Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2021.1951067
Y. Nesterenko, E. A. Protasova
ABSTRACT This article examines the development of self-employment as a new way of working. It is noteworthy that self-employment is a broad concept that is no longer adequately understood by either current regulations or prevailing public opinion, which reduces the effectiveness of state policy governing citizens who have decided to go into business for themselves. Therefore, society fails to appreciate the importance of the institution of self-employment for the socioeconomic development of the country. The authors provide detailed evidence that the modern development of the institution of self-employment is an objective process that is a consequence of changes to the structure of the modern economy: Services have grown to occupy an ever greater share of gross domestic product, workers have gained increased mobility on the labor market, innovations and digital technologies have been introduced on a massive scale, new incentives to work have appeared, workers are being asked to demonstrate ever greater competencies, and there is increasing pressure to optimize production costs. This article focuses on an analysis of the state of the labor market for self-employed workers in Russia. It is noted that despite positive growth in the indicators, legal self-employment in Russia remains extremely underdeveloped. It still needs to develop in order to satisfy the requirements of the national economy, and the types of standards adopted by developed countries do not yet fully exist in Russia. In order to provide expanded opportunities for citizens to go into business, reduce the unemployment rate, reduce the size of the informal economy, and develop the country’s economy, we need to increase the efficiency of regulation by the state. It should be aimed at establishing the legal status of self-employed workers based on a multifunctional criterion, as well as solving certain tactical and strategic objectives. The first set of goals is to establish administrative, property, informational, and financial support measures for the self-employed. The second set of goals is to develop a new economic environment in the country, which will motivate people to practice legal self-employment.
{"title":"The Current Status of Self-Employment in Russia and Its Potential for Development","authors":"Y. Nesterenko, E. A. Protasova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2021.1951067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2021.1951067","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the development of self-employment as a new way of working. It is noteworthy that self-employment is a broad concept that is no longer adequately understood by either current regulations or prevailing public opinion, which reduces the effectiveness of state policy governing citizens who have decided to go into business for themselves. Therefore, society fails to appreciate the importance of the institution of self-employment for the socioeconomic development of the country. The authors provide detailed evidence that the modern development of the institution of self-employment is an objective process that is a consequence of changes to the structure of the modern economy: Services have grown to occupy an ever greater share of gross domestic product, workers have gained increased mobility on the labor market, innovations and digital technologies have been introduced on a massive scale, new incentives to work have appeared, workers are being asked to demonstrate ever greater competencies, and there is increasing pressure to optimize production costs. This article focuses on an analysis of the state of the labor market for self-employed workers in Russia. It is noted that despite positive growth in the indicators, legal self-employment in Russia remains extremely underdeveloped. It still needs to develop in order to satisfy the requirements of the national economy, and the types of standards adopted by developed countries do not yet fully exist in Russia. In order to provide expanded opportunities for citizens to go into business, reduce the unemployment rate, reduce the size of the informal economy, and develop the country’s economy, we need to increase the efficiency of regulation by the state. It should be aimed at establishing the legal status of self-employed workers based on a multifunctional criterion, as well as solving certain tactical and strategic objectives. The first set of goals is to establish administrative, property, informational, and financial support measures for the self-employed. The second set of goals is to develop a new economic environment in the country, which will motivate people to practice legal self-employment.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"175 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46692735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-02DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2021.1951049
A. Varshavsky, N. Vinokurova, E. Kochetkova
ABSTRACT This article presents the results of a survey of scientific researchers and academic instructors that questioned the expert respondents about the field they would advise their children and grandchildren to enter and which of these career paths would be the most suitable (promising) for the rising generation in 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. If they recommended a scientific, engineering, or technical career, then a follow-up question was asked about which new areas they would recommend and which scientific disciplines they thought would be the most relevant in 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. The results of the survey showed that the respondents prefer that their children and grandchildren choose a career in science, health care, education, or culture and the fine arts, although a fairly large number of the answers exhibited a preference that their children enter engineering. It is notable that finance came in near the bottom of the list, beating out only trade and agriculture among the least popular fields. We analyzed the survey responses across various dimensions, including gender, geographical location, and other criteria. Apparently, the selected priorities reflect the hopes of the respondents that their priorities for the economy will win out eventually and their understanding of the role that science should play in society, since they justified their responses by stating that by pursuing careers in scientific research, young people would be able to benefit Russia. They also reported that they thought Russian society could benefit from more specialists in culture and fine art, teachers and educators, and service personnel in the armed forces. Respondents indicated that they believed that there was a fairly significant gulf between the values and preferences of scientific researchers, educators, instructors, and employees of cultural heritage institutions, on the one hand, and popular opinion, on the other.
{"title":"The Beliefs of Scientific Researchers About Which Professions Are the Most Suitable for Their Children and Grandchildren","authors":"A. Varshavsky, N. Vinokurova, E. Kochetkova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2021.1951049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2021.1951049","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents the results of a survey of scientific researchers and academic instructors that questioned the expert respondents about the field they would advise their children and grandchildren to enter and which of these career paths would be the most suitable (promising) for the rising generation in 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. If they recommended a scientific, engineering, or technical career, then a follow-up question was asked about which new areas they would recommend and which scientific disciplines they thought would be the most relevant in 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. The results of the survey showed that the respondents prefer that their children and grandchildren choose a career in science, health care, education, or culture and the fine arts, although a fairly large number of the answers exhibited a preference that their children enter engineering. It is notable that finance came in near the bottom of the list, beating out only trade and agriculture among the least popular fields. We analyzed the survey responses across various dimensions, including gender, geographical location, and other criteria. Apparently, the selected priorities reflect the hopes of the respondents that their priorities for the economy will win out eventually and their understanding of the role that science should play in society, since they justified their responses by stating that by pursuing careers in scientific research, young people would be able to benefit Russia. They also reported that they thought Russian society could benefit from more specialists in culture and fine art, teachers and educators, and service personnel in the armed forces. Respondents indicated that they believed that there was a fairly significant gulf between the values and preferences of scientific researchers, educators, instructors, and employees of cultural heritage institutions, on the one hand, and popular opinion, on the other.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"158 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44635121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1792225
A. Kuchenkova
ABSTRACT This article considers the institutional trust of Russia’s humanitarian intelligentsia, describes its underlying qualities, characterizes the structure of institutional trust, reveals the essence and prerequisites of its occurrence, and analyzes the elements of institutional structure. The intelligentsia demonstrates a very high level of trust in the Russian president, but the attitudes and motives of this trust differ significantly (the difference between true supporters and passive observers). Trust in the military reflects the intelligentsia’s recognition of its merits and role in ensuring the security of the state. Complete trust in the church indicates the intelligentsia’s identification with its values and goals. The intelligentsia’s low level of trust in political institutions is part of a contemporary international trend—a sense of injustice, the belief that things will not improve, and incredulity about the future undermine trust in the state. Trust of the police and the courts is low, largely due to widespread prejudice, low awareness of their activities, and rare interactions with them. The intelligentsia’s trust in television and the press is very limited; however, television remains the main source of news, while an important alternative is the Internet. The low level of institutional trust among members of the humanitarian intelligentsia is combined with conservatism, paternalism, and civic and political passivity, and is more likely an indication of disappointment and alienation than an active criticism of Russian institutions.
{"title":"The Russian Intelligentsia and Russia’s Social Institutions: Trust or Alienation","authors":"A. Kuchenkova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2019.1792225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2019.1792225","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article considers the institutional trust of Russia’s humanitarian intelligentsia, describes its underlying qualities, characterizes the structure of institutional trust, reveals the essence and prerequisites of its occurrence, and analyzes the elements of institutional structure. The intelligentsia demonstrates a very high level of trust in the Russian president, but the attitudes and motives of this trust differ significantly (the difference between true supporters and passive observers). Trust in the military reflects the intelligentsia’s recognition of its merits and role in ensuring the security of the state. Complete trust in the church indicates the intelligentsia’s identification with its values and goals. The intelligentsia’s low level of trust in political institutions is part of a contemporary international trend—a sense of injustice, the belief that things will not improve, and incredulity about the future undermine trust in the state. Trust of the police and the courts is low, largely due to widespread prejudice, low awareness of their activities, and rare interactions with them. The intelligentsia’s trust in television and the press is very limited; however, television remains the main source of news, while an important alternative is the Internet. The low level of institutional trust among members of the humanitarian intelligentsia is combined with conservatism, paternalism, and civic and political passivity, and is more likely an indication of disappointment and alienation than an active criticism of Russian institutions.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"81 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2019.1792225","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42992718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1792235
A. Smirnov
ABSTRACT The article describes vigilantism among young people in contemporary Russia, characterizes the individuals predisposed to this behavior, and presents the objective and subjective factors of vigilantism. Higher rates of violence in a society are an objective condition of vigilantism. Having considered the factors of vigilantism, the article offers several measures for lowering its prevalence among Russian young people.
{"title":"Vigilantism Among Adolescents and Young People","authors":"A. Smirnov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2019.1792235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2019.1792235","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article describes vigilantism among young people in contemporary Russia, characterizes the individuals predisposed to this behavior, and presents the objective and subjective factors of vigilantism. Higher rates of violence in a society are an objective condition of vigilantism. Having considered the factors of vigilantism, the article offers several measures for lowering its prevalence among Russian young people.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"112 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2019.1792235","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49607320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1796339
D.V. Zernov, A. Iudin, A. Ovsyannikov
ABSTRACT Research comparing students at the end of the Soviet period with those a decade later shows that the optimism tends to be more combined with pragmatism, individualism, and egoism. Youth who before were more likely to diverge on issues of personal and private concerns versus more abstract issues of justice and ideology have become more similar over time, with a greater emphasis on private individual concerns.
{"title":"The Social Condition of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Student Community","authors":"D.V. Zernov, A. Iudin, A. Ovsyannikov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2019.1796339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2019.1796339","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research comparing students at the end of the Soviet period with those a decade later shows that the optimism tends to be more combined with pragmatism, individualism, and egoism. Youth who before were more likely to diverge on issues of personal and private concerns versus more abstract issues of justice and ideology have become more similar over time, with a greater emphasis on private individual concerns.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"121 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2019.1796339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47186596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1792234
Z. K. Selivanova
ABSTRACT The article analyzes the goals and life choices goals made by adolescents over a twenty-year period; presents the results of the author’s research with older urban adolescents (14–17 years of age) in the Republic of Bashkortostan; identifies the dynamics of specific life goals and professional orientations, as well as how gender affects professional preferences; describes the reproduction and dominance of traditional values; indicates the disparity between the intentions of adolescents and the demands of the labor market; and concludes by drawing attention to the importance of career guidance.
{"title":"The Life Goals and Professional Preferences of Older Adolescents","authors":"Z. K. Selivanova","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2019.1792234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2019.1792234","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article analyzes the goals and life choices goals made by adolescents over a twenty-year period; presents the results of the author’s research with older urban adolescents (14–17 years of age) in the Republic of Bashkortostan; identifies the dynamics of specific life goals and professional orientations, as well as how gender affects professional preferences; describes the reproduction and dominance of traditional values; indicates the disparity between the intentions of adolescents and the demands of the labor market; and concludes by drawing attention to the importance of career guidance.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"106 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2019.1792234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48419889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1792232
Iu. V. Latov
ABSTRACT An occasion for discussing the 25th anniversary of the socioeconomic development of post-Soviet Russia is the publication of a collective monograph edited by O. Shkaratan and G. Yastrebov, titled How New Is the New Russia? Its conceptual and polemical nature is clearly indicated by the title. The authors answer this question in the negative. No, contemporary Russia continues to reproduce the same basic institutions of power-property, firmly rooted in Russian civilization going back to the 13th century. In the new book, the influence of previous “oriental-despotic” development is considered in terms of the social structure and dynamics of contemporary Russian society, which the authors of the monograph describe as a neo-etacracy. The overall analytic result produced by the study is complex. The idea inherent in the book’s title is fully realized. The book shows that the old “rules of the game” continue to operate in the new Russia even after the “death” of the Soviet Union: The reproduction of power-property is conceptually substantiated, and the connection between the development of the mechanisms of social mobility and social polarization is empirically corroborated. However, the goal of connecting the reproduction of power-property with the empirical data on social life in post-Soviet Russia is more ambiguous. The book has a number of new arguments supporting the idea that in Russia the “state is still stronger than society.” One of the most original and well-designed concerns a survey question about which patients would receive preferential treatment in a hospital. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive evidence. This is primarily because the book is based on sociological research done with “ordinary people” and largely excludes the representatives of the “state-class.”
{"title":"The Dependence of the Social Structure on Previous Development: “… And the New Raved About the Old” (Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of the New Russia)","authors":"Iu. V. Latov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2019.1792232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2019.1792232","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT An occasion for discussing the 25th anniversary of the socioeconomic development of post-Soviet Russia is the publication of a collective monograph edited by O. Shkaratan and G. Yastrebov, titled How New Is the New Russia? Its conceptual and polemical nature is clearly indicated by the title. The authors answer this question in the negative. No, contemporary Russia continues to reproduce the same basic institutions of power-property, firmly rooted in Russian civilization going back to the 13th century. In the new book, the influence of previous “oriental-despotic” development is considered in terms of the social structure and dynamics of contemporary Russian society, which the authors of the monograph describe as a neo-etacracy. The overall analytic result produced by the study is complex. The idea inherent in the book’s title is fully realized. The book shows that the old “rules of the game” continue to operate in the new Russia even after the “death” of the Soviet Union: The reproduction of power-property is conceptually substantiated, and the connection between the development of the mechanisms of social mobility and social polarization is empirically corroborated. However, the goal of connecting the reproduction of power-property with the empirical data on social life in post-Soviet Russia is more ambiguous. The book has a number of new arguments supporting the idea that in Russia the “state is still stronger than society.” One of the most original and well-designed concerns a survey question about which patients would receive preferential treatment in a hospital. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive evidence. This is primarily because the book is based on sociological research done with “ordinary people” and largely excludes the representatives of the “state-class.”","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"92 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2019.1792232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49004496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1688998
Z. Toshchenko
Using government statistics and data from sociological studies, this article provides a picture of the modern Russian village, which is represented not just by the agricultural industry and related businesses that support it, but also by industrial, construction, and communications businesses and a growing number of recreational, sightseeing, and environmental communities. It also notes a new trend of living in both the city and rural areas (dacha owners, freelancers, independent professionals). After analyzing the organizational forms of land management, including joint-stock companies (former collective and state farms), farming enterprises, and personal plots, it looks at how the rapid growth of agricultural holding companies, whose development has complicated the operation of the agricultural industry, has impacted higher unemployment and given rise to new forms of seasonal work. This article also describes the efficiency and effectiveness of the agricultural industry, its infrastructure, and indicators of crop yield and productivity of livestock farming. It devotes special attention to the state and development of the social sector in rural settlements and reveals the stagnation and strain faced by education, culture, and health care. In conclusion, it provides an assessment of agrarian policy, its consequences, and possible paths for its improvement and simplification.
{"title":"What Is the Modern Russian Village?","authors":"Z. Toshchenko","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2019.1688998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2019.1688998","url":null,"abstract":"Using government statistics and data from sociological studies, this article provides a picture of the modern Russian village, which is represented not just by the agricultural industry and related businesses that support it, but also by industrial, construction, and communications businesses and a growing number of recreational, sightseeing, and environmental communities. It also notes a new trend of living in both the city and rural areas (dacha owners, freelancers, independent professionals). After analyzing the organizational forms of land management, including joint-stock companies (former collective and state farms), farming enterprises, and personal plots, it looks at how the rapid growth of agricultural holding companies, whose development has complicated the operation of the agricultural industry, has impacted higher unemployment and given rise to new forms of seasonal work. This article also describes the efficiency and effectiveness of the agricultural industry, its infrastructure, and indicators of crop yield and productivity of livestock farming. It devotes special attention to the state and development of the social sector in rural settlements and reveals the stagnation and strain faced by education, culture, and health care. In conclusion, it provides an assessment of agrarian policy, its consequences, and possible paths for its improvement and simplification.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"55 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2019.1688998","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47061310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1688994
Y. Nisnevich, A. Ryabov
This article examines the problems of the rise and consolidation of authoritarian regimes in former Soviet countries. The authors analyze the reasons why the transition to democracy failed in these newly independent states, including the absence of a strong tradition of civil society and the fact that the anti-communist revolution that took place in the Soviet Union in 1991 was not preceded by a “revolution of values.” An important reason for the suspension of transitions to democracy was that the new ruling elite, which held a monopoly on power and property in former Soviet countries, had no interest in further market and democratic reforms. In their analysis of reasons for the stability of authoritarian regimes, the authors focus mainly on factors like the roles of the institution of power-property, of the nomenklatura as the ruling class, and of the patronage state. At the same time, this article looks at factors that could limit the development of authoritarian regimes in the former Soviet Union; these factors include competing political identities in society, the balance of power between regional elites, and the de-nomenklaturization of the political elite. The authors note that the main problem on the path of the transition to democracy is the absence of political and social actors interested in such changes.
{"title":"Post-Soviet Authoritarianism","authors":"Y. Nisnevich, A. Ryabov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2019.1688994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2019.1688994","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the problems of the rise and consolidation of authoritarian regimes in former Soviet countries. The authors analyze the reasons why the transition to democracy failed in these newly independent states, including the absence of a strong tradition of civil society and the fact that the anti-communist revolution that took place in the Soviet Union in 1991 was not preceded by a “revolution of values.” An important reason for the suspension of transitions to democracy was that the new ruling elite, which held a monopoly on power and property in former Soviet countries, had no interest in further market and democratic reforms. In their analysis of reasons for the stability of authoritarian regimes, the authors focus mainly on factors like the roles of the institution of power-property, of the nomenklatura as the ruling class, and of the patronage state. At the same time, this article looks at factors that could limit the development of authoritarian regimes in the former Soviet Union; these factors include competing political identities in society, the balance of power between regional elites, and the de-nomenklaturization of the political elite. The authors note that the main problem on the path of the transition to democracy is the absence of political and social actors interested in such changes.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2019.1688994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48174063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-04DOI: 10.1080/10610154.2019.1688999
P. Starosta, K. Brzeziński, Viacheslav Pavlovich Stolbov
Social trust as an academic problem has attracted the attention of contemporary scholars from various fields of the social sciences. A new direction in research on social trust is defining its structure and relationships between individuals and between individuals and social groups, as well as the attitude of individuals and social groups to institutional organizations. Sociological studies in cities in a number of Central and Eastern European countries have demonstrated the complex consequences of modernization in the lives of urban communities, including lower economic potential, an increase in unemployment, tension in people’s lives, intensifying criminal elements, growing internal and external migration, and so forth. All of this has influenced trust between citizens, between citizens and groups, and in relation to social institutions. Our task was to assess the scale of trust and its forms in different groups and to track the relationship between forms and levels of trust. We show that urban communities display a trust deficit, particularly with respect to social institutions. Finally, within the structure of trust we identified horizontal, vertical, and generalized forms of trust and, on their basis of their interconnection, five dominant models of social trust.
{"title":"The Structure of Social Trust in Postindustrial Cities of Central and Eastern Europe","authors":"P. Starosta, K. Brzeziński, Viacheslav Pavlovich Stolbov","doi":"10.1080/10610154.2019.1688999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2019.1688999","url":null,"abstract":"Social trust as an academic problem has attracted the attention of contemporary scholars from various fields of the social sciences. A new direction in research on social trust is defining its structure and relationships between individuals and between individuals and social groups, as well as the attitude of individuals and social groups to institutional organizations. Sociological studies in cities in a number of Central and Eastern European countries have demonstrated the complex consequences of modernization in the lives of urban communities, including lower economic potential, an increase in unemployment, tension in people’s lives, intensifying criminal elements, growing internal and external migration, and so forth. All of this has influenced trust between citizens, between citizens and groups, and in relation to social institutions. Our task was to assess the scale of trust and its forms in different groups and to track the relationship between forms and levels of trust. We show that urban communities display a trust deficit, particularly with respect to social institutions. Finally, within the structure of trust we identified horizontal, vertical, and generalized forms of trust and, on their basis of their interconnection, five dominant models of social trust.","PeriodicalId":85546,"journal":{"name":"Sociological research","volume":"58 1","pages":"67 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10610154.2019.1688999","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43720624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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