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Regional Development of Russian Private Farms: Response to Wegren 俄罗斯私人农场的区域发展:对韦格伦的回应
Pub Date : 1995-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640986
P. Craumer
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引用次数: 1
Rapidly growing towns in the former USSR and Russia, 1970-1993. 前苏联和俄罗斯快速发展的城镇,1970-1993年。
Pub Date : 1995-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640983
R. Rowland
"Using urban places of 15,000 or more inhabitants as its point of reference, this paper identifies and investigates the most rapidly growing towns and cities of the USSR during the recent intercensal periods of 1970-79 and 1979-89. Rapidly growing towns are defined as towns that grew by at least 50 percent overall for the intercensal period and at a rate of equal to or exceeding 4.1 percent annually. In addition, a category of 'doubling towns' is investigated, defined as towns that increased in population by at least 100 percent (or 6.3 percent or more annually). Special attention is devoted to the geographical aspects, economic functions, and size characteristics of the towns involved. Comparisons with 1959-70, an overall examination from 1959-89, and an update for contemporary Russia during 1989-93 also are undertaken."
“本文以15,000或更多居民的城市为参照点,确定并调查了1970-79年和1979-89年最近两次人口普查之间时期苏联发展最快的城镇和城市。快速增长的城镇被定义为在两次人口普查期间总体增长率至少为50%,年增长率等于或超过4.1%的城镇。此外,研究还调查了“翻倍城镇”的类别,定义为人口增长至少100%(或每年增长6.3%或更多)的城镇。特别关注所涉及城镇的地理方面、经济功能和规模特征。与1959-70年的比较,1959-89年的全面检查,以及1989-93年当代俄罗斯的更新也进行了。”
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引用次数: 10
Nationalizing the Work Force: Ethnic Restratification in the Newly Independent States 劳动力国有化:新独立国家的种族重新统一
Pub Date : 1995-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640981
R. Kaiser
Whenever indigenous elites gain greater decision-making authority in their own homelands, they seek to use this newly acquired power to enhance the standing of their own nation relative to members of other nations living there. This “nationalization” or indigenization process typically includes attempts to raise the status of the indigenous nation's ethno-cultural characteristics (e.g., language, religion), to increase the competitive position of indigenes over non-indigenes in the socio-cultural and political sectors (e.g., less restrictive university entrance requirements for indigenous students, and ethnic favoritism in access to government jobs and benefits), to improve the relative legal standing of indigenes as “first among equals,” and to reorient hiring criteria so that an individual's membership in the indigenous nation becomes an important, even overriding factor. This paper examines the last dimension of this “nationalization” process, assessing the degree to which work force indigenization had...
每当土著精英在自己的家园获得更大的决策权时,他们就会寻求利用这种新获得的权力来提高自己国家相对于生活在那里的其他国家成员的地位。这种“国有化”或本土化进程通常包括试图提高土著民族的民族文化特征(例如语言、宗教)的地位,增加土著在社会文化和政治部门对非土著的竞争地位(例如,对土著学生的大学入学要求限制较少,以及在获得政府工作和福利方面的种族偏袒);提高土著居民“平等优先”的相对法律地位,重新调整雇用标准,使个人在土著民族的成员身份成为一个重要的、甚至压倒一切的因素。本文考察了这一“国有化”过程的最后一个维度,评估了劳动力本土化在多大程度上……
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引用次数: 30
Torn Between East and West: The Regional Factor in Ukrainian Politics 东西方之争:乌克兰政治中的地区因素
Pub Date : 1995-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640982
Sven Holdar
Two issues that are central to an understanding of post-Soviet party politics in Ukraine are examined in detail within the context of their regional variation. First is the lack of an organizational culture, which reflects the continued dominance of the former Communist Party nomenklatura in party politics in Ukraine. No powerful popular movements or parties have been able or willing to seriously challenge this dominance. Second is the split between Eastern and Western Ukraine, which becomes quite apparent in a review of returns from the 1994 parliamentary elections. Few political parties poll strongly in all parts of Ukraine; instead, there is a growing division between a nationalist West and a Russian-oriented East. The paper assesses the implications of the nomenklatura dominance and East-West division for the future of pluralist party democracy in Ukraine. 6 figures, 3 tables, 21 references.
两个问题是核心的理解后苏联政党政治在乌克兰在他们的区域变化的背景下详细审查。首先是缺乏组织文化,这反映出前共产党权贵在乌克兰政党政治中继续占据主导地位。没有任何强大的民众运动或政党能够或愿意认真挑战这种统治地位。其次是乌克兰东部和西部的分裂,这在对1994年议会选举结果的审查中变得非常明显。很少有政党在乌克兰所有地区都获得了强有力的民意调查;相反,民族主义的西方和以俄罗斯为导向的东方之间的分歧越来越大。本文评估了权贵统治和东西方分裂对乌克兰多元政党民主未来的影响。6个数字,3个表格,21个参考文献。
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引用次数: 36
The Politics of Russia's Regions: A Geographical Analysis of the Russian Election and Constitutional Plebiscite of December 1993 俄罗斯地区政治:1993年12月俄罗斯选举和宪法公民投票的地理分析
Pub Date : 1995-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640980
R. Clem, P. Craumer
Two specialists on the electoral geography of post-Soviet Russia analyze spatial patterns emerging from parliamentary elections and a constitutional plebiscite held in December 1993. In addition to...
研究苏联解体后俄罗斯选举地理的两位专家分析了1993年12月举行的议会选举和宪法全民投票所产生的空间格局。除了……
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引用次数: 43
Ethnic and gender divisions in the work force of Russia. 俄罗斯劳动力的种族和性别划分。
Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640977
M. Sacks
Like the former Soviet Union, Russia is home to many ethnic groups. The Russian Federal Treaty of March 1992 was signed by 18 ethnically-based republics and 17 non-Russian ethnic districts. Ethnic groups within Russia vary considerably in levels of socioeconomic achievement, with groups having had unequal access to political resources and differing in their ability to take advantage of economic opportunities. The author analyzed newly available occupational data from the 1989 census in his study of ethnic and gender differences in the work force of Russia. Measurements are presented showing differences between the occupations of Russians and the next largest 11 ethnic groups, producing a clear hierarchy of groups. The extent of occupational gender differences within each ethnic group is measured and contrasted with the level of differences between ethnic groups. These data are important for showing potential sources of group conflict and for providing a baseline to measure changing forms of inequality which have been promoted by post-Soviet developments. Preliminary findings point to the existence of highly significant differences between Russia's ethnic groups, with the level of the differences closely paralleling measures of socioeconomic achievement. To determine more precisely the significance of group differences in employment, detailed occupational categories must be examined more closely. Currently available data, however, do not permit more rigorous measurements of discrimination. It is nonetheless clear that ethnicity in contemporary Russia is strongly related to occupational differences. The aggregate segregation of men from women was found to be very stable despite the substantial socioeconomic and cultural differences between ethnic groups. As a group, Jews were found to have extremely high levels of educational and occupational achievement and a comparatively far older age structure.
和前苏联一样,俄罗斯也是许多民族的家园。1992年3月,18个民族共和国和17个非俄罗斯民族地区签署了《俄罗斯联邦条约》。俄罗斯各民族的社会经济成就水平差异很大,各民族获得政治资源的机会不平等,利用经济机会的能力也各不相同。作者在研究俄罗斯劳动力的种族和性别差异时,分析了1989年人口普查中新获得的职业数据。测量结果显示了俄罗斯人和排在其后的11个民族的职业之间的差异,从而产生了一个清晰的群体等级。测量了各族裔群体内部职业性别差异的程度,并与族裔群体之间的差异水平进行了对比。这些数据对于显示群体冲突的潜在根源和提供衡量后苏联发展所促进的不断变化的不平等形式的基线是重要的。初步调查结果表明,俄罗斯各民族之间存在着非常显著的差异,差异的程度与社会经济成就的衡量标准密切相关。为了更精确地确定就业群体差异的重要性,必须更仔细地检查详细的职业类别。然而,目前可用的数据不允许对歧视进行更严格的测量。尽管如此,很明显,当代俄罗斯的种族与职业差异密切相关。研究发现,尽管种族群体之间存在巨大的社会经济和文化差异,但男女之间的总体隔离非常稳定。作为一个群体,犹太人的教育和职业成就水平极高,年龄结构相对较老。
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引用次数: 3
Ethnic and gender divisions in the work force of Russia. 俄罗斯劳动力的种族和性别划分。
Pub Date : 1995-01-01
M P Sacks
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引用次数: 0
Observations on Regional Aspects of Food Availability in Russia 关于俄罗斯粮食供应区域方面的意见
Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640979
B. Severin
A senior CIA analyst surveys a broad range of factors that are affecting food availability in Russia's regions. These include diverse environmental conditions affecting agricultural production, regional economic specializations reflecting priorities imposed by the Soviet system of central planning, variable progress in agrarian reform and in the role of the private sector, pronounced spatial patterns of food processing, regional differences in food preference and consumption, local policies regarding food price subsidies, personal income, availability of imports, and interregional trade ties. Although the influence of these factors on Russia's progress toward a Western-style market for food products cannot always be documented precisely and completely, enough evidence is accumulating to indicate important directions of change. 2 figures, 3 tables, 13 references.
一名中央情报局高级分析师调查了影响俄罗斯地区粮食供应的各种因素。这些因素包括影响农业生产的各种环境条件、反映苏联中央计划制度所强加的优先事项的区域经济专业化、土地改革和私营部门作用的可变进展、食品加工的明显空间模式、食品偏好和消费的区域差异、有关食品价格补贴的地方政策、个人收入、进口的可得性和区域间贸易关系。虽然这些因素对俄罗斯走向西方式食品市场的影响不能总是被精确和完整地记录下来,但足够的证据正在积累,表明重要的变化方向。图2张,表3张,文献13篇。
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引用次数: 4
Urban Land Allocation in the Russian Federation 俄罗斯联邦的城市土地分配
Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640978
Stephen B. Butler, S. O'Leary
Two legal scholars survey the juridical and institutional framework within which urban land currently is allocated in Russia. The paper is based on extensive onsite research as part of an ongoing program of research on the Russian legal and regulatory framework for housing and urban development. More specifically, it: (a) provides an overview of the federal and local agencies responsible for land allocation; (b) discusses the relationship between urban planning and land allocation; (c) describes mechanisms of land allocation for privatization; (d) examines different scenarios of private-sector land development via selected case studies; and (e) assesses possible directions of further reform in urban land allocation. 1 figure, 30 references.
两位法律学者调查了俄罗斯目前城市土地分配的法律和制度框架。该论文基于广泛的现场研究,作为正在进行的俄罗斯住房和城市发展法律和监管框架研究项目的一部分。更具体地说,它:(a)概述了负责土地分配的联邦和地方机构;(b)探讨城市规划与土地配置的关系;(c)说明为私有化分配土地的机制;(d)通过选定的个案研究,审查私营部门土地发展的不同设想;(e)评估进一步改革城市土地分配的可能方向。1张图,30个参考文献。
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引用次数: 6
Environmental aid to Eastern Europe: Swedish and Estonian perspectives 对东欧的环境援助:瑞典和爱沙尼亚的观点
Pub Date : 1994-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/10605851.1994.10640976
R. Löfstedt
This study examines the Swedish and Estonian publics' views on Eastern Europe's environmental problems and on providing and receiving environmental aid. It utilizes a series of research techniques: a random telephone survey in Sweden, person-to-person interviews in Estonia, a content analysis of Sweden's largest newspaper, and interviews with policymakers in both countries. Both the Swedish and Estonian publics are more concerned about local, rather than transboundary, environmental problems. The majority of respondents in the Swedish sample supported giving environmental aid for altruistic reasons, whereas the majority of the Estonian respondents saw the environmental aid as essential to fund environmental improvements in their own county. 7 tables, 33 references.
这项研究审查了瑞典和爱沙尼亚公众对东欧环境问题以及对提供和接受环境援助的看法。它采用了一系列研究技术:在瑞典进行随机电话调查,在爱沙尼亚进行面对面访谈,对瑞典最大的报纸进行内容分析,并对两国的政策制定者进行采访。瑞典和爱沙尼亚的公众都更关心当地的环境问题,而不是跨国界的环境问题。瑞典样本中的大多数受访者支持出于利他原因提供环境援助,而大多数爱沙尼亚受访者则认为环境援助对于资助本国的环境改善至关重要。7张表,33篇参考文献。
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引用次数: 1
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Post-Soviet geography
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