Autoimmunity reviews最新文献

{"title":"The roles of transient receptor potential vanilloid in autoimmune diseases","authors":"Yuezheng Xiao ,&nbsp;Yue Xin ,&nbsp;Kai Shen ,&nbsp;Ming Yang ,&nbsp;Haijing Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) is a family of tetrameric cation channels, expressed in various tissues and cell types. It includes thermosensitive isoforms (TRPV1–4) and calcium-permeable members (TRPV5–6). In the context of autoimmune diseases, TRPV channels have been firmly established as pivotal regulators that bridge changes in the cellular environment to the immune system.</div><div>Originally identified for their roles in thermosensation and nociception, these polymodal sensors have now emerged as crucial determinants of immune cell function. They are capable of converting chemical signals, temperature fluctuations, and mechanical forces into calcium-mediated signal transduction pathways. Mounting evidence indicates that dysregulated TRPV channel activity leads to pathological calcium influx, triggering a signaling cascade that reprograms the functions of key immune cells and modulates pain and itch signaling through neuroimmune crosstalk. These cascades amplify inflammatory responses, exacerbate autoimmune pathology, promote inflammatory cytokine release, and modulate pain/itch signaling via neuroimmune crosstalk.</div><div>Specifically, these mechanisms are instrumental in the progression including autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (AD). Novel therapeutic strategies are emerging, aiming to modulate TRPV activity in autoimmune conditions. Approaches include suppressing hyperactive channels and leveraging their immunoregulatory potential. Promising preclinical results have highlighted that TRPV channels exhibit dual translational potential in mechanistic research of autoimmune diseases, integrating precise targeting with dynamic monitoring capabilities. However, translating these findings into clinical applications faces significant challenges, including differential effects on neuronal and immune signaling, as well as systemic side effects caused by disruptions to physiological homeostasis.</div><div>This narrative review discuss how TRPV channel signaling has enhanced our understanding of autoimmune disease initiation. By dissecting how TRPV-mediated immune dysregulation drives pathological immune responses, we seek to offer novel mechanistic insights to inform the development of more effective and comprehensive treatment strategies for autoimmune diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103872"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic inflammation in Long COVID relationship to autoimmune diseases","authors":"Keda Chen ,&nbsp;Zhiyi Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Li ,&nbsp;Yutong Xu ,&nbsp;Siyi Gu ,&nbsp;Hongyu Li ,&nbsp;Jianhua Li ,&nbsp;Yanjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Naihui Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The new coronavirus pandemic has been ongoing for nearly five years. In addition to the severe symptoms in the acute phase, it is accompanied by long-term complications and sequelae involving the respiratory, neurological, immune, circulatory, and gastrointestinal systems for several months or even years, which is called the Long COVID. Many studies have suggested that systemic chronic inflammation caused by residual viral components may be one of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of Long COVID. In this paper, we will review the autoimmune diseases caused by chronic inflammation. In particular, cytokine storminess, pro-inflammatory responses of inflammatory vesicles, mast cell activation syndrome, changes in the gut microbiota, molecular mimicry, reactivation of latent viruses, and coagulation abnormalities are among the pathways that contribute to autoimmune diseases, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Guillain-Barré syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis. We intervene in the treatment of the disease with probiotics, immunoglobulins, the RECOVER clinical trial model, and immunomodulatory drugs. The aim is to enhance understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of Long COVID and to provide a reference for the immunotherapy of patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103882"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors' response to “comment on ‘systemic lupus erythematosus and male reproductive health: A systematic review and meta-analysis’”","authors":"Qingmiao Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Li ,&nbsp;Ting Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103884","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103884"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remission and low disease activity definitions in adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: A narrative review by myositis clinical trials consortium (MCTC)","authors":"Nantakarn Pongtarakulpanit ,&nbsp;Shiri Keret ,&nbsp;Vaidehi Kothari ,&nbsp;Francisca Bozán ,&nbsp;Chengappa Kavadichanda ,&nbsp;Akira Yoshida ,&nbsp;Valérie Leclair ,&nbsp;Anuradha Bishnoi ,&nbsp;Kaveh Ardalan ,&nbsp;Edoardo Conticini ,&nbsp;Ting-Yuan Lan ,&nbsp;Océane Landon-Cardinal ,&nbsp;Iris Y.K. Tang ,&nbsp;Silvia Rosina ,&nbsp;Belina Y. Yi ,&nbsp;James B. Lilleker ,&nbsp;Eduardo Dourado ,&nbsp;Prateek C. Gandiga ,&nbsp;Rohit Aggarwal","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a heterogeneous group of rare systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Despite advances in treatment, the definition of remission and low disease activity (LDA) in IIM remains inconsistent and lacks consensus and validation. This review summarizes existing published definitions, achievement rates, and predictive factors of remission/LDA in adult IIM, focusing on dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), anti-synthetase syndrome (ASyS), and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNM). Our literature review revealed a wide variability in remission definitions, incorporating physician assessment, muscle strength, laboratory normalization, and medication tapering or discontinuation. Some studies defined “remission on medication”, while others required complete treatment cessation. Most definitions required a minimum duration of six months. Organ-specific remission (including for the skin, lung, and muscle domains) was inconsistently addressed. LDA has been less extensively studied in IIM, with the myositis disease activity assessment visual analog scales (MYOACT) being the only measure applied to DM. Remission rates varied widely, with stricter criteria yielding lower rates. Factors associated with remission included younger age, early immunosuppressive treatment, non-severe muscle involvement, the absence of myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSA), although some studies reported positivity for certain MSA were associated with remission. Conversely, remission was less likely for patients with PM, overlap myositis, and those positive for anti-TIF1-γ or Ku autoantibodies. Standardized remission criteria incorporating physician assessment, patient assessment, organ-specific parameters, laboratory assessments, and sustained remission duration are essential for harmonizing clinical and research evaluations in IIM. Establishing uniform definitions will improve therapeutic outcome assessments and facilitate meaningful comparisons in clinical trials and real-world practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103879"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myasthenia gravis with antibodies against the AChR, current knowledge on pathophysiology and an update on treatment strategies with special focus on targeting plasma cells","authors":"M. Mané-Damas ,&nbsp;A.K. Schöttler ,&nbsp;F. Marcuse ,&nbsp;P.C. Molenaar ,&nbsp;T. Mohile ,&nbsp;J.G.J. Hoeijmakers ,&nbsp;M. Hochstenbag ,&nbsp;J. Damoiseaux ,&nbsp;J.G. Maessen ,&nbsp;M. Abdul-Hamid ,&nbsp;A. zur Hausen ,&nbsp;M.H. de Baets ,&nbsp;M. Losen ,&nbsp;P. Martinez-Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder where the neuromuscular transmission is impaired, causing symptoms of skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue. The presence of autoantibodies against the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the most prevalent cause of MG. Abnormalities in the thymus are common in AChR-MG, and thymectomy has proven to be therapeutically beneficial. Up to 30 % of AChR-MG patients have also thymoma. Moreover, patients with thymoma without MG are more prompt to develop MG compared to the general population.</div><div>Autoantibodies in AChR-MG damage the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and cause muscle weakness by impairing synaptic transmission because of the depletion of the AChRs and destruction of the NMJ. The pathogenic autoantibody levels vary greatly between patients. In contrast, in individual patients changes in autoantibody levels correlate well with disease severity. A small selection of patients has been used to exemplify the individual relationship between autoantibody levels and disease progression. The study of the effector functions of the autoantibodies and the compensatory mechanisms at the NMJ are important to select the best treatment strategy for each patient. Even though classical immunomodulatory treatments are effective in many patients, around 10–20 % of patients do not respond to current therapies. This may be attributed to the production of autoantibodies by different circulating cells including mature B and long-lived plasma cells, which are resistant to most commonly used immunosuppressive drugs. Hence, novel therapies specifically targeting plasma cells might be a suitable therapeutic approach for selected refractory patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103875"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144616106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of γδ T cells and CAR-γδ T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","authors":"Tengyue Wang ,&nbsp;Hongli Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Lv ,&nbsp;Chengping Wen ,&nbsp;Mingzhu Wang ,&nbsp;Lin Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autoimmune diseases represent a major global health challenge, imposing substantial economic, social, and personal burdens on human society. γδ T lymphocytes are a unique T cell subset that bridges innate and adaptive immunity, demonstrating remarkable characteristics in immune regulation and inflammatory modulation. In this context, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-γδ T cell therapy emerges as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy with transformative potential in addressing autoimmune disorders. This review comprehensively explores the multifaceted roles of γδ T lymphocytes in autoimmune pathogenesis, highlighting their distinctive functions and properties. It discusses the potential and advantages of applying γδ T cells to CAR-T cell therapy, elucidating the prospects of treating autoimmune diseases through CAR-γδ T cell therapy in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103883"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The FOXO1-SIRT1 axis in ankylosing spondylitis: A cross-platform regulator linking immunometabolism, oxidative stress, and bone remodeling","authors":"Xuhong Zhang,&nbsp;Lu Jia,&nbsp;Xueni Lin,&nbsp;Lamei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder defined by the paradoxical coupling of inflammatory bone erosion and ectopic new bone formation. Recent studies implicate the Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1)-Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling axis as a systems-level regulator integrating immune metabolism, redox balance, and skeletal remodeling. FOXO1 and SIRT1 cooperatively regulate immune tolerance, redox balance, and skeletal homeostasis via transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic pathways.</div><div>This review delineates the cross-platform roles of the FOXO1-SIRT1 axis across three interrelated modules: regulation of immune cell metabolism and polarization; redox sensing and organelle quality control via autophagy and mitophagy; and coordination of osteoblast – osteoclast dynamics in inflammatory microenvironments. Dysregulation of this axis disrupts immuno-metabolic equilibrium and promotes pathological ossification, contributing to the dual pathology of AS.</div><div>We further discuss emerging therapeutic strategies – ranging from SIRT1 activators and anti -Interleukin-17 A (IL-17 A) biologics to histone deacetylase inhibitors – that converge mechanistically on FOXO1-SIRT1 signaling. These translational approaches underscore the axis's potential as a cross-domain integrator of immune and skeletal homeostasis, and as a promising target for precision intervention in AS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103878"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144648355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Proportion of circulating T follicular helper cells in peripheral blood of systemic lupus erythematosus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis” [Autoimmunity Reviews Volume 24, Issue 10, 24 September 2025, 103874]","authors":"Futai Feng ,&nbsp;Ziyan Wu ,&nbsp;Honglin Xu ,&nbsp;Yongzhe Li ,&nbsp;Shulan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103881","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103881"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring vaccine safety and adverse events in major autoimmune diseases","authors":"Shabnam Sodagari ,&nbsp;Nassim Sodagari","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates post-vaccination adverse events by analyzing a large dataset of patients with major autoimmune diseases, including Hashimoto’s <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>26</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>330</mn></mrow></math></span>; Rheumatoid Arthritis <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>251</mn></mrow></math></span>; psoriasis <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>589</mn></mrow></math></span>; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>208</mn></mrow></math></span>; Inflammatory Bowel Disease <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>831</mn></mrow></math></span>; type 1 diabetes <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>235</mn></mrow></math></span>; vasculitis <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>466</mn></mrow></math></span>; Guillain-Barré Syndrome <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>185</mn></mrow></math></span>; Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>623</mn></mrow></math></span>; ankylosing spondylitis <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>926</mn></mrow></math></span>; Sjögren’s syndrome <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>269</mn></mrow></math></span>; psoriatic arthritis <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>355</mn></mrow></math></span>; polymyositis <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>169</mn></mrow></math></span>; dermatomyositis <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>130</mn></mrow></math></span>. Our objective is not to refute the importance of vaccines, but to raise awareness about potential risks observed in autoimmune patients by analyzing CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) data. The sex distribution analysis in vaccine adverse events highlights a consistent female predominance across most autoimmune conditions. We designed machine learning predictive classification models by identifying key predictors to predict severe adverse events (hospitalization or death) following vaccination based on clinical and demographic predictors including age, sex, vaccine type, dose series, and vaccine route. Our models identified distinct risk profiles for severe events across diseases. Example AUC values ranged from 0.90 for dermatomyositis and GBS to 0.98 for Psoriatic Arthritis with accuracy 96% observed for ankylosing spondylitis. Vasculitis and Sjögren’s showed peak precision scores, while polymyositis showed peak recall (97%). Moreover, the reported adverse events in the first week and after the 6th week of vaccine administration are one order of magnitude larger than reported incidents in other time intervals for all diseases. Understanding these differences can inform safer vaccination strategies. We recognize the essential public health role of vaccines and underscore the importance of vigilant post-vaccination monitoring in autoimmune populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103857"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144706115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination targeted therapy with two biologic/targeted synthetic DMARDs in 1200 patients with immune mediated inflammatory diseases. A systematic literature review for current landscape in safety and efficacy","authors":"Angeliki Zoi Lignou ,&nbsp;Konstantinos D. Vassilakis ,&nbsp;Xenofon Baraliakos ,&nbsp;Petros P. Sfikakis ,&nbsp;Jacques-Eric Gottenberg ,&nbsp;George E. Fragoulis","doi":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and psoriasis (PsO). While biologic (b) and targeted synthetic (ts) DMARDs are effective, nearly 60 % of patients fail to achieve low disease activity status. Combination targeted therapy (CTT) using concomitantly two different b- or ts-DMARDs has been explored, but results on safety and efficacy are unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To systematically review the literature on CTT in IMID.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following the PICO framework, we included literature of adult patients (≥18 years) with IMID receiving CTT. Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, Epistemonikos) were searched up to June 2024. Studies in non-English, pediatric populations, and non-approved treatments were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using approved tools.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 2038 records, 70 studies (6 RCTs, 11 cohorts, 22 case series, 31 case reports) involving 1200 patients were analyzed. About 75 % of them demonstrated low risk of bias. The most studied combinations were TNFi+IL/23i, JAKi+bDMARDs, and vedolizumab+TNFi. Approximately 40-60 % of patients with PsA, axSpA, and IBD with refractory disease improved with TNFi+IL/23i CTT. About half of patients with inflammatory arthritis and up to 80 % of IBD cases benefited with JAKi+bDMARD CTT, whereas favorable outcomes were observed in 30-50 % of IBD patients following Vedolizumab+TNFi CTT. Safety profiles were generally acceptable, without emerging signals so far.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>CTT benefits about half of refractory IMID patients, particularly TNFi/IL-23i, JAKi/bDMARD, and vedolizumab/TNFi combinations, without raising significant safety issues. Further research is needed to clarify safety and efficacy across diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8664,"journal":{"name":"Autoimmunity reviews","volume":"24 10","pages":"Article 103865"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}