Pub Date : 2017-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1407600
E. Gavrilova, D. Ushakov, A. V. Iurevich
An analysis is provided of the results of a study of the scholarly productivity of Russian doctors of science in the middle generation who work within the Russian Academy of Sciences system. We show that the scholars’ achievements on the international versus domestic Russian arenas are not only different, but are also only weakly related. This gives reason to conclude that the competencies and social capital of scholars that facilitate their achievements inside the country and abroad are different, and sometimes even alternatives to each other. We also reveal that scholarly citation indexes are insufficient to evaluate domestic Russian achievements by scholars, while the evaluation of their international achievements is much more accurate.
{"title":"“Locals” and “Cosmopolitans”","authors":"E. Gavrilova, D. Ushakov, A. V. Iurevich","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1407600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1407600","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis is provided of the results of a study of the scholarly productivity of Russian doctors of science in the middle generation who work within the Russian Academy of Sciences system. We show that the scholars’ achievements on the international versus domestic Russian arenas are not only different, but are also only weakly related. This gives reason to conclude that the competencies and social capital of scholars that facilitate their achievements inside the country and abroad are different, and sometimes even alternatives to each other. We also reveal that scholarly citation indexes are insufficient to evaluate domestic Russian achievements by scholars, while the evaluation of their international achievements is much more accurate.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"431 - 448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1407600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42394465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1407598
R. Abramov
This article addresses universal elements in the professional culture of engineers and technical specialists, who demonstrate an ideology of working insistently and tirelessly, masculinity, rationality, an aesthetic appreciation for technical solutions, and a gravitation toward creative work. The theoretical framework is provided by the works of Soviet and Russian sociologists of labor and employment, as well as foreign publications on engineering culture; data used are from semi-formal interviews. The article concludes that there are Russian specifics within the phenomenon being examined: on one hand, elements of the culture of Soviet engineers and technical specialists, and on the other hand, characteristics of behavioral models and professional communication transmitted by global corporate standards.
{"title":"The Professional Culture of Russian Engineering and Technical Specialists","authors":"R. Abramov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1407598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1407598","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses universal elements in the professional culture of engineers and technical specialists, who demonstrate an ideology of working insistently and tirelessly, masculinity, rationality, an aesthetic appreciation for technical solutions, and a gravitation toward creative work. The theoretical framework is provided by the works of Soviet and Russian sociologists of labor and employment, as well as foreign publications on engineering culture; data used are from semi-formal interviews. The article concludes that there are Russian specifics within the phenomenon being examined: on one hand, elements of the culture of Soviet engineers and technical specialists, and on the other hand, characteristics of behavioral models and professional communication transmitted by global corporate standards.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"418 - 430"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1407598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48603981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1407589
E. I. Varshavskaia
The article analyzes the basic characteristics of Russian youth excluded from employment and education, known as NEET youth (NEET means “not in employment, education, or training”). Data from the 2014 Population Survey on Problems of Employment serve as the empirical basis. In Russia, one out of every eight young people aged 15 to 24 years is both unemployed and not in school. A low level of education and a lack of work experience are the basic factors significantly increasing an individual’s likelihood of belonging to the NEET group and extending the duration of any period of idleness. Young people with health problems form a special risk group that is almost completely excluded from employment and has extremely limited potential for receiving a professional education. The labor potential of economically inactive Russian NEET youth is low. Using ILO methodology, only one-tenth of young people in this group can be classified as members of the potential labor force.
{"title":"Russian NEET Youth","authors":"E. I. Varshavskaia","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1407589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1407589","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the basic characteristics of Russian youth excluded from employment and education, known as NEET youth (NEET means “not in employment, education, or training”). Data from the 2014 Population Survey on Problems of Employment serve as the empirical basis. In Russia, one out of every eight young people aged 15 to 24 years is both unemployed and not in school. A low level of education and a lack of work experience are the basic factors significantly increasing an individual’s likelihood of belonging to the NEET group and extending the duration of any period of idleness. Young people with health problems form a special risk group that is almost completely excluded from employment and has extremely limited potential for receiving a professional education. The labor potential of economically inactive Russian NEET youth is low. Using ILO methodology, only one-tenth of young people in this group can be classified as members of the potential labor force.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"389 - 403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1407589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43175698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-03DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1393218
G. L. Voronin, V. I. Zakharov, P. Kozyreva
This article analyzes life satisfaction in Russia’s population over the last two decades, as well as its determinants, based on OECD methodology and data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of the Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). It shows that in Russia, which during its transformational period went through each phase of the business cycle with high oscillation amplitude, life satisfaction is more closely connected to the main economic indicators than in countries that have not experienced similar economic and social shocks. The way life satisfaction and its main determinants are correlated in Russia is similar to what we see in several other countries, but the specific values and forms of these connections depend on the particular motions of the economic cycle in any given country, as well as the previous path (model) of its development.
{"title":"“Who Lives Well in Russia?”","authors":"G. L. Voronin, V. I. Zakharov, P. Kozyreva","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1393218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1393218","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes life satisfaction in Russia’s population over the last two decades, as well as its determinants, based on OECD methodology and data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of the Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). It shows that in Russia, which during its transformational period went through each phase of the business cycle with high oscillation amplitude, life satisfaction is more closely connected to the main economic indicators than in countries that have not experienced similar economic and social shocks. The way life satisfaction and its main determinants are correlated in Russia is similar to what we see in several other countries, but the specific values and forms of these connections depend on the particular motions of the economic cycle in any given country, as well as the previous path (model) of its development.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"363 - 387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1393218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47116039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-03DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1393206
N. Tikhonova
This article uses the data of several national surveys (2003–2015) to analyze the changes in the size of the Russian middle class, including during periods of crisis in the Russian economy, and the influence of the economic crisis that started in 2014 on the middle class. It shows that although the income, life chances, and social protection of the country’s middle class have declined in the current crisis, the overall negative impact of the first year of the crisis on the life of the Russian middle class was less than expected. In times of crisis, members of this class also differ significantly in all key characteristics of their lives from the rest of the Russian population. However, as the article shows, the crisis dramatically intensified all the negative trends in the socio-economic situation of the Russian middle class that had begun in the pre-crisis years, especially the convergence of their position with that of other Russians. This applies not only to income, achievements, and consumption, but also to the decline of social protection at work. The conclusion is reached that the deteriorating position of the middle class and the growth of equalization (the reforms of the early 1990s were carried out under the slogan of fighting against it) will contribute to erosion of the foundations of the social contract that emerged in that period between the government and the most skilled segment of Russian society.
{"title":"The Impact of Crisis on the Life of the Russian Middle Class","authors":"N. Tikhonova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1393206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1393206","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses the data of several national surveys (2003–2015) to analyze the changes in the size of the Russian middle class, including during periods of crisis in the Russian economy, and the influence of the economic crisis that started in 2014 on the middle class. It shows that although the income, life chances, and social protection of the country’s middle class have declined in the current crisis, the overall negative impact of the first year of the crisis on the life of the Russian middle class was less than expected. In times of crisis, members of this class also differ significantly in all key characteristics of their lives from the rest of the Russian population. However, as the article shows, the crisis dramatically intensified all the negative trends in the socio-economic situation of the Russian middle class that had begun in the pre-crisis years, especially the convergence of their position with that of other Russians. This applies not only to income, achievements, and consumption, but also to the decline of social protection at work. The conclusion is reached that the deteriorating position of the middle class and the growth of equalization (the reforms of the early 1990s were carried out under the slogan of fighting against it) will contribute to erosion of the foundations of the social contract that emerged in that period between the government and the most skilled segment of Russian society.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"327 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1393206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41444597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-03DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1393208
T. Blinova, A. A. Vial’shina, Susan Welsh
This article presents the results of an analysis of the characteristics of youth 16–30 years of age who are neither in the educational system nor employed (NEET youth—“not in employment, education, or training”). Using the example of two groups of youth—(1) those seeking employment and (2) those who do not want a job—we identified their differences in employment preferences, job experience, and life satisfaction. The social factors involved in these differences are determined not only by place of residence, but also by the models the youth have adopted to ensure their own well-being. We show that while the group of unemployed youth is relatively homogeneous and rural–urban differences are attributable to differences in the local labor markets, the group of those who do not want a job differs significantly between the urban and rural areas. We conclude that their differences in relation to employment are also explained by personal motivations and individual life situations. Materials of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population (RLMS-HSE) comprised the information base for the research.
{"title":"Youth Not in the Educational System and Not Employed","authors":"T. Blinova, A. A. Vial’shina, Susan Welsh","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1393208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1393208","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of an analysis of the characteristics of youth 16–30 years of age who are neither in the educational system nor employed (NEET youth—“not in employment, education, or training”). Using the example of two groups of youth—(1) those seeking employment and (2) those who do not want a job—we identified their differences in employment preferences, job experience, and life satisfaction. The social factors involved in these differences are determined not only by place of residence, but also by the models the youth have adopted to ensure their own well-being. We show that while the group of unemployed youth is relatively homogeneous and rural–urban differences are attributable to differences in the local labor markets, the group of those who do not want a job differs significantly between the urban and rural areas. We conclude that their differences in relation to employment are also explained by personal motivations and individual life situations. Materials of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population (RLMS-HSE) comprised the information base for the research.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"348 - 362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1393208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48271809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1379271
T. Karabchuk, D. V. Sal’nikova
Trends in basic indicators of objective and subjective welfare (2004–2011) are analyzed in Central Asian countries and compared with the same indicators in Russia and Belarus. Subjective welfare is differentiated according to basic socio-demographic characteristics. A discrepancy between indicators of objective and subjective welfare in the countries of Central Asia is identified: objectively, the economic situation in these countries (with the exception of Kazakhstan) is unfavorable, but at the same time, the level of subjective satisfaction with financial status and life satisfaction levels are high. Possible reasons for this misalignment are discussed. In Russia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, people who have completed higher levels of education are more satisfied with life than those with a secondary education only.
{"title":"Objective and Subjective Welfare","authors":"T. Karabchuk, D. V. Sal’nikova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1379271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1379271","url":null,"abstract":"Trends in basic indicators of objective and subjective welfare (2004–2011) are analyzed in Central Asian countries and compared with the same indicators in Russia and Belarus. Subjective welfare is differentiated according to basic socio-demographic characteristics. A discrepancy between indicators of objective and subjective welfare in the countries of Central Asia is identified: objectively, the economic situation in these countries (with the exception of Kazakhstan) is unfavorable, but at the same time, the level of subjective satisfaction with financial status and life satisfaction levels are high. Possible reasons for this misalignment are discussed. In Russia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, people who have completed higher levels of education are more satisfied with life than those with a secondary education only.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"308 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1379271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44661811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1379266
L. Gudkov
Post-Soviet Russia is experiencing social and cultural adjustments that are connected to longstanding Russian issues of national identity and the nation’s place in the world. Public opinion research conducted in Russia shows how anti-Americanism is used as a means of defining national identity and how it has change over time.
{"title":"Structure and Functions of Russian Anti-Americanism: Mobilization Phase, 2012–2015","authors":"L. Gudkov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1379266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1379266","url":null,"abstract":"Post-Soviet Russia is experiencing social and cultural adjustments that are connected to longstanding Russian issues of national identity and the nation’s place in the world. Public opinion research conducted in Russia shows how anti-Americanism is used as a means of defining national identity and how it has change over time.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"235 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1379266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42814832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1379268
N. Tikhonova
The article suggests that the effect of the latest economic crisis on employment and the human capital of the working population not only exercises a negative impact on incomes and social protection, but has also reduced the country’s competitiveness in the international arena. That is especially the case for those domains in which changing jobs requires long and complex organizational efforts, but that are of great importance for the development of a modern economy—production culture, labor motivation, quality of human capital, and so forth. At the same time, the foundations of the social contract between the government and society that developed in Russia during the 1990s are being eroded, including for the most skilled sectors of the Russian population, largely concentrated in Moscow.
{"title":"The Social Structure of Russian Society","authors":"N. Tikhonova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1379268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1379268","url":null,"abstract":"The article suggests that the effect of the latest economic crisis on employment and the human capital of the working population not only exercises a negative impact on incomes and social protection, but has also reduced the country’s competitiveness in the international arena. That is especially the case for those domains in which changing jobs requires long and complex organizational efforts, but that are of great importance for the development of a modern economy—production culture, labor motivation, quality of human capital, and so forth. At the same time, the foundations of the social contract between the government and society that developed in Russia during the 1990s are being eroded, including for the most skilled sectors of the Russian population, largely concentrated in Moscow.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"287 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1379268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43351677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2017.1379252
S. Ryzhova
The primary goals of this article are to examine conceptual approaches to the study of trust, summarize the tools that can be used in such studies, and use empirical data to elucidate the concept of a “culture of trust.” It also discusses certain problems involved in the empirical study of generalized trust and concludes that ethnic tolerance is one element of a culture of trust. The article presents the results of a 2014 sociological study of Muscovites that was carried out using formalized interviews. This study examined the attitude of trust and subjective bases of trust and mistrust that have developed within Moscow society. A three-stage random territorial probability sampling was used, distributed across administrative districts proportional to their population sizes. The 800-respondent sample was representative in terms of sex and age. Using a simple 4-point scale, our study found that Moscow’s population is strongly polarized in terms of trust—47.6 percent are inclined to be trusting while 46.5 percent are not. Trust networks in Moscow are primarily built around close family and friends. There is a clear lack of basic trust. The study’s results suggest that generalized trust and ethnic tolerance are interrelated. What links these processes are the collaborative relationships that form based on ties of friendship and neighborliness.
{"title":"Trust and Ethnic Tolerance in the Face of Social Change","authors":"S. Ryzhova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2017.1379252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2017.1379252","url":null,"abstract":"The primary goals of this article are to examine conceptual approaches to the study of trust, summarize the tools that can be used in such studies, and use empirical data to elucidate the concept of a “culture of trust.” It also discusses certain problems involved in the empirical study of generalized trust and concludes that ethnic tolerance is one element of a culture of trust. The article presents the results of a 2014 sociological study of Muscovites that was carried out using formalized interviews. This study examined the attitude of trust and subjective bases of trust and mistrust that have developed within Moscow society. A three-stage random territorial probability sampling was used, distributed across administrative districts proportional to their population sizes. The 800-respondent sample was representative in terms of sex and age. Using a simple 4-point scale, our study found that Moscow’s population is strongly polarized in terms of trust—47.6 percent are inclined to be trusting while 46.5 percent are not. Trust networks in Moscow are primarily built around close family and friends. There is a clear lack of basic trust. The study’s results suggest that generalized trust and ethnic tolerance are interrelated. What links these processes are the collaborative relationships that form based on ties of friendship and neighborliness.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"56 1","pages":"197 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2017.1379252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47727682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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