Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3261
Kadiatou Tata Traoré, Nogma Ernest Sombié, Nouhoun Nignan, Gilchrist A. L. Boly, Leïla M. E. W. Kabré, Adjaratou Coulibaly, Constantin Boladé Atchadé, Salfo Ouédraogo, André Tibiri, Sylvin Ouédraogo, Noufou Ouédraogo
Aims: Herbal remedies are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the aqueous extracts of the bark of the trunk of 10 medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for the management of hepatic pathologies. This is Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile (Fabaceae – Mimosoideae), Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae), Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuill. (Bombacaceae), Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Balanitaceae), Cassia sieberiana DC. (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae), Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae) Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae), Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae), Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A.Juss. (Meliaceae) and Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.) (Celastraceae)..
Methodology: In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the aqueous extracts of the trunk bark of 10 plants were determined and their antioxidant activities by the DPPH and FRAP methods were evaluated. The link between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was sought through a regression curve.
Results: Acacia nilotica had the best contents of total phenolics and flavonoids respectively with 21.28 ± 0.18 g ETA / 100 g DM and 0.207 ± 0.003 g EQ / 100 g DM. For the evaluation of antioxidant activity, Acacia nilotica also gave the best activities by the DPPH method with a percent inhibition of 1.08 ± 0.03 AAE and a reducing capacity of Fe3 + to Fe2 + of 0.107 ± 0.03 AAE. A strong correlation was found between FRAP and total phenolics (r2 = 0.9559).
Conclusion: This study shows that all the plants used for the treatment of liver pathologies had an interesting antioxidant capacity but among these 07 plants had the best activities. In-depth studies on the anti-inflammatory and even hepatoprotective activity of these extracts would justify their use in traditional medicine.
目的:草药以其抗炎和抗氧化特性而闻名。本研究的目的是评价10种用于治疗肝脏疾病的传统药用植物的树干树皮水提物的抗氧化活性。这是金合欢Willd。蚕豆科，蚕豆科，蚕豆科。,Vuill。(Bombacaceae)， Balanites aegyptiaca (L.)果仁(Balanitaceae)，决明子(Cassia sieberiana DC)。(Fabaceae - caesalpinoideae)，网状毛柱头(DC.)Hochst。(豆科- Caesalpinioideae)柽柳(柽柳)，Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch。,达尔齐尔(豆科-达尔齐尔科)，塞内加尔卡亚(Desr.)A.Juss。(Meliaceae)和塞内加尔裸子菌(Gymnosporia senegalensis)卫矛。)(卫矛科)。& # x0D;方法:采用DPPH法和FRAP法测定10种植物主干树皮水提物的总酚和类黄酮含量，并评价其抗氧化活性。通过回归曲线寻找酚类化合物与抗氧化活性之间的联系。
结果:尼罗刺槐总酚和总黄酮含量最高，分别为21.28±0.18 g ETA / 100 g DM和0.207±0.003 g EQ / 100 g DM。DPPH法评价尼罗刺槐抗氧化活性最佳，抑制率为1.08±0.03 AAE，还原Fe3 +到Fe2 +的能力为0.107±0.03 AAE。FRAP与总酚类物质有很强的相关性(r2 = 0.9559)。
结论:所有治疗肝脏疾病的植物均具有一定的抗氧化能力，其中07种植物的抗氧化能力最强。对这些提取物的抗炎甚至保肝活性的深入研究将证明它们在传统医学中的应用是合理的。
{"title":"Antioxidant Properties Evaluation of Trunk's Barks of 10 Plants used in Traditional Medicine against Hepatic Pathologies","authors":"Kadiatou Tata Traoré, Nogma Ernest Sombié, Nouhoun Nignan, Gilchrist A. L. Boly, Leïla M. E. W. Kabré, Adjaratou Coulibaly, Constantin Boladé Atchadé, Salfo Ouédraogo, André Tibiri, Sylvin Ouédraogo, Noufou Ouédraogo","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3261","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Herbal remedies are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the aqueous extracts of the bark of the trunk of 10 medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for the management of hepatic pathologies. This is Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile (Fabaceae – Mimosoideae), Adansonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae), Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuill. (Bombacaceae), Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Balanitaceae), Cassia sieberiana DC. (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae), Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae) Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae), Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae), Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A.Juss. (Meliaceae) and Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.) (Celastraceae)..
 Methodology: In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the aqueous extracts of the trunk bark of 10 plants were determined and their antioxidant activities by the DPPH and FRAP methods were evaluated. The link between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was sought through a regression curve.
 Results: Acacia nilotica had the best contents of total phenolics and flavonoids respectively with 21.28 ± 0.18 g ETA / 100 g DM and 0.207 ± 0.003 g EQ / 100 g DM. For the evaluation of antioxidant activity, Acacia nilotica also gave the best activities by the DPPH method with a percent inhibition of 1.08 ± 0.03 AAE and a reducing capacity of Fe3 + to Fe2 + of 0.107 ± 0.03 AAE. A strong correlation was found between FRAP and total phenolics (r2 = 0.9559).
 Conclusion: This study shows that all the plants used for the treatment of liver pathologies had an interesting antioxidant capacity but among these 07 plants had the best activities. In-depth studies on the anti-inflammatory and even hepatoprotective activity of these extracts would justify their use in traditional medicine.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134943954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3259
Hoang Le Son, Nguyen Huynh Mai Nhi
Aims: This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative efficacy of combined betel and tea tree essential oil-incorporated cream on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in BALB/c mice.
Methodology: cream formulation containing blended betel essential oil (1%) and tea tree essential oil (0.5%) was topically applied onto the dorsal skin of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-sensitized BALB/c mice once a day during four weeks of assay. Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) and protopic (tacrolimus 0.1%) were used as negative and positive control, respectively. All mice were subjected to the assessment of AD-like symptoms including the severity of skin lesions, frequency of scratching behavior and histological features.
Results: The blended essential oil-incorporated cream has significant effect against DNCB-induced eczematous skin lesions in BALB/c mice with the dermatitis score of 2.17 ± 0.75 (n = 6, p < 0.05) and the number of scratching behavior of 6.09 ± 1.28 (n = 6, p < 0.05) compared to negative control (7.00 ± 0.63 and 18.55 ± 1.23, n = 6, p < 0.05, respectively). Animals treated showed dose-related improvements in the histology of the skin.
Conclusion: These findings confirmed the ameliorative efficacy of betel and tea tree essential oil-incorporated cream on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis like symptoms in BALB/c mice. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the possible synergistic effect of blended essential oils from betel and tea tree as well as the interplaying roles of major molecules present in essential oils.
目的:探讨槟榔茶树精油联合乳膏对dncb诱导的BALB/c小鼠特应性皮炎样症状的改善作用。方法:将含有混合槟榔精油(1%)和茶树精油(0.5%)的乳膏配方局部涂抹于2,4-二硝基氯苯致敏BALB/c小鼠的背部皮肤上，每天1次，为期四周。磷酸缓冲盐水(PBS)和0.1%他克莫司(protopic)分别作为阴性和阳性对照。所有小鼠都接受了ad样症状的评估，包括皮肤损伤的严重程度、抓挠行为的频率和组织学特征。
结果:复方精油乳膏对dncb诱导的BALB/c小鼠皮炎评分为2.17±0.75 (n = 6, p <0.05)，抓痕行为次数为6.09±1.28次(n = 6, p <0.05)与阴性对照组(7.00±0.63和18.55±1.23,n = 6, p <分别为0.05)。接受治疗的动物在皮肤组织学上显示出剂量相关的改善。
结论:槟榔茶树精油乳膏对dncb诱导的BALB/c小鼠特应性皮炎样症状有改善作用。然而，需要进一步的研究来阐明槟榔和茶树混合精油可能的协同作用以及精油中主要分子的相互作用。
{"title":"Ameliorative Efficacy of Combined Betel and Tea Tree Essential Oil-Incorporated Cream on DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-like Symptoms in BALB/c Mice","authors":"Hoang Le Son, Nguyen Huynh Mai Nhi","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3259","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative efficacy of combined betel and tea tree essential oil-incorporated cream on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in BALB/c mice.
 Methodology: cream formulation containing blended betel essential oil (1%) and tea tree essential oil (0.5%) was topically applied onto the dorsal skin of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-sensitized BALB/c mice once a day during four weeks of assay. Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) and protopic (tacrolimus 0.1%) were used as negative and positive control, respectively. All mice were subjected to the assessment of AD-like symptoms including the severity of skin lesions, frequency of scratching behavior and histological features.
 Results: The blended essential oil-incorporated cream has significant effect against DNCB-induced eczematous skin lesions in BALB/c mice with the dermatitis score of 2.17 ± 0.75 (n = 6, p < 0.05) and the number of scratching behavior of 6.09 ± 1.28 (n = 6, p < 0.05) compared to negative control (7.00 ± 0.63 and 18.55 ± 1.23, n = 6, p < 0.05, respectively). Animals treated showed dose-related improvements in the histology of the skin.
 Conclusion: These findings confirmed the ameliorative efficacy of betel and tea tree essential oil-incorporated cream on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis like symptoms in BALB/c mice. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the possible synergistic effect of blended essential oils from betel and tea tree as well as the interplaying roles of major molecules present in essential oils.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135899861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3257
Natasha Nafisa Haque, Md. Ashraful Alam, Chapol Kumar Roy, Mst. Elina Akther Zenat, John Liton Munshi
Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the CO2 absorbent (NaOH) affected Spirulina sp. medium culture to verify growth rate, CO2 fixation ability and biomass production from S. platensis using the Zarrouk medium.
Methodology: Cyanobacterium Spirulina sp. was cultured with Zarrouk’s medium at 30±2°C, pH 9 which was obtained from the Applied Botany Section of BCSIR. Besides, to prevent precipitation, the medium without the carbon source was autoclaved for 30 min at 121°C and then the carbon source and NaOH were added. Furthermore, every 6-day intervals, the biomass c content, pH, and alkalinity were measured. The samples were obtained for the same analyses when the biomass concentration reached the blend concentration (0.5 g L-1).
Results: The first concentration was used 0.5 g/L. 47g/L (1.64 mmol/L) of absorbent. The mean increase of 2.45% for biomass generated by the assay using control (2.09 ± 0.11 g) when compared to the NaOH (2.04 ± 0.25 g) was due to the larger number of growth cycles. Besides, a larger number of growth cycles 35.4% for CO2 fixation rate increase compared to the control. The final protein (28.2 ± 4.5 % ww-1) and carbohydrate (19 ± 2.5 % ww-1) content in the biomass cultivated using NaOH was lower than normally found in the control assay (43.4 ± 2.9 % ww-1) and (11.5 ±1.2 % ww-1).
Conclusion: Recent advances in CO2 fixation and biomass production utilizing microalgae were compiled and analyzed, with an emphasis on how adding the CO2 absorbent affected the growth kinetics and biomass composition of Spirulina sp. When compared to the chemical absorbent assay, the control assay's high growth and CO2-fixation rates provide several advantages.
{"title":"Cyanobacteria Mediated CO2 Segregation: A Promising Alternative Method for Sustainable Bioremediation and Biomass Production","authors":"Natasha Nafisa Haque, Md. Ashraful Alam, Chapol Kumar Roy, Mst. Elina Akther Zenat, John Liton Munshi","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3257","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the CO2 absorbent (NaOH) affected Spirulina sp. medium culture to verify growth rate, CO2 fixation ability and biomass production from S. platensis using the Zarrouk medium.
 Methodology: Cyanobacterium Spirulina sp. was cultured with Zarrouk’s medium at 30±2°C, pH 9 which was obtained from the Applied Botany Section of BCSIR. Besides, to prevent precipitation, the medium without the carbon source was autoclaved for 30 min at 121°C and then the carbon source and NaOH were added. Furthermore, every 6-day intervals, the biomass c content, pH, and alkalinity were measured. The samples were obtained for the same analyses when the biomass concentration reached the blend concentration (0.5 g L-1).
 Results: The first concentration was used 0.5 g/L. 47g/L (1.64 mmol/L) of absorbent. The mean increase of 2.45% for biomass generated by the assay using control (2.09 ± 0.11 g) when compared to the NaOH (2.04 ± 0.25 g) was due to the larger number of growth cycles. Besides, a larger number of growth cycles 35.4% for CO2 fixation rate increase compared to the control. The final protein (28.2 ± 4.5 % ww-1) and carbohydrate (19 ± 2.5 % ww-1) content in the biomass cultivated using NaOH was lower than normally found in the control assay (43.4 ± 2.9 % ww-1) and (11.5 ±1.2 % ww-1).
 Conclusion: Recent advances in CO2 fixation and biomass production utilizing microalgae were compiled and analyzed, with an emphasis on how adding the CO2 absorbent affected the growth kinetics and biomass composition of Spirulina sp. When compared to the chemical absorbent assay, the control assay's high growth and CO2-fixation rates provide several advantages.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135815850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3256
Ebere Immaculata Akpata, Onuabuchi Nnenna Ani, Okwesili Fred C. Nwodo
Prosopis africana is a perennial leguminous plant in the genus Prosopis. The seeds are used as food condiment. This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical, proximate, vitamin and anti-nutrient compositions of aqueous extract of fermented seeds of Prosopis africana. The analyses were done using standard biochemical methods. Assessment of the bioactive constituents was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The result of the phytochemical analysis revealed quantifiable levels of Steroid, phenols, triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids and saponin. The result of the proximate analysis showed that fermented seeds of Prosopis africana contains moisture (50.51 ± 0.01%), ash (3.78± 0.004%), crude fat (4.45 ± 0.03%), crude fibre (2.49 ± 0.01%), crude protein (25.27 ± 0.07%) and Carbohydrates (13.56 ± 0.003%). The energy value was 195.37 Kcal/100g. Vitamins A (6.38 ± 0.001), vitamin C (36.77 ± 0.004), Vitamin D (0.43 ± 0.003) and vitamin E (0.84 ± 0.001) were present in the extract. The anti-nutrients detected were tannin (12.27 ± 0.06 mgGAE/kg), Phytate (3.68 ± 1.18 mg/kg), oxalate (44.36 ± 14.16 mg/kg), trypsin (4.72 ± 0.46 mg/kg) and cyanide (0.47 ± 0.14 ppm). A total of seventeen (17) bioactive constituents were found using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer which include 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3-amine, 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone, Cyclopentasiloxane, Propionic acid, Cyclohexasiloxane, 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene, Cycloheptasiloxane, 2-bromobutyloxychalcone, Cyclooctasiloxane, Fumaric acid, 5-Methyl-2-phenylindolizine, 4-(acridin-9—ylamino)-phenyl)-acetamide, 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene), 5-Methyl-2-phenylindolizine, 1,2-Benzisothiazole-3-propanoic acid, 1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene and Cyclotrisiloxane. This study showed that aqueous extract of Prosopis africana seed contains various compounds which are found useful for nutritional and medicinal purposes.
{"title":"Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Aqueous Extract of Fermented Seeds of Prosopis africana","authors":"Ebere Immaculata Akpata, Onuabuchi Nnenna Ani, Okwesili Fred C. Nwodo","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3256","url":null,"abstract":"Prosopis africana is a perennial leguminous plant in the genus Prosopis. The seeds are used as food condiment. This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical, proximate, vitamin and anti-nutrient compositions of aqueous extract of fermented seeds of Prosopis africana. The analyses were done using standard biochemical methods. Assessment of the bioactive constituents was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The result of the phytochemical analysis revealed quantifiable levels of Steroid, phenols, triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids and saponin. The result of the proximate analysis showed that fermented seeds of Prosopis africana contains moisture (50.51 ± 0.01%), ash (3.78± 0.004%), crude fat (4.45 ± 0.03%), crude fibre (2.49 ± 0.01%), crude protein (25.27 ± 0.07%) and Carbohydrates (13.56 ± 0.003%). The energy value was 195.37 Kcal/100g. Vitamins A (6.38 ± 0.001), vitamin C (36.77 ± 0.004), Vitamin D (0.43 ± 0.003) and vitamin E (0.84 ± 0.001) were present in the extract. The anti-nutrients detected were tannin (12.27 ± 0.06 mgGAE/kg), Phytate (3.68 ± 1.18 mg/kg), oxalate (44.36 ± 14.16 mg/kg), trypsin (4.72 ± 0.46 mg/kg) and cyanide (0.47 ± 0.14 ppm). A total of seventeen (17) bioactive constituents were found using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer which include 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3-amine, 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone, Cyclopentasiloxane, Propionic acid, Cyclohexasiloxane, 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene, Cycloheptasiloxane, 2-bromobutyloxychalcone, Cyclooctasiloxane, Fumaric acid, 5-Methyl-2-phenylindolizine, 4-(acridin-9—ylamino)-phenyl)-acetamide, 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene), 5-Methyl-2-phenylindolizine, 1,2-Benzisothiazole-3-propanoic acid, 1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene and Cyclotrisiloxane. This study showed that aqueous extract of Prosopis africana seed contains various compounds which are found useful for nutritional and medicinal purposes.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135742035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-12DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3255
Idowu Abigail Gbolahan, Mokwenye Victoria, Daniel Ohilebo Ugbomoiko, Ezekiel Dauda Gambo, Muhammad Adamu Ibrahim
Aims: This study was aimed to estimate serum minerals level (calcium, zinc, phosphorus), total protein and liver enzymes (ALT and AST) in patients taking HAART at Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nasarawa state. Nigeria.
Study design: This study engaged a cross-sectional study design to investigate the liver enzyme alterations and the level of serum minerals in patients taking HAART when compare with treatment naïve (Pre-HAART) controls.
Place and duration of the study: The study was conducted in Federal Medical Center Keffi, Nasarawa State-Nigeria. Data collection spanned a specific duration from December, 2022 to March, 2023.
Method: A total of 143 subjects were involved in the study of which were 59 HIV positive patients on HAART, 34 Pre-HAART patients and 50 healthy subjects served as controls. 5ml venous blood sample was collected after taking aseptic precaution from the study subjects into plain vacuum tubes; sample was left for 30 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 4 minutes. Sero-negativity of the control (healthy patients) was confirmed by HIV TRI-DOT test. Serum total calcium, serum phosphorus, serum zinc. Total proteins were estimated using spectrophotometer while AST and ALT were estimated by colorimetric method.
Result: The study indicated that both pre-HAART and HAART patients showed significantly higher (P<.05) AST and ALT activities compared to sero-negative patients. Pre-HAART patients had lower Zinc (11.22±4.86) and TP (43.18±22.52) levels than sero-negative patients, with Zinc (16.58±4.20) and TP (65.47±12.79). In contrast, HAART patients experienced a significant increase (P<.005) in Zinc (14.29±3.41) and TP (61.56±18.87) levels compared to pre-HAART patients (11.22±4.86) and (43.18±2.52). No significant difference in serum calcium level in all groups. Patients on HAART and sero-negative patients displayed normal Phosphorus level which is significantly higher in pre-HAART patients.
Conclusion: This study concluded that the serum level of ALT and AST were increased in HIV positive patients on HAART and pre-HAART patients. HAART improved level of serum zinc and total protein.
{"title":"Estimation of Serum Minerals, Total Protein and Liver Enzymes in HIV Patients Receiving Haart in Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","authors":"Idowu Abigail Gbolahan, Mokwenye Victoria, Daniel Ohilebo Ugbomoiko, Ezekiel Dauda Gambo, Muhammad Adamu Ibrahim","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i3255","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study was aimed to estimate serum minerals level (calcium, zinc, phosphorus), total protein and liver enzymes (ALT and AST) in patients taking HAART at Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nasarawa state. Nigeria.
 Study design: This study engaged a cross-sectional study design to investigate the liver enzyme alterations and the level of serum minerals in patients taking HAART when compare with treatment naïve (Pre-HAART) controls.
 Place and duration of the study: The study was conducted in Federal Medical Center Keffi, Nasarawa State-Nigeria. Data collection spanned a specific duration from December, 2022 to March, 2023.
 Method: A total of 143 subjects were involved in the study of which were 59 HIV positive patients on HAART, 34 Pre-HAART patients and 50 healthy subjects served as controls. 5ml venous blood sample was collected after taking aseptic precaution from the study subjects into plain vacuum tubes; sample was left for 30 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 4 minutes. Sero-negativity of the control (healthy patients) was confirmed by HIV TRI-DOT test. Serum total calcium, serum phosphorus, serum zinc. Total proteins were estimated using spectrophotometer while AST and ALT were estimated by colorimetric method.
 Result: The study indicated that both pre-HAART and HAART patients showed significantly higher (P<.05) AST and ALT activities compared to sero-negative patients. Pre-HAART patients had lower Zinc (11.22±4.86) and TP (43.18±22.52) levels than sero-negative patients, with Zinc (16.58±4.20) and TP (65.47±12.79). In contrast, HAART patients experienced a significant increase (P<.005) in Zinc (14.29±3.41) and TP (61.56±18.87) levels compared to pre-HAART patients (11.22±4.86) and (43.18±2.52). No significant difference in serum calcium level in all groups. Patients on HAART and sero-negative patients displayed normal Phosphorus level which is significantly higher in pre-HAART patients.
 Conclusion: This study concluded that the serum level of ALT and AST were increased in HIV positive patients on HAART and pre-HAART patients. HAART improved level of serum zinc and total protein.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135884811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2254
Ogunrinola O. Olabisi, Ogunrinola A. Oluwaseyi, N. D. Iweunor, Lawal N. Adetutu, Salako O. Taiwo, Dosunmu A. Oluwatosin
Exposure to drug toxicity results in stress and dysfunction of metabolizing enzymes that cause illnesses and diseases. Consumption of medicinal plant rhizomes is a regime for managing the complications. On the activities of some oxidative stress marker enzymes (catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase), as well as the concentration of lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids) of p-hydroxyacetanilide (pPHA)-induced toxicity in rats, the effects of an aqueous extract of Curculigo pilosa (C. pilosa) rhizome were assessed. Forty rats were randomly grouped into eight groups (n = 5). The control group; aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome group; 750 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg per body weight of pPHA group; the preventive groups (aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome and 750 mg/kg per body weight of pPHA; aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizomes and 1000 mg/kg per body weight of pPHA); and the curative groups (750 mg/kg per body weight of pPHA and aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome; 1000 mg/kg body weight of pPHA and aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome). The oxidative stress marker enzymes and lipid profiles were analyzed spectrophotometrically in the serum, kidney, brain, and liver of the animals on the seventh and fourteenth days after the administrations. The results show that pPHA decreases the oxidative stress marker activities and the lipid profile concentrations in all the compartments, but the pre- and post-treatment with an aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome improved the activities of the stress marker enzymes and the lipid profiles dysfunction. The result suggests that an aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome has preventive and curative therapeutic potential for pPHA-induced toxicity.
{"title":"Curculigo pilosa rhizome Supplementation Reverses P-Hydroxyacetanilide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile Dysfunction in Rats","authors":"Ogunrinola O. Olabisi, Ogunrinola A. Oluwaseyi, N. D. Iweunor, Lawal N. Adetutu, Salako O. Taiwo, Dosunmu A. Oluwatosin","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2254","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to drug toxicity results in stress and dysfunction of metabolizing enzymes that cause illnesses and diseases. Consumption of medicinal plant rhizomes is a regime for managing the complications. On the activities of some oxidative stress marker enzymes (catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase), as well as the concentration of lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids) of p-hydroxyacetanilide (pPHA)-induced toxicity in rats, the effects of an aqueous extract of Curculigo pilosa (C. pilosa) rhizome were assessed. Forty rats were randomly grouped into eight groups (n = 5). The control group; aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome group; 750 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg per body weight of pPHA group; the preventive groups (aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome and 750 mg/kg per body weight of pPHA; aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizomes and 1000 mg/kg per body weight of pPHA); and the curative groups (750 mg/kg per body weight of pPHA and aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome; 1000 mg/kg body weight of pPHA and aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome). The oxidative stress marker enzymes and lipid profiles were analyzed spectrophotometrically in the serum, kidney, brain, and liver of the animals on the seventh and fourteenth days after the administrations. The results show that pPHA decreases the oxidative stress marker activities and the lipid profile concentrations in all the compartments, but the pre- and post-treatment with an aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome improved the activities of the stress marker enzymes and the lipid profiles dysfunction. The result suggests that an aqueous extract of C. pilosa rhizome has preventive and curative therapeutic potential for pPHA-induced toxicity.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89618345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2253
Nandini Premkumar
Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as Nelabevu, Bhunimba, Chirayetah, Kalmegh, or Creat, is a plant with extensive traditional use in Asian medicines. Its historical application, particularly in conditions related to blood irregularities, has driven contemporary scientific investigations into its therapeutic potential. This review summarizes the diverse aspects of Andrographis paniculata's traditional uses and modern applications, covering its effectiveness in respiratory infections, hepatoprotection, cardiovascular effects, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, hypoglycemic effects, and reproductive influences. The plant's active constituents, such as andrographolide, flavonoids, and diterpenoids, contribute to its pharmacological actions. However, critical evaluation and further research are essential to confirm its clinical benefits and mechanisms of action. The extensive range of its effects and the multiple active compounds highlight the plant's significance in modern herbal medicine and warrant continued exploration.
{"title":"Pharmacological Activities of the Nelabevu/Bhunimba Aka Andrographis paniculata","authors":"Nandini Premkumar","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2253","url":null,"abstract":"Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as Nelabevu, Bhunimba, Chirayetah, Kalmegh, or Creat, is a plant with extensive traditional use in Asian medicines. Its historical application, particularly in conditions related to blood irregularities, has driven contemporary scientific investigations into its therapeutic potential. This review summarizes the diverse aspects of Andrographis paniculata's traditional uses and modern applications, covering its effectiveness in respiratory infections, hepatoprotection, cardiovascular effects, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, hypoglycemic effects, and reproductive influences. The plant's active constituents, such as andrographolide, flavonoids, and diterpenoids, contribute to its pharmacological actions. \u0000However, critical evaluation and further research are essential to confirm its clinical benefits and mechanisms of action. The extensive range of its effects and the multiple active compounds highlight the plant's significance in modern herbal medicine and warrant continued exploration.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90925971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2252
Anyim Godwin, Oluwatoyin Oluwapelumi Agbetoye, Opeyemi Mutiu Adegoke, A. Morakinyo, Bunmi Regina Elusiyan, B. Akinpelu
Aims: This study investigated the effects of long term consumption of A. vogeliana leaf on the liver health, kidney function, and lipid profile of female Wistar rats. This was with a view to assessing the safety and potential health effects of the plant extract. Study Design: The study employed in vivo animal model in Wistar rats. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between June 2019 and February 2020. Methodology: Acute oral toxicity and LD50 were determined. Animals were randomized into three groups (n = 6) and treated as follows: Group 1 (normal control; distilled water), Group 2 (250 mg/kg), and Group 3 (500 mg/kg) for 21 days. Animals were sacrificed on 22nd day and plasma was analyzed for liver-kidney biomarkers: aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, urea, and creatinine. Also, the lipid biomarkers (total cholesterol TC), triglyceride TG, high-density lipoprotein HDL, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol LDL), and atherogenic indices were determined. Results: The result showed LD50 > 2000 mg/kg. A non-significant difference was observed in ALT activity, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and urea levels. Significant (p<0.05) elevations in AST and ALP, and a significant decrease in creatinine were observed in the treated group, suggesting detrimental effect on the kidney health. TC, TG, and LDL were significantly high, whereas HDL was significantly low in the treated group. Similarly, significant increases in non-HDL, atherogenic coefficient (Ac), coronary risk index-1 (CRI-1), and 2 (CRI-2), were observed in the treated groups, suggesting a likelihood for cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion: The study concluded that prolonged administration of A. vogeliana leaf impacted the kidneys and induced an elevated lipid profile and a sharp decrease in HDL. Therefore, prolonged use of A. vogeliana should be discouraged.
{"title":"The Effects of Asystasia vogeliana Benth. on Wistar Rat Liver Health, Kidney Function, and Lipid Profile","authors":"Anyim Godwin, Oluwatoyin Oluwapelumi Agbetoye, Opeyemi Mutiu Adegoke, A. Morakinyo, Bunmi Regina Elusiyan, B. Akinpelu","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2252","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study investigated the effects of long term consumption of A. vogeliana leaf on the liver health, kidney function, and lipid profile of female Wistar rats. This was with a view to assessing the safety and potential health effects of the plant extract. \u0000Study Design: The study employed in vivo animal model in Wistar rats. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between June 2019 and February 2020. \u0000Methodology: Acute oral toxicity and LD50 were determined. Animals were randomized into three groups (n = 6) and treated as follows: Group 1 (normal control; distilled water), Group 2 (250 mg/kg), and Group 3 (500 mg/kg) for 21 days. Animals were sacrificed on 22nd day and plasma was analyzed for liver-kidney biomarkers: aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, urea, and creatinine. Also, the lipid biomarkers (total cholesterol TC), triglyceride TG, high-density lipoprotein HDL, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol LDL), and atherogenic indices were determined. \u0000Results: The result showed LD50 > 2000 mg/kg. A non-significant difference was observed in ALT activity, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and urea levels. Significant (p<0.05) elevations in AST and ALP, and a significant decrease in creatinine were observed in the treated group, suggesting detrimental effect on the kidney health. TC, TG, and LDL were significantly high, whereas HDL was significantly low in the treated group. Similarly, significant increases in non-HDL, atherogenic coefficient (Ac), coronary risk index-1 (CRI-1), and 2 (CRI-2), were observed in the treated groups, suggesting a likelihood for cardiovascular diseases. \u0000Conclusion: The study concluded that prolonged administration of A. vogeliana leaf impacted the kidneys and induced an elevated lipid profile and a sharp decrease in HDL. Therefore, prolonged use of A. vogeliana should be discouraged. ","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75853720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2251
P. Fabowale, O. Agunloye, C. I. Adekannbi
This study compared the phytochemical constituents of the leaf with the Bark extracts of T. orientalis, using the same extraction solvents. The leaf and Bark of T. orientalis were harvested at Federal University of Technology, Akure forest, dried and pulverized into powder. Extract were prepared from the powdered plants using Methanol and N-hexane. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presents in the extracts were determined. The functional compounds of the leaf extract were determined by Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR). Percentage yield of Methanol was better than N-hexane for both plant parts. The phytochemicals revealed includes: Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. Steroids are present in Leaf extracts but absent in Bark extract, while Saponin is only present in methanol extract of Bark of the plant. Quantitative analysis revealed that terpenoids have the highest amount with 22.90 ± 0.03 mg/g in methanol extract and 28.09 ± 0.07 mg/g in N-hexane, compared with Bark extract that has 22.22 ± 0.09 mg/g in methanol extract and 23.38 ± 0.04 mg/g in N-hexane extracts. Higher quantity of phytochemicals are present in the leaf compared with the Bark of T. orientalis The Fourier Transformed Infrared spectrometry analysis, FT-IR, unveiled the organic compounds available in the extracts, which are: aliphatic primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, aliphatic primary amine, alkane, alkene, carbon dioxide, deta-lactam, phenol, and halo compound. These results indicate that T. orientalis is promising in the choice of medicinal plant for therapeutic research.
{"title":"Comparative Screening of Phytochemicals and Bioactive Compounds of Trema orientalis (Linn. Blume) Leaf and Bark Extracts","authors":"P. Fabowale, O. Agunloye, C. I. Adekannbi","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2251","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared the phytochemical constituents of the leaf with the Bark extracts of T. orientalis, using the same extraction solvents. The leaf and Bark of T. orientalis were harvested at Federal University of Technology, Akure forest, dried and pulverized into powder. Extract were prepared from the powdered plants using Methanol and N-hexane. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presents in the extracts were determined. The functional compounds of the leaf extract were determined by Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR). Percentage yield of Methanol was better than N-hexane for both plant parts. The phytochemicals revealed includes: Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. Steroids are present in Leaf extracts but absent in Bark extract, while Saponin is only present in methanol extract of Bark of the plant. Quantitative analysis revealed that terpenoids have the highest amount with 22.90 ± 0.03 mg/g in methanol extract and 28.09 ± 0.07 mg/g in N-hexane, compared with Bark extract that has 22.22 ± 0.09 mg/g in methanol extract and 23.38 ± 0.04 mg/g in N-hexane extracts. Higher quantity of phytochemicals are present in the leaf compared with the Bark of T. orientalis The Fourier Transformed Infrared spectrometry analysis, FT-IR, unveiled the organic compounds available in the extracts, which are: aliphatic primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, aliphatic primary amine, alkane, alkene, carbon dioxide, deta-lactam, phenol, and halo compound. These results indicate that T. orientalis is promising in the choice of medicinal plant for therapeutic research.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88319750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-12DOI: 10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2250
N. U. Nyah, J. O. Effiong, O. Okon, E. J. Obosi, Ukeme A. Essien
The effects of ethanol leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and Gongronema latifolium on some haematological parameters (Haematocrit, HCT; Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration, MCHC; Neutrophils, NEUT; Red cell Distribution width, RDW; and mixed blood cell count, MXD) in albino wistar rats were evaluated. Sixteen animals (185-223g) were assigned four groups of four rats each. Groups 1 and 3 were treated with 200mg/kg Mangifera indica and Gongronama latifolium respectively. Group 2 was treated with 200mg/kg of both plant leaf extracts at 50:50 dosage ratio. Group 4 was not treated and served as control. Treatment was done daily via oral route for one month. The animals were allowed free access to commercial rat mash and water throughout one month treatment. At the end of the treatment, no significant difference (P>0.05) was found in the HCT, MCHC and MXD levels in all the treatment groups when compared to the control. No significant difference (P>0.05) was also found among the treatment groups. NEUT levels in groups 1,2 and 3 animals recorded significant increase (P<0.05) when compared to the control but, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed among the treatment groups. RDW recorded significant decrease (P<0.05) in groups 1,2 and 3 when compared to the control, but not significant different (P>0.05) was found among the treatment groups. These results implied that ethanol leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and Gongonema latifolium have no adverse effects on the haematological indices studied.
{"title":"Effects of Ethanol leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and Gongronama latifolium on some Haematological Parameters of Albino Wistar Rats","authors":"N. U. Nyah, J. O. Effiong, O. Okon, E. J. Obosi, Ukeme A. Essien","doi":"10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2023/v13i2250","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of ethanol leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and Gongronema latifolium on some haematological parameters (Haematocrit, HCT; Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration, MCHC; Neutrophils, NEUT; Red cell Distribution width, RDW; and mixed blood cell count, MXD) in albino wistar rats were evaluated. Sixteen animals (185-223g) were assigned four groups of four rats each. Groups 1 and 3 were treated with 200mg/kg Mangifera indica and Gongronama latifolium respectively. \u0000Group 2 was treated with 200mg/kg of both plant leaf extracts at 50:50 dosage ratio. Group 4 was not treated and served as control. Treatment was done daily via oral route for one month. The animals were allowed free access to commercial rat mash and water throughout one month treatment. At the end of the treatment, no significant difference (P>0.05) was found in the HCT, MCHC and MXD levels in all the treatment groups when compared to the control. No significant difference (P>0.05) was also found among the treatment groups. NEUT levels in groups 1,2 and 3 animals recorded significant increase (P<0.05) when compared to the control but, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed among the treatment groups. RDW recorded significant decrease (P<0.05) in groups 1,2 and 3 when compared to the control, but not significant different (P>0.05) was found among the treatment groups. These results implied that ethanol leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and Gongonema latifolium have no adverse effects on the haematological indices studied.","PeriodicalId":8535,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82503456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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