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Declining towns in Russia, 1989-1993. 俄罗斯衰落的城镇，1989-1993。
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641001
R. Rowland
This "article based on data for the last census of the former USSR and population estimates for 1993 for urban places of over 15,000 population in the Russian Federation surveys the regional distribution, economic functions, and size characteristics of urban settlements in Russia with declining population over the period 1989-93. Interesting comparisons are drawn with patterns prevailing during previous periods, revealing recent increases in the number of such towns in major manufacturing regions and the North and an increase in the number of large cities. Towns experiencing the very greatest percentage declines (-10.0 percent or more) also are investigated."
这篇文章根据前苏联最后一次人口普查的数据和1993年俄罗斯联邦人口超过15 000的城市地区的人口估计数，调查了1989- 1993年期间人口减少的俄罗斯城市住区的区域分布、经济功能和规模特征。与前几个时期普遍存在的模式进行了有趣的比较，揭示了最近在主要制造业地区和北方，这类城镇的数量有所增加，大城市的数量也有所增加。跌幅最大的城镇(- 10.0%或更多)也被调查。”
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引用次数: 12
Declining towns in Russia, 1989-1993. 俄罗斯衰落的城镇，1989-1993。
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-09-01
R H Rowland

This "article based on data for the last census of the former USSR and population estimates for 1993 for urban places of over 15,000 population in the Russian Federation surveys the regional distribution, economic functions, and size characteristics of urban settlements in Russia with declining population over the period 1989-93. Interesting comparisons are drawn with patterns prevailing during previous periods, revealing recent increases in the number of such towns in major manufacturing regions and the North and an increase in the number of large cities. Towns experiencing the very greatest percentage declines (-10.0 percent or more) also are investigated."

这篇文章根据前苏联最后一次人口普查的数据和1993年俄罗斯联邦人口超过15 000的城市地区的人口估计数，调查了1989- 1993年期间人口减少的俄罗斯城市住区的区域分布、经济功能和规模特征。与前几个时期普遍存在的模式进行了有趣的比较，揭示了最近在主要制造业地区和北方，这类城镇的数量有所增加，大城市的数量也有所增加。跌幅最大的城镇(- 10.0%或更多)也被调查。”
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引用次数: 0
Economic transition and demographic change in Russia, 1989-1995. 1989-1995年俄罗斯的经济转型和人口变化。
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-09-01
T Heleniak

The author "reviews recent population changes in Russia, relating trends in fertility, mortality, natural increase, and migration to the social and economic effects of the transition to a market economy. Significant trends (a precipitous drop in fertility, an extraordinary increase in mortality--especially among middle-aged males--and a consequent decline in natural increase) are identified and analyzed, with dislocations caused by the uncertainties of economic and political transition suggested as the principal causes. The effect of net in-migration to Russia (probably mainly ethnic Russians from the Near Abroad countries) in partially offsetting the natural population decrease is examined as well."

作者“回顾了俄罗斯最近的人口变化，将生育率、死亡率、自然增长和移民的趋势与向市场经济过渡的社会和经济影响联系起来。重要的趋势(生育率急剧下降，死亡率急剧上升——尤其是中年男性——以及随之而来的自然增长率下降)被确定和分析，经济和政治转型的不确定性造成的混乱被认为是主要原因。对俄罗斯净移民(可能主要是来自近邻国家的俄罗斯族)在部分抵消自然人口减少方面的影响也进行了研究。”
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引用次数: 0
Resource Rent from the Oil and Gas Sector and the Russian Economy 石油和天然气部门的资源租金与俄罗斯经济
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640999
M. J. Sagers, V. Kryukov, V. Shmat
Three specialists on Russia's oil and gas sector examine the process whereby resource rent has been extracted from oil and gas production and distributed within the Soviet (and later Russian) econo...
三位俄罗斯石油和天然气部门的专家研究了从石油和天然气生产中提取资源租金并在苏联(以及后来的俄罗斯)经济中分配的过程。
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引用次数: 23
Prospects for the Disintegration of the Russian Federation 俄罗斯联邦解体的前景
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10641000
R. Kaiser
The author examines a series of sociocultural, ethnographic, and socioeconomic indices for the Russian Federation's constituent ethnic-based territorial units to assess prospects for the country's disintegration along ethnoterritorial lines. The sociocultural indices feature measures of linguistic russification, intermarriage, and assimilation; the ethnodemographic ones, measures of relative demographic weight; and the socioeconomic ones, various measures of urbanization, education, and occupational status. Dimensions of a “North-South” divide with respect to national consciousness, resistance to assimilation, and desire for independence/autonomy are investigated. 1 table, 19 references.
作者考察了俄罗斯联邦各民族领土单位的一系列社会文化、民族志和社会经济指标，以评估该国沿民族领土线解体的前景。社会文化指标以语言俄罗斯化、通婚和同化为特征;民族人口统计指标，相对人口权重的度量;还有社会经济因素，城市化，教育和职业状况的各种衡量标准。在民族意识、对同化的抵制和对独立/自治的渴望方面，研究了“南北”分歧的各个方面。表1，参考文献19。
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引用次数: 3
Environmental Security and Shared Water Resources in Post-Soviet Central Asia 后苏联中亚的环境安全与水资源共享
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640997
David R. Smith
This paper examines the distribution of water and the location of physical and political boundaries in Central Asia, identifies indicators of the susceptibility of its various regions to resource and water-related conflict, and then applies those indicators to discover the potential for future water-based regional conflict. The dimensions of the problem are addressed not only in terms of the physical availability of water (or lack of same), but also water quality and regional social unrest as a consequence of migration from regions of environmental deterioration. 5 figures, 4 tables, 45 references.
本文考察了中亚地区的水资源分布以及自然和政治边界的位置，确定了该地区各个地区对资源和水相关冲突的敏感性指标，然后运用这些指标来发现未来水资源相关区域冲突的可能性。该问题的各个方面不仅涉及水的实际可用性(或缺乏水)，而且涉及水质和因环境恶化地区的移民而造成的区域社会动荡。5张图，4张表，45个参考文献。
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引用次数: 76
The Geographical Impact of the Russian Privatization Program 俄罗斯私有化计划的地理影响
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640998
I. Filatotchev, R. Bradshaw
This paper examines privatization of state assets, a key element in the process of Russia's economic transformation. In particular, it assesses the spatial impacts of providing each Russian citizen with a voucher that can be used to purchase shares in enterprises undergoing privatization. A focus is on documenting a geographic shift in benefits from voucher-based privatization, initially accruing disproportionally to residents of the Urals and West and East Siberia, and later passing on to urbanized western Russia, where greater levels of investment may be expected in new financial centers such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, and, to a lesser extent, Yekaterinburg. 3 maps, 1 table, 19 references.
本文考察了俄罗斯经济转型过程中的一个关键因素——国有资产私有化。特别是，它评估了向每个俄罗斯公民提供可用于购买私有化企业股份的代金券的空间影响。重点是记录基于凭证的私有化带来的利益的地理变化，最初乌拉尔和西伯利亚西部和东部的居民不成比例地受益，后来转移到俄罗斯西部的城市化，在那里，新的金融中心，如莫斯科、圣彼得堡，以及较小程度上的叶卡捷琳堡，预计会有更高水平的投资。
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引用次数: 4
Belarus' Ten Years After Chernobyl' 白俄罗斯“切尔诺贝利事故后十年”
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640996
David R. Marples
A recognized world authority on the history and consequences of the 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl' nuclear power plant examines the present impact of the accident on the economy and society of Belarus'. An initial section focuses on the geography of radioactive contamination within the republic, followed by sections on evacuation procedures and official programs of assistance, living conditions within the contaminated zone, and the role played by international charitable institutions vis-a-vis the government in providing long-term assistance to those seriously affected by the accident. Political considerations underlying the involvement of government and grassroots organizations in Chernobyl' assistance programs are explored. 1 table, 1 figure, 32 references.
关于1986年切尔诺贝利核电站灾难的历史和后果的公认的世界权威审查了事故对白俄罗斯经济和社会的目前影响。第一部分着重于共和国境内放射性污染的地理位置，随后是疏散程序和官方援助计划，污染区内的生活条件，以及国际慈善机构在向受事故严重影响的人提供长期援助方面所扮演的角色。本文探讨了政府和基层组织参与切尔诺贝利援助项目背后的政治考虑。表1张，图1张，参考文献32篇。
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引用次数: 3
Russia's Environment and Natural Resources in Light of Economic Regionalization 经济区域化视野下的俄罗斯环境与自然资源
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640994
D. J. Peterson
A specialist on environmental policy and problems in Russia and the states of the former Soviet Union assesses the current state of the environment, emerging environmental problems, and possible future developments in Russia's regions as a result of increasing regional differentiation brought about by the varied impacts of economic reform and restructuring in Russia. Particular attention is devoted to the environmental ramifications of regional economic specialization (e.g., raw materials vs. finished goods production), privatization, reduction in state subsidies and investment, incipient domestic mass consumption, character of future urban/suburban development, and the role of exports to world markets. 3 tables, 36 references.
俄罗斯和前苏联国家的环境政策和问题专家评估了俄罗斯经济改革和结构调整的不同影响所带来的区域分化加剧所导致的俄罗斯地区的环境现状、新出现的环境问题和可能的未来发展。特别注意区域经济专门化(例如，原材料与制成品生产)、私有化、减少国家补贴和投资、国内大众消费初期、未来城市/郊区发展的特点以及向世界市场出口的作用的环境后果。表3张，参考文献36篇。
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引用次数: 16
The Russian Forest Sector: Production, Consumption, and Export Prospects 俄罗斯林业部门:生产、消费和出口前景
Post-Soviet geography
Pub Date : 1995-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640995
C. Backman
The forest sector of Russia is described at the country level of detail, including a description of the growth of the forest resource over time and of the historical utilization of the forest resource, with a focus on the shares of output allocated for domestic consumption and for export. The resource available for the future then is presented in terms of economic accessibility. Longer-term export opportunities are identified using a scenario analysis generated by the Russian Forest Sector Assessment Model. 14 figures, 12 references.
在国家一级详细描述了俄罗斯的森林部门，包括对森林资源随时间的增长和森林资源的历史利用情况的描述，重点是分配给国内消费和出口的产出份额。因此，未来可用的资源是以经济可及性来表示的。利用俄罗斯森林部门评估模型产生的情景分析确定了较长期的出口机会。
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引用次数: 15
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Post-Soviet geography
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