济可以从宏观和微观两个层面进行分析;在爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛，一个跨领域的维度也是相关的，比较居住在那里的多民族微观经济条件的异同。本文首先概述了经济活动的不同层次和类型，特别是与转型经济体相关的经济活动。其次，它利用1995年4月的第二次新波罗的海晴雨表(NBB)调查来分析爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛的个人和家庭经济状况。在每个国家，晴雨表分别调查了波罗的海和俄罗斯的国民。因此，它可以检验国籍对经济成功或避免贫困有多重要。该研究对波罗的海国家的微观经济状况和宏观层面的数据进行了比较，表明需要使用微观层面的数据来了解转型社会内部实际发生的情况。13张表，31篇参考文献。
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引用次数: 1
Economic transition and demographic change in Russia, 1989-1995. 1989-1995年俄罗斯的经济转型和人口变化。
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641002
T. Heleniak
The author "reviews recent population changes in Russia, relating trends in fertility, mortality, natural increase, and migration to the social and economic effects of the transition to a market economy. Significant trends (a precipitous drop in fertility, an extraordinary increase in mortality--especially among middle-aged males--and a consequent decline in natural increase) are identified and analyzed, with dislocations caused by the uncertainties of economic and political transition suggested as the principal causes. The effect of net in-migration to Russia (probably mainly ethnic Russians from the Near Abroad countries) in partially offsetting the natural population decrease is examined as well."
作者“回顾了俄罗斯最近的人口变化，将生育率、死亡率、自然增长和移民的趋势与向市场经济过渡的社会和经济影响联系起来。重要的趋势(生育率急剧下降，死亡率急剧上升——尤其是中年男性——以及随之而来的自然增长率下降)被确定和分析，经济和政治转型的不确定性造成的混乱被认为是主要原因。对俄罗斯净移民(可能主要是来自近邻国家的俄罗斯族)在部分抵消自然人口减少方面的影响也进行了研究。”
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