Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2021/v10i330168
M. Nwokike, S. Ghasi, E. C. Ogbuagu, M. N. Ezenwaeze, Akpotu E. Ajirioghene
This study was performed to investigate the effects of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract on hepatic enzyme levels of alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Forty (48) male wistar rats were divided into six groups consisting of eight animals each. Diabetes mellitus was induced using intraperitoneal administration 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and treatment was carried out for a period of 28 days. The first group served as the normal control and received only feed and water ad libitum. In Group 2 were diabetic rats without treatment with extracts. Group 3: diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 4: diabetic rats treated with 400mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 5: diabetic rats treated with 600mg/kg ethanol extract of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. While Group 6 was diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg/kg Glibenclamide. The liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly (p < 0.05) changed in rats treated with Alloxan (150mg/kg b.w.) while treatment with the respective dosages of extracts significantly changed the levels of these parameters to normal. The results obtained indicate that the different doses of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extracts were beneficial in mending damages to the liver caused by Alloxan monohydrate in the male wistar rats.
{"title":"Hepatic Enzyme Effects of an Imperata cylindrica Extract","authors":"M. Nwokike, S. Ghasi, E. C. Ogbuagu, M. N. Ezenwaeze, Akpotu E. Ajirioghene","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2021/v10i330168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2021/v10i330168","url":null,"abstract":"This study was performed to investigate the effects of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract on hepatic enzyme levels of alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Forty (48) male wistar rats were divided into six groups consisting of eight animals each. Diabetes mellitus was induced using intraperitoneal administration 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and treatment was carried out for a period of 28 days. The first group served as the normal control and received only feed and water ad libitum. In Group 2 were diabetic rats without treatment with extracts. Group 3: diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 4: diabetic rats treated with 400mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 5: diabetic rats treated with 600mg/kg ethanol extract of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. While Group 6 was diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg/kg Glibenclamide. The liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly (p < 0.05) changed in rats treated with Alloxan (150mg/kg b.w.) while treatment with the respective dosages of extracts significantly changed the levels of these parameters to normal. The results obtained indicate that the different doses of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extracts were beneficial in mending damages to the liver caused by Alloxan monohydrate in the male wistar rats.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"363 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76573174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-12DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230133
E. Baah
Background: Many nations collect data on adverse events (AEs) associated with the use of drugs using what is generally referred to as the Spontaneous Reporting System (SRS) [1,2,3]. Analysis of such data is important in discovering hitherto unknown problems associated with drug use and in understanding the features of the variables related to the problem of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) [4,5,6]. The SRS of the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) of the United States of America (US), known as the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) [3], is probably the largest system for collecting data on AEs associated with drug use. Objectives: (i) Find any trends in the variables associated with the problem of adverse events in drug use, (ii) Elucidate some of the issues raised in the literature by way of the evidence provided by the data, (iii) Find the drugs that were most cited as principal suspect in adverse events and (iv) Examine the data for any other notable attributes. Methods: Quarterly Extracts from the FAERS database covering the period 2007 to 2012, which is publicly available on the website of the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA, US), were analysed. Out of the over fifty (50) variables contained in the extracts, fourteen (14) of them, which were thought to be relevant to the objectives of the study, were examined. Owing to the nature of the data, the tools of frequencies, proportions and averages were used in the analysis of it. Results: The results of the analysis revealed that for the period 2007 – 2012, the reported cases of adverse events almost tripled (2.7 times), with annual growth rate of 22.1%. Reports on female subjects dominated throughout the period, accounting for a little over two-thirds of the reported cases annually and in the overall number of reports for the period. The proportion of cases that resulted in death appeared to be increasing over time. Non-health professionals are almost as likely as health professionals to report adverse events. Expedited reports (concerning events that are unexpected, from the perspective of the known pharmacology of the suspect drug(s)) accounted for the highest number of cases throughout the period. A large proportion of the cases were reported electronically with an indication of increasing trend over the period under review and in the years following. The age group most involved in adverse events associated with drug use is 45 – 64, followed by the age groups 65 and over, 45 – 59, 18 – 44 and 0 – 17 in descending order of involvement when looked at from the point of view of number of reported cases. However the results of the analysis show that susceptibility to adverse events increases with age; the older one gets the more vulnerable one becomes to adverse events involving drug use. The analysis also revealed that some of the problems that prevent the best use of SRS data, such as missing values for age and sex, mentioned in the literature, existed during the period under c
{"title":"Analysis of Adverse Events Reports Submitted to the Food and Drugs Administration of the United States of America (2007-2012)","authors":"E. Baah","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230133","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Many nations collect data on adverse events (AEs) associated with the use of drugs using what is generally referred to as the Spontaneous Reporting System (SRS) [1,2,3]. Analysis of such data is important in discovering hitherto unknown problems associated with drug use and in understanding the features of the variables related to the problem of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) [4,5,6]. The SRS of the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) of the United States of America (US), known as the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) [3], is probably the largest system for collecting data on AEs associated with drug use. \u0000Objectives: (i) Find any trends in the variables associated with the problem of adverse events in drug use, (ii) Elucidate some of the issues raised in the literature by way of the evidence provided by the data, (iii) Find the drugs that were most cited as principal suspect in adverse events and (iv) Examine the data for any other notable attributes. \u0000Methods: Quarterly Extracts from the FAERS database covering the period 2007 to 2012, which is publicly available on the website of the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA, US), were analysed. Out of the over fifty (50) variables contained in the extracts, fourteen (14) of them, which were thought to be relevant to the objectives of the study, were examined. Owing to the nature of the data, the tools of frequencies, proportions and averages were used in the analysis of it. \u0000Results: The results of the analysis revealed that for the period 2007 – 2012, the reported cases of adverse events almost tripled (2.7 times), with annual growth rate of 22.1%. Reports on female subjects dominated throughout the period, accounting for a little over two-thirds of the reported cases annually and in the overall number of reports for the period. The proportion of cases that resulted in death appeared to be increasing over time. Non-health professionals are almost as likely as health professionals to report adverse events. Expedited reports (concerning events that are unexpected, from the perspective of the known pharmacology of the suspect drug(s)) accounted for the highest number of cases throughout the period. A large proportion of the cases were reported electronically with an indication of increasing trend over the period under review and in the years following. The age group most involved in adverse events associated with drug use is 45 – 64, followed by the age groups 65 and over, 45 – 59, 18 – 44 and 0 – 17 in descending order of involvement when looked at from the point of view of number of reported cases. However the results of the analysis show that susceptibility to adverse events increases with age; the older one gets the more vulnerable one becomes to adverse events involving drug use. The analysis also revealed that some of the problems that prevent the best use of SRS data, such as missing values for age and sex, mentioned in the literature, existed during the period under c","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83743529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-25DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230132
H. Obinna, R Akaniro Ifunanya, N. Mercy, C. Kennedy
Traditional medicine, though an old practice in disease prophylaxis and therapy, is still widely employed globally to treat various human ailments. In this study conducted at the Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria between October 2018 and January 2019, methanolic and aqueous extracts of an aquatic plant Lasimorpha senegalensis were evaluated for antibacterial activities against human pathogens; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the potency of L. senegalensis against the test organisms at different concentrations. Also, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by tetrazolium chloride microtiter dilution assay. Results showed that; inhibition zone diameters ranging from 0-14 mm for both test organisms using the plant extracts was less than that of the control (septrin and chloramphenicol) ranging from 0-26 mm. MIC ranged from 62.5 mg/ml to 500 mg/ml, lowest MIC was obtained with methanolic stem extract. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids responsible for the antibacterial activity. Therefore, L. senegalensis should be considered medicinally important as they contain biologically active compounds with curative potentials against infectious diseases.
{"title":"Screening of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Lasimorpha senegalensis for Antibacterial Activity","authors":"H. Obinna, R Akaniro Ifunanya, N. Mercy, C. Kennedy","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230132","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional medicine, though an old practice in disease prophylaxis and therapy, is still widely employed globally to treat various human ailments. In this study conducted at the Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria between October 2018 and January 2019, methanolic and aqueous extracts of an aquatic plant Lasimorpha senegalensis were evaluated for antibacterial activities against human pathogens; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the potency of L. senegalensis against the test organisms at different concentrations. Also, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by tetrazolium chloride microtiter dilution assay. Results showed that; inhibition zone diameters ranging from 0-14 mm for both test organisms using the plant extracts was less than that of the control (septrin and chloramphenicol) ranging from 0-26 mm. MIC ranged from 62.5 mg/ml to 500 mg/ml, lowest MIC was obtained with methanolic stem extract. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids responsible for the antibacterial activity. Therefore, L. senegalensis should be considered medicinally important as they contain biologically active compounds with curative potentials against infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75274775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-14DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230131
M. K. Jiyil, C. D. Luka, C. E. Mafuyai, N. Pamela
Background: Appreciable number of medicinal plants are used for the treatment of diabetes in Nigeria. Aim of the Study: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Zingiber officinale extracts and its potential mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Study Duration: The period of the study was done on 30th September, 2018 at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, university of Jos, Nigeria. Methodology: Albino rats of Wistar strain weighing between 130 g to 160 g were induced with single freshly prepared streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). Diabetes was confirmed after forty eight hours in streptozotocin -induced rats showing fasting blood glucose levels > 10 mmol/l. The rats were randomly divided into four (4) experimental groups (n = 4). A (Control diabetic group fed with normal feed), Group B (Normal control fed with normal feed), Group Group C (Diabetic rats treated with 400 mg/Kg body weight extract of ginger and Group D, (Diabetic rats are treated with 400 mg/Kg body weight of metformin). After 8 days the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical and hematological analysis. Changes in the animal body weights were also measured within the period. Results: From the results, it was observed that treatment of rats with extract of ginger compensates for the reduction of body weight, and caused an increase in the body weight of the treated rats (+11.5%) in contrast to 24.8% reduction observed in diabetic control. In the same order, serum glucose significantly decreased (p<0.05) after the 8-day treatment compared to diabetic control. The extent of reversal of hyperglycemia in the ginger extract treated animals compared well with the metformin treated group. The results, therefore, showed that ginger extract has a significant (p<0.05) hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats and moreover, elevations in the measured biochemical parameters were significantly (p<0.05) attenuated in rats treated with ginger extract. Conclusion: Zingiber officinale extracts has a significant effect on some biochemical parameters and hematological assays. These provide scientific evidence to confirm the traditional use of Z. officinale in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
{"title":"Effect of Aqueous Extract of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) on Some Biochemical Parameters in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Rats","authors":"M. K. Jiyil, C. D. Luka, C. E. Mafuyai, N. Pamela","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230131","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Appreciable number of medicinal plants are used for the treatment of diabetes in Nigeria. \u0000Aim of the Study: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Zingiber officinale extracts and its potential mechanisms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. \u0000Study Duration: The period of the study was done on 30th September, 2018 at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, university of Jos, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: Albino rats of Wistar strain weighing between 130 g to 160 g were induced with single freshly prepared streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). Diabetes was confirmed after forty eight hours in streptozotocin -induced rats showing fasting blood glucose levels > 10 mmol/l. The rats were randomly divided into four (4) experimental groups (n = 4). A (Control diabetic group fed with normal feed), Group B (Normal control fed with normal feed), Group Group C (Diabetic rats treated with 400 mg/Kg body weight extract of ginger and Group D, (Diabetic rats are treated with 400 mg/Kg body weight of metformin). After 8 days the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical and hematological analysis. Changes in the animal body weights were also measured within the period. \u0000Results: From the results, it was observed that treatment of rats with extract of ginger compensates for the reduction of body weight, and caused an increase in the body weight of the treated rats (+11.5%) in contrast to 24.8% reduction observed in diabetic control. In the same order, serum glucose significantly decreased (p<0.05) after the 8-day treatment compared to diabetic control. The extent of reversal of hyperglycemia in the ginger extract treated animals compared well with the metformin treated group. The results, therefore, showed that ginger extract has a significant (p<0.05) hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats and moreover, elevations in the measured biochemical parameters were significantly (p<0.05) attenuated in rats treated with ginger extract. \u0000Conclusion: Zingiber officinale extracts has a significant effect on some biochemical parameters and hematological assays. These provide scientific evidence to confirm the traditional use of Z. officinale in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90117233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-12DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230130
K. Diatta, W. Diatta, A. Fall, S. Dieng, A. Mbaye, Idrissa Manga
HIV / AIDS infection is characterized by the reduction of the body's defenses favoring the occurrence "opportunistic" infections, as bronchitis, mycoses and tuberculosis etc. Thus, to fight against this virus, antiretrovirals are used. The Ziguinchor district (Senegal) has a higher seroprevalence rate of 2.2% above the national average of 0.7%. It is in this sense that a survey of two herbalists, 35 tradipraticians and eight resource persons was conducted to identify the plants used in the management of opportunistic AIDS diseases because as the populations often resort to phytotherapy. 88 plants were identified and divided into 79 genera and 38 families. Some species were mentioned very more frequently and in many diseases. These are: Cordila pinnata Poir. (78%), Guiera senegalensis (73.1%), Khaya senegalensis (67%), Icacina oliviformis (55%), Terminalia macroptera (55%), Cassia sieberiana (47%), etc. Leaves and roots constituted the greatest use in the form of macerated, infused, for drinking, bathing, or fumigation, etc. The expected result during this study was the establishment of a repertory of medicinal plants used for the management of opportunistic diseases.
{"title":"Ethnobotanic Survey of Aids Opportunistic Infections in the Ziguinchor District, Sénégal","authors":"K. Diatta, W. Diatta, A. Fall, S. Dieng, A. Mbaye, Idrissa Manga","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v8i1-230130","url":null,"abstract":"HIV / AIDS infection is characterized by the reduction of the body's defenses favoring the occurrence \"opportunistic\" infections, as bronchitis, mycoses and tuberculosis etc. Thus, to fight against this virus, antiretrovirals are used. \u0000The Ziguinchor district (Senegal) has a higher seroprevalence rate of 2.2% above the national average of 0.7%. It is in this sense that a survey of two herbalists, 35 tradipraticians and eight resource persons was conducted to identify the plants used in the management of opportunistic AIDS diseases because as the populations often resort to phytotherapy. 88 plants were identified and divided into 79 genera and 38 families. Some species were mentioned very more frequently and in many diseases. These are: Cordila pinnata Poir. (78%), Guiera senegalensis (73.1%), Khaya senegalensis (67%), Icacina oliviformis (55%), Terminalia macroptera (55%), Cassia sieberiana (47%), etc. Leaves and roots constituted the greatest use in the form of macerated, infused, for drinking, bathing, or fumigation, etc. The expected result during this study was the establishment of a repertory of medicinal plants used for the management of opportunistic diseases.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"149 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78685167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-27DOI: 10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v7i430129
Onengiyeofori Ibama, Edna O. Ibegbulem, D. Onwuli, A. Ben-Chioma
Consumption of foods, water, vegetables, fruits, undercooked/ground/raw meat, unpasteurized milk or milk products contaminated with the bacterium strain Escherichia coli 0157:H7 has become a serious public health concern. This strain naturally inhabits the digestive tract of healthy cattle, and is released into the environment through the faeces of the animal. This strain cause haemorrhagic enterocolitis or gastroenteritis, and then haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). HUS is a disorder characterised by haemolytic anaemia, low platelet count and acute kidney failure, and this disorder is a consequence of the production and action of Shiga-like toxin produced mainly by this bacterial strain (accounting for 90 percent of all cases), and occurs mainly in children less than five (5) years of age, but also occurs in the elderly. After infection with this bacterial strain, the disorder begins with intestinal perforation and ulceration leading to bloody diarrhoea, and consequently acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia. In conjunction with clinical manifestations, several laboratory investigations (haematological, biochemical and microbiological assays) are implicated in the diagnosis of HUS. There is currently no specific treatment for HUS; however, supportive care (such as treatment of hypertension, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, haemodialysis, blood transfusion, etc) happens to be the only ameliorative measure for this disorder.
{"title":"The Health Implication of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) 0157:H7: A Review on Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome","authors":"Onengiyeofori Ibama, Edna O. Ibegbulem, D. Onwuli, A. Ben-Chioma","doi":"10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v7i430129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrimps/2019/v7i430129","url":null,"abstract":"Consumption of foods, water, vegetables, fruits, undercooked/ground/raw meat, unpasteurized milk or milk products contaminated with the bacterium strain Escherichia coli 0157:H7 has become a serious public health concern. This strain naturally inhabits the digestive tract of healthy cattle, and is released into the environment through the faeces of the animal. This strain cause haemorrhagic enterocolitis or gastroenteritis, and then haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). HUS is a disorder characterised by haemolytic anaemia, low platelet count and acute kidney failure, and this disorder is a consequence of the production and action of Shiga-like toxin produced mainly by this bacterial strain (accounting for 90 percent of all cases), and occurs mainly in children less than five (5) years of age, but also occurs in the elderly. After infection with this bacterial strain, the disorder begins with intestinal perforation and ulceration leading to bloody diarrhoea, and consequently acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia. In conjunction with clinical manifestations, several laboratory investigations (haematological, biochemical and microbiological assays) are implicated in the diagnosis of HUS. There is currently no specific treatment for HUS; however, supportive care (such as treatment of hypertension, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, haemodialysis, blood transfusion, etc) happens to be the only ameliorative measure for this disorder.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88406155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-08DOI: 10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430128
F. Atta, E. Tousson, Noha A. Dabour, A. Massoud, A. Hasan
Aims: Depression is a mental health issue that starts most often in early adulthood and it is a common and recurrent disorder causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that is known to inhibit the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and inhibitor of mitochondrial functions and induces apoptosis in several tissues. This study aims to identify the changes in liver and kidney structure and functions after treatment of male rats with Amitriptyline drugs. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 male albino rats were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups (G1, control group that included animals that did not receive any treatment during the experimental period. G2, Amitriptyline (Tryptizol; El Kahira Pharm And Chem Ind Co) group in which rats were injected intraperitoneally with Amitriptyline (100 mg/kg body weight/daily) for four weeks). Results: The current results revealed that; Amitriptyline treatments significantly (P <0.05) increased the levels of serum ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine, sodium ions, chloride ions and liver and kidney damages as compared to control. In contrast; a significant (P <0.05) decrease in albumin, and total protein, potassium ions and calcium ions in Amitriptyline group was reported when compared with control group. Conclusion: Amitriptyline has many side effects on rat liver and kidney, it induced liver and kidney toxicity and tissue injury were it metabolized to nortriptyline which inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin almost equally. Amitriptyline inhibits the membrane pump mechanism responsible for uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in adrenergic and serotonergic neurons.
目的:抑郁症是一种心理健康问题，最常开始于成年早期，它是一种常见和复发性疾病，在世界范围内引起显著的发病率和死亡率。阿米替林是一种三环抗抑郁药，已知可抑制突触前5 -羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素的再摄取和线粒体功能抑制剂，并诱导几种组织的细胞凋亡。本研究旨在探讨阿米替林药物对雄性大鼠肝肾结构和功能的影响。材料与方法:选取雄性白化病大鼠20只，随机分为2组(G1组，对照组，在实验期间未接受任何治疗)。G2，阿米替林(胰蛋白酶);El Kahira Pharm And Chem Ind Co)组，大鼠腹腔注射阿米替林(100 mg/kg体重/日)，持续4周。结果:目前的结果显示;阿米替林治疗组血清ALT、AST、ALP、尿素、肌酐、钠离子、氯离子水平及肝肾损害均显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。相比之下;阿米替林组血清白蛋白、总蛋白、钾离子、钙离子含量较对照组显著降低(P <0.05)。结论:阿米替林对大鼠肝肾有多种不良反应，代谢为去甲替林后可引起肝肾毒性和组织损伤，去甲替林对去甲肾上腺素和血清素的再摄取抑制作用几乎相同。阿米替林抑制肾上腺素和血清素能神经元中负责摄取去甲肾上腺素和血清素的膜泵机制。
{"title":"Amitriptyline Induced Alterations in Liver and Kidney Functions and Structures in Male Rats","authors":"F. Atta, E. Tousson, Noha A. Dabour, A. Massoud, A. Hasan","doi":"10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430128","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Depression is a mental health issue that starts most often in early adulthood and it is a common and recurrent disorder causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that is known to inhibit the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and inhibitor of mitochondrial functions and induces apoptosis in several tissues. This study aims to identify the changes in liver and kidney structure and functions after treatment of male rats with Amitriptyline drugs. \u0000Materials and Methods: A total of 20 male albino rats were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups (G1, control group that included animals that did not receive any treatment during the experimental period. G2, Amitriptyline (Tryptizol; El Kahira Pharm And Chem Ind Co) group in which rats were injected intraperitoneally with Amitriptyline (100 mg/kg body weight/daily) for four weeks). \u0000Results: The current results revealed that; Amitriptyline treatments significantly (P <0.05) increased the levels of serum ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine, sodium ions, chloride ions and liver and kidney damages as compared to control. In contrast; a significant (P <0.05) decrease in albumin, and total protein, potassium ions and calcium ions in Amitriptyline group was reported when compared with control group. \u0000Conclusion: Amitriptyline has many side effects on rat liver and kidney, it induced liver and kidney toxicity and tissue injury were it metabolized to nortriptyline which inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin almost equally. Amitriptyline inhibits the membrane pump mechanism responsible for uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in adrenergic and serotonergic neurons.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80408217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-07DOI: 10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430127
A. Ajibade, P. Fakunle, T. Adetunji, B. Kehinde
Carica papaya Linn. (Family: Caricaceae) is a perennial, herbaceous plant used traditionally among the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria for the treatment of various human and veterinary diseases including malaria, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, Jaundice, intestinal helminthiasis. Therefore, this study was designed to assess some of the effects of aqueous extract of C. papaya leaf on the liver of Streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic adult wistar rats. Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg STZ freshly dissolved in 0.1M Sodium Citrate at PH buffer at 4.5. Hyperglycemia was confirmed four days after injection by measuring the tail vein blood glucose level with an Accu-Check Sensor Comfort Glucometer (Roche, Mexico City). Only the animals with fasting blood glucose levels <200 mg/dl were considered diabetic. A total number of 48 adult wistar rats weighing between 100 -250 g of both sexes were used for this study. The rats were acclimatized to the experimental room having temperature of 25°C. Four groups were used for this study, group A served as the control which were fed with feeds and water ad libitum daily for six weeks and group B,C &D were induced with 60 mg/kg of STZ after which were diagnosed of diabetes after 4 days of induction. Group B served as the diabetic control group and were fed with only feed and water ad libitum daily for six weeks whereas, group C and D were treated with different doses of C. papaya extract (1.5 and 3.0 mg/100 mL) as drinking water daily for six week and were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the liver was removed and weighed before fixing in 10% formol saline for histological procedures. The result showed a significant decrease in body weight of diabetic -induced rats (P<0.05) while the body weights increased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic induced rats treated with 1.5 and 3.0 g/100 mL of the aqueous extract of C. Papaya leaves when the initial and final weights of the rats were compared at the end of treatment. However, the liver weights increased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic induced rats when compared with the diabetic rats treated with extract. The aqueous extract of C. papaya (1.5 and 3.0 g/100 mL) significantly decreased (P<0.05) blood glucose levels in diabetic treated rats. There was significant increase in serum biomarker enzymes: ALT, AST and ALP in diabetic rats (Group B) at P<0.05 when compared with control rats (Group A). Conversely, biomarker hepatic enzymes: ALT, AST and ALP decreased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic rats treated with 1.5 and 3.0 g/100 mL aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves when compared with both Group A and Group B. The histological section of the liver of diabetic rats treated with 3.0 g/100 mL aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves showed improvement in hepatic histo-architecture as the extract ameliorated hepatic morphological disruption occasioned by induced diabetes in wistar rats. This study concluded tha
{"title":"Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Carica papaya Leaf on the Liver of Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetic Adult Wistar Rats","authors":"A. Ajibade, P. Fakunle, T. Adetunji, B. Kehinde","doi":"10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430127","url":null,"abstract":"Carica papaya Linn. (Family: Caricaceae) is a perennial, herbaceous plant used traditionally among the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria for the treatment of various human and veterinary diseases including malaria, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, Jaundice, intestinal helminthiasis. Therefore, this study was designed to assess some of the effects of aqueous extract of C. papaya leaf on the liver of Streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic adult wistar rats. \u0000Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg STZ freshly dissolved in 0.1M Sodium Citrate at PH buffer at 4.5. Hyperglycemia was confirmed four days after injection by measuring the tail vein blood glucose level with an Accu-Check Sensor Comfort Glucometer (Roche, Mexico City). Only the animals with fasting blood glucose levels <200 mg/dl were considered diabetic. A total number of 48 adult wistar rats weighing between 100 -250 g of both sexes were used for this study. The rats were acclimatized to the experimental room having temperature of 25°C. Four groups were used for this study, group A served as the control which were fed with feeds and water ad libitum daily for six weeks and group B,C &D were induced with 60 mg/kg of STZ after which were diagnosed of diabetes after 4 days of induction. Group B served as the diabetic control group and were fed with only feed and water ad libitum daily for six weeks whereas, group C and D were treated with different doses of C. papaya extract (1.5 and 3.0 mg/100 mL) as drinking water daily for six week and were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the liver was removed and weighed before fixing in 10% formol saline for histological procedures. \u0000The result showed a significant decrease in body weight of diabetic -induced rats (P<0.05) while the body weights increased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic induced rats treated with 1.5 and 3.0 g/100 mL of the aqueous extract of C. Papaya leaves when the initial and final weights of the rats were compared at the end of treatment. However, the liver weights increased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic induced rats when compared with the diabetic rats treated with extract. The aqueous extract of C. papaya (1.5 and 3.0 g/100 mL) significantly decreased (P<0.05) blood glucose levels in diabetic treated rats. There was significant increase in serum biomarker enzymes: ALT, AST and ALP in diabetic rats (Group B) at P<0.05 when compared with control rats (Group A). Conversely, biomarker hepatic enzymes: ALT, AST and ALP decreased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic rats treated with 1.5 and 3.0 g/100 mL aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves when compared with both Group A and Group B. The histological section of the liver of diabetic rats treated with 3.0 g/100 mL aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves showed improvement in hepatic histo-architecture as the extract ameliorated hepatic morphological disruption occasioned by induced diabetes in wistar rats. \u0000This study concluded tha","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85840323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-05DOI: 10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430126
Majd Almakhatreh, Ezar H. Hafez, E. Tousson, A. Masoud
Aims: Etoposide (Vepesid) is chemotherapeutic drugs that inhibit topoisomerase II activity and long been used for treatment of human malignancies, where it is a semi-synthetic compound derived from the plant Podophyllum peltatum. The current study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of rosemary extract against Etoposide -induced changes in liver and kidney functions, and DNA damage in rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 male Wistar albino rats were divided randomly into four groups (1st group was control; 2nd group was treated with rosemary, 3rd group was received etoposide, and 4th & 5th groups was co- and post treated groups respectively). Results: The administration of Etoposide revealed a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, urea, potassium ions, chloride ions, and DNA damage. In contrast; a significant decrease in albumen, total proteins, sodium ions, and calcium ions were when compared with control group. This increased in ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, urea, potassium ions, chloride ions, and DNA damage was reduced after administration of rosemary when co-treated with etoposide (G4), or post-treated after etoposide (G5) for four weeks with lowest damage in G4. Also, this decreased in albumen, total proteins, sodium ions, and calcium ions was increased after administration of rosemary when co-treated with etoposide (G4), or post-treated after etoposide (G5) for four weeks with lowest damage in G4. Conclusion: It could be concluded that rosemary has a promising role and it worth to be considered as a natural substance for protective the liver and kidney toxicity induced by etoposide (Vepesid) chemotherapy.
{"title":"Biochemical and Molecular Studies on the Role of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Extract in Reducing Liver and Kidney Toxicity Due to Etoposide in Male Rats","authors":"Majd Almakhatreh, Ezar H. Hafez, E. Tousson, A. Masoud","doi":"10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430126","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Etoposide (Vepesid) is chemotherapeutic drugs that inhibit topoisomerase II activity and long been used for treatment of human malignancies, where it is a semi-synthetic compound derived from the plant Podophyllum peltatum. The current study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of rosemary extract against Etoposide -induced changes in liver and kidney functions, and DNA damage in rats. \u0000Materials and Methods: A total of 50 male Wistar albino rats were divided randomly into four groups (1st group was control; 2nd group was treated with rosemary, 3rd group was received etoposide, and 4th & 5th groups was co- and post treated groups respectively). \u0000Results: The administration of Etoposide revealed a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, urea, potassium ions, chloride ions, and DNA damage. In contrast; a significant decrease in albumen, total proteins, sodium ions, and calcium ions were when compared with control group. This increased in ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, urea, potassium ions, chloride ions, and DNA damage was reduced after administration of rosemary when co-treated with etoposide (G4), or post-treated after etoposide (G5) for four weeks with lowest damage in G4. Also, this decreased in albumen, total proteins, sodium ions, and calcium ions was increased after administration of rosemary when co-treated with etoposide (G4), or post-treated after etoposide (G5) for four weeks with lowest damage in G4. \u0000Conclusion: It could be concluded that rosemary has a promising role and it worth to be considered as a natural substance for protective the liver and kidney toxicity induced by etoposide (Vepesid) chemotherapy.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77786272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-05DOI: 10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430125
P. Joshi, Z. Khan, Reema Tandle, A. Harshe, A. Bhutada, Sunita Gogavale
Background and Objective: Large amounts of antibiotics consumed by the human population have resulted in the culmination of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple drugs. The resistance profile of pathogens differ from one geographical location to another and keeps on changing continuously. Methods: A retrospective observational analysis of antibiogram data was performed to characterize the susceptibility pattern of different pathogen isolates from various clinical sources. A total of 213 clinical isolates identified from the period June 2015 to June 2016 were included in the study. Results: Of the 213 Gram-negative isolates, 36.6% were from urine, 23.9% from respiratory specimens, 11.74% from blood, 10.33% from pus whereas 17.37% were from other sources. E. coli (42.25%) was most predominant pathogen isolated followed by K. pnuemoniae. (25.35%) and Pseudomonas spp. (15.96%) while other Gram-negative pathogens contributed 16.4%. Antibiogram analysis has shown CSE-1034 as the most susceptible drug exhibiting 91.1%, 77.8%, 82.4% and 82.3% susceptibility against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Among carbapenems, both meropenem and imipenem-Cilastin were most effective against E. coli. Meropenem was least effective against K. pneumoniae (50%) and imipenem against P. aeruginosa (32.35%). Like imipenem, Piperacillin-Tazobactam was highest effective against E. coli (20%) and lowest against P. aeruginosa (26.47%). Conclusion: Susceptibility profile indicates CSE-1034 (a novel antibiotic resistance breaker) as the most effective drug among all the classes of antibiotics against the Gram-negative pathogens. A high resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam and penems, advocates use of CSE-1034 as empiric drug of choice in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases where the pathogen isolates are suspected resistant towards β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combinations.
{"title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and Prevalence Pattern of Gram Negative Pathogens in Tertiary Care Hospital","authors":"P. Joshi, Z. Khan, Reema Tandle, A. Harshe, A. Bhutada, Sunita Gogavale","doi":"10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/AJRIMPS/2019/V7I430125","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Large amounts of antibiotics consumed by the human population have resulted in the culmination of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple drugs. The resistance profile of pathogens differ from one geographical location to another and keeps on changing continuously. \u0000Methods: A retrospective observational analysis of antibiogram data was performed to characterize the susceptibility pattern of different pathogen isolates from various clinical sources. A total of 213 clinical isolates identified from the period June 2015 to June 2016 were included in the study. \u0000Results: Of the 213 Gram-negative isolates, 36.6% were from urine, 23.9% from respiratory specimens, 11.74% from blood, 10.33% from pus whereas 17.37% were from other sources. E. coli (42.25%) was most predominant pathogen isolated followed by K. pnuemoniae. (25.35%) and Pseudomonas spp. (15.96%) while other Gram-negative pathogens contributed 16.4%. Antibiogram analysis has shown CSE-1034 as the most susceptible drug exhibiting 91.1%, 77.8%, 82.4% and 82.3% susceptibility against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Among carbapenems, both meropenem and imipenem-Cilastin were most effective against E. coli. Meropenem was least effective against K. pneumoniae (50%) and imipenem against P. aeruginosa (32.35%). Like imipenem, Piperacillin-Tazobactam was highest effective against E. coli (20%) and lowest against P. aeruginosa (26.47%). \u0000Conclusion: Susceptibility profile indicates CSE-1034 (a novel antibiotic resistance breaker) as the most effective drug among all the classes of antibiotics against the Gram-negative pathogens. A high resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam and penems, advocates use of CSE-1034 as empiric drug of choice in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases where the pathogen isolates are suspected resistant towards β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combinations.","PeriodicalId":8536,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78746253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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