Pub Date : 2019-03-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1688997
A. Efendiev, A. Gogoleva, E. Balabanova
This article examines contradictions in the spiritual development of residents of villages in Belgorod Oblast using data from a panel study conducted in 2000 and 2013. It attempts an institutional analysis of the role of social practices in contemporary processes. The results make it possible to assert that an individual’s actions are determined not so much by their internal attitudes and preferences, as they are by popular practical standards of behavior and the demands and restrictions imposed on the individual from without and on the part of the institutional environment. In particular, the internal contradictory nature of transitional institutions is emphasized. This contradictory nature is expressed in the confrontation between “old” (traditionalist and paternalistic) practices and “new” (competitive and achievement-oriented) practices on the one hand and between “positive” (independence, personal responsibility) and “negative” (moral and legal nihilism) norms underlying the practices of daily social interactions on the other.
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Pub Date : 2019-03-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1688995
A. Sedlov
This article makes a case that the scale and intensity of labor immigration to Russia from both Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries and developed European Union (EU) countries will drop. From the position of economic theory, it analyzes the level and dynamics of migration flows from the East and the West by country of origin, assesses the impact of Europe’s migration crisis on the Russian labor market, and offers methods for evaluating the quality of immigration capital. Finally, it identifies a direct correlation between immigration and the average salaries of neighboring countries within international blocs and forecasts how the situation will develop on the European labor market.
{"title":"The Imperatives of Labor Immigration to Russia","authors":"A. Sedlov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2019.1688995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2019.1688995","url":null,"abstract":"This article makes a case that the scale and intensity of labor immigration to Russia from both Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries and developed European Union (EU) countries will drop. From the position of economic theory, it analyzes the level and dynamics of migration flows from the East and the West by country of origin, assesses the impact of Europe’s migration crisis on the Russian labor market, and offers methods for evaluating the quality of immigration capital. Finally, it identifies a direct correlation between immigration and the average salaries of neighboring countries within international blocs and forecasts how the situation will develop on the European labor market.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"20 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2019.1688995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42014654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2018.1688081
N. Tikhonova
This article continues the topic of the first one in the series (see Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’, 2017, no. 2). We rely on data from a number of nationwide surveys to analyze the specific features of the model of income stratification in Russian society in comparison with other countries (Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Venezuela, Mexico, and China). We show that the income stratification model, which is based on the principle of the correlation of the average per-capita income in a particular household with the median income in the country, does a good job of capturing the features associated with different models of society. Based on data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) comparative international study, we show that the model of income stratification in Russian society is normal for European countries. At the same time, when judged by the magnitude of income inequalities, Russia occupies an intermediate position between European countries and the countries of the former Third World.
本文延续了本系列第一篇的主题(参见Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, 2017, no. 6)。2).我们根据多项全国性调查的数据，分析了俄罗斯社会收入分层模型与其他国家(德国、匈牙利、保加利亚、委内瑞拉、墨西哥和中国)的具体特征。我们表明，收入分层模型基于特定家庭的平均人均收入与国家收入中位数的相关性原则，它很好地捕捉了与不同社会模型相关的特征。基于国际社会调查项目(ISSP)的国际比较研究数据，我们发现俄罗斯社会的收入分层模式在欧洲国家是正常的。同时，从收入不平等的程度来看，俄罗斯处于欧洲国家和前第三世界国家之间的中间位置。
{"title":"Income Stratification in Russia in Comparison to Other Countries","authors":"N. Tikhonova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2018.1688081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2018.1688081","url":null,"abstract":"This article continues the topic of the first one in the series (see Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’, 2017, no. 2). We rely on data from a number of nationwide surveys to analyze the specific features of the model of income stratification in Russian society in comparison with other countries (Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Venezuela, Mexico, and China). We show that the income stratification model, which is based on the principle of the correlation of the average per-capita income in a particular household with the median income in the country, does a good job of capturing the features associated with different models of society. Based on data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) comparative international study, we show that the model of income stratification in Russian society is normal for European countries. At the same time, when judged by the magnitude of income inequalities, Russia occupies an intermediate position between European countries and the countries of the former Third World.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"57 1","pages":"286 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2018.1688081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46095641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2018.1688078
N. Tikhonova
This contribution, which is the first in a series of two articles, is based on data from a number of surveys that were conducted across Russia between 1999 and 2016. We analyze the features and trends in the models of income and subjective stratification of Russian society. We show that the middle strata dominate the existing model of income stratification, and this fact is well reflected in the minds of the population if we assess this on the basis of how people rate their social position. The economic crisis that began in 2014 has not seriously changed anything either in the model of income stratification itself or in how Russians self-assess their social position. Moving from the substantive to the methodological conclusions of the article, we show that the best methods for creating income stratification models in Russia are the relative methods that are used in developed countries, as opposed to absolute models, which are customary for developing countries. In addition, while taking into account the fact that some regions have made more progress toward modernization than others, we note that when analyzing the social structure of Russian society, it is best to use aggregated income stratification models that are based on the preliminary stratification of regional communities, as opposed to models that are based on the average indicators for the country as a whole.
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Pub Date : 2018-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2018.1688077
N. Latova
Relying on data from annual research and monitoring studies of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author analyzes the influence of the recently ended economic crisis on the level of life satisfaction of Russians. The article illustrates the trend in general assessments of the life satisfaction of Russians over the period of 1997 to 2017. It summarizes the level of satisfaction and how recent socioeconomic crises (2008–2009 and 2014–2016) have affected it. We analyze how overall life satisfaction is interconnected with satisfaction with various areas in the lives of Russians. Such characteristics as “material security,” “nutrition,” and “clothing,” as well as “living conditions” and “health status” are key to determining the level of satisfaction. At the same time, we discovered that life satisfaction is the least connected with the ability “to realize career success,” “to obtain education and knowledge,” “to spend leisure time,” and “to relax on vacation.” We were able to identify areas that are more stable and less susceptible to external influences: “family relations,” “opportunities to socialize with friends,” and “position (status) in society.” The main conclusions are presented in the constructed models: “model of the good life” and “model of the bad life.” The two ends of these opposite poles are the views and aspirations of modern life (with its complex model of needs), on the one hand, and traditional concerns, on the other. We show that this “oscillation” (waxing and waning) of personal needs depending on macroeconomic conditions is an effective sociopsychological mechanism that has long established itself in Russian culture and ensures that Russians are able to successfully psychologically cope with crisis.
{"title":"Trends and Factors Determining the Life Satisfaction of Russians (1997–2017)","authors":"N. Latova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2018.1688077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2018.1688077","url":null,"abstract":"Relying on data from annual research and monitoring studies of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author analyzes the influence of the recently ended economic crisis on the level of life satisfaction of Russians. The article illustrates the trend in general assessments of the life satisfaction of Russians over the period of 1997 to 2017. It summarizes the level of satisfaction and how recent socioeconomic crises (2008–2009 and 2014–2016) have affected it. We analyze how overall life satisfaction is interconnected with satisfaction with various areas in the lives of Russians. Such characteristics as “material security,” “nutrition,” and “clothing,” as well as “living conditions” and “health status” are key to determining the level of satisfaction. At the same time, we discovered that life satisfaction is the least connected with the ability “to realize career success,” “to obtain education and knowledge,” “to spend leisure time,” and “to relax on vacation.” We were able to identify areas that are more stable and less susceptible to external influences: “family relations,” “opportunities to socialize with friends,” and “position (status) in society.” The main conclusions are presented in the constructed models: “model of the good life” and “model of the bad life.” The two ends of these opposite poles are the views and aspirations of modern life (with its complex model of needs), on the one hand, and traditional concerns, on the other. We show that this “oscillation” (waxing and waning) of personal needs depending on macroeconomic conditions is an effective sociopsychological mechanism that has long established itself in Russian culture and ensures that Russians are able to successfully psychologically cope with crisis.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"57 1","pages":"247 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2018.1688077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49452477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2018.1688082
A. Andreenkova
Social justice has rarely been studied using empirical data, and this is especially true in a comparative context. This article analyzes the causes of the methodological and theoretical difficulties that complicate the performance of a comparative cross-country study of this key concept within a social science framework. Based on the data of the European Social Survey (ESS), we analyze how citizens of Russia and other European countries conceptualize the role of the state in the distribution of public resources and establishment of social justice, and we analyze the mechanisms that are used to implement this system and the results of this process.
{"title":"Conceptions of Justice and Economic Inequality in a Comparative Cross-Country Context","authors":"A. Andreenkova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2018.1688082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2018.1688082","url":null,"abstract":"Social justice has rarely been studied using empirical data, and this is especially true in a comparative context. This article analyzes the causes of the methodological and theoretical difficulties that complicate the performance of a comparative cross-country study of this key concept within a social science framework. Based on the data of the European Social Survey (ESS), we analyze how citizens of Russia and other European countries conceptualize the role of the state in the distribution of public resources and establishment of social justice, and we analyze the mechanisms that are used to implement this system and the results of this process.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"57 1","pages":"308 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2018.1688082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41358573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2018.1627138
M. Gorshkov
The article presents a multidimensional contextual analysis of the fourth wave (March 2016) and the key conclusions of the nationwide sociological monitoring of the status and trendline of Russian society under the new reality, which is influenced by external and internal threats and risks that are in turn intensified by the current economic crisis. It assesses the social–psychological trendline of Russian society during the period under analysis. It reports a deterioration in the mass view of the changes that occurred from 2015 to 2016—a result of the unfulfilled hopes of the population for an easing of crisis-related phenomena—but this shift to pessimistic views is a long way from the results in 1998. The author devotes particular attention to the population’s adaptability. The population’s main strategy of adaptation in 2016 was to economize, which went beyond consumer spending and broadly encompassed investment in human capital. A diagnosis is offered for the systemic change in employer–employee relationships, with the balance of power shifting in these relationships toward exacerbating the powerless position of employees. The article analyzes the stability and variability of the worldview orientations and life priorities of Russians and resources for social integration in Russia’s multiethnic and religious space.
{"title":"How Russian Society is Developing at a Time of Economic Crisis: A Contextual Approach (Article 2)","authors":"M. Gorshkov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2018.1627138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2018.1627138","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a multidimensional contextual analysis of the fourth wave (March 2016) and the key conclusions of the nationwide sociological monitoring of the status and trendline of Russian society under the new reality, which is influenced by external and internal threats and risks that are in turn intensified by the current economic crisis. It assesses the social–psychological trendline of Russian society during the period under analysis. It reports a deterioration in the mass view of the changes that occurred from 2015 to 2016—a result of the unfulfilled hopes of the population for an easing of crisis-related phenomena—but this shift to pessimistic views is a long way from the results in 1998. The author devotes particular attention to the population’s adaptability. The population’s main strategy of adaptation in 2016 was to economize, which went beyond consumer spending and broadly encompassed investment in human capital. A diagnosis is offered for the systemic change in employer–employee relationships, with the balance of power shifting in these relationships toward exacerbating the powerless position of employees. The article analyzes the stability and variability of the worldview orientations and life priorities of Russians and resources for social integration in Russia’s multiethnic and religious space.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"57 1","pages":"182 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2018.1627138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43949933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2018.1627140
M. Gorshkov
The article presents a multidimensional contextual analysis of the status and trendline of the development of Russian society in the new reality, which is influenced by external and internal threats and risks that are in turn intensified by the current economic crisis. The empirical basis of the article consists of the results of three waves of a nationwide sociological monitoring survey (N = 4,000) conducted in 2014–2015. The author devotes particular attention to the population’s adaptability and an analysis of the practices of economic and political behavior of Russians in crisis situations. He takes note of the presence in Russian self-awareness of an understanding of the co-dependency of internal and external factors that affect the socioeconomic situation of our compatriots and the development of social processes in the country. The article identifies the primary forms in which the crisis impacts everyday Russian life, as well as strategies of adaptation by members of various occupational groups and inhabitants of various territorial and settlement entities, which have been predetermined by the diversification of their earnings and nature of their employment. It concludes that Russian society is strongly trending in the direction of a modern consumer society, in which the population’s dependency on the government is gradually diminishing and personal interests are beginning to prevail over public interests. It verifies Russians’ choice in favor of “great-power” institutions, which makes it possible to describe the institutional trust in society as not only hierarchical but also holistic.
{"title":"How Russian Society is Developing at a Time of Economic Crisis: A Contextual Approach (Article 1)","authors":"M. Gorshkov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2018.1627140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2018.1627140","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a multidimensional contextual analysis of the status and trendline of the development of Russian society in the new reality, which is influenced by external and internal threats and risks that are in turn intensified by the current economic crisis. The empirical basis of the article consists of the results of three waves of a nationwide sociological monitoring survey (N = 4,000) conducted in 2014–2015. The author devotes particular attention to the population’s adaptability and an analysis of the practices of economic and political behavior of Russians in crisis situations. He takes note of the presence in Russian self-awareness of an understanding of the co-dependency of internal and external factors that affect the socioeconomic situation of our compatriots and the development of social processes in the country. The article identifies the primary forms in which the crisis impacts everyday Russian life, as well as strategies of adaptation by members of various occupational groups and inhabitants of various territorial and settlement entities, which have been predetermined by the diversification of their earnings and nature of their employment. It concludes that Russian society is strongly trending in the direction of a modern consumer society, in which the population’s dependency on the government is gradually diminishing and personal interests are beginning to prevail over public interests. It verifies Russians’ choice in favor of “great-power” institutions, which makes it possible to describe the institutional trust in society as not only hierarchical but also holistic.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"57 1","pages":"167 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2018.1627140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42111559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2018.1627142
L. Gudkov
The social stratification of post-Soviet Russia remains one of the most controversial subject areas in Russian sociology, despite the appearance over the past decade of significant studies on these topics. As a rule, Russian sociologists tended to focus their attention on two tasks dictated by the interest of state clients in sociology: determining the parameters of the poverty of the population (and the possibilities for reducing it, or in other words, the problem of “social inequality”) and the prospects for the formation and development of a middle class. In both cases the intentions of the research work and, accordingly, the internal orientations of the interpretation of the material turned out, albeit indirectly, to be predefined ideas for ensuring the efficacy of the state’s social policy and the stability of the system of government. For models of social structure that sociologists designed on the basis of state statistics or their own empirical research (mass population surveys), they usually employed international, that is, those recognized by the sociological community, principles of classification and methods of social taxonomy of the population, which include such operational parameters as income, education, type of occupation and professional activity of the respondent, standards of consumption, affiliation of oneself or one’s family with a certain class or social stratum, as well as (but less
{"title":"Paradoxes of the Social Structure in Russia","authors":"L. Gudkov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2018.1627142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2018.1627142","url":null,"abstract":"The social stratification of post-Soviet Russia remains one of the most controversial subject areas in Russian sociology, despite the appearance over the past decade of significant studies on these topics. As a rule, Russian sociologists tended to focus their attention on two tasks dictated by the interest of state clients in sociology: determining the parameters of the poverty of the population (and the possibilities for reducing it, or in other words, the problem of “social inequality”) and the prospects for the formation and development of a middle class. In both cases the intentions of the research work and, accordingly, the internal orientations of the interpretation of the material turned out, albeit indirectly, to be predefined ideas for ensuring the efficacy of the state’s social policy and the stability of the system of government. For models of social structure that sociologists designed on the basis of state statistics or their own empirical research (mass population surveys), they usually employed international, that is, those recognized by the sociological community, principles of classification and methods of social taxonomy of the population, which include such operational parameters as income, education, type of occupation and professional activity of the respondent, standards of consumption, affiliation of oneself or one’s family with a certain class or social stratum, as well as (but less","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"57 1","pages":"196 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2018.1627142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46364503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2018.1577607
V. Arkhangel'skiĭ, Iu.V. Zin’kina, A. Korotaev, S. G. Shul’gin
Russia’s fertility rate jumped after 2007, when new state measures were introduced to support families with children. This article analyzes the structure of this increase and factors that have contributed to a growth in the fertility rate. In 2007, the greatest gains were made in terms of second and subsequent births, while the fertility rate for first births has remained virtually unchanged. The effectiveness of demographic policy measures taken since early 2007 in regard to the fertility rate can be evaluated on the basis of statistical calculations as an additional amount of 0.259 of the total fertility rate, which amounts to 35.4 percent for second and subsequent births and 17.1 percent for all births. Thus, there are grounds to speak about positive shifts in fertility rate indicators not just for hypothetical generations, but also for real generations.
{"title":"Contemporary Trends in Russia’s Fertility Rate and the Impact of State Support Measures","authors":"V. Arkhangel'skiĭ, Iu.V. Zin’kina, A. Korotaev, S. G. Shul’gin","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2018.1577607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2018.1577607","url":null,"abstract":"Russia’s fertility rate jumped after 2007, when new state measures were introduced to support families with children. This article analyzes the structure of this increase and factors that have contributed to a growth in the fertility rate. In 2007, the greatest gains were made in terms of second and subsequent births, while the fertility rate for first births has remained virtually unchanged. The effectiveness of demographic policy measures taken since early 2007 in regard to the fertility rate can be evaluated on the basis of statistical calculations as an additional amount of 0.259 of the total fertility rate, which amounts to 35.4 percent for second and subsequent births and 17.1 percent for all births. Thus, there are grounds to speak about positive shifts in fertility rate indicators not just for hypothetical generations, but also for real generations.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"57 1","pages":"112 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2018.1577607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46597731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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