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A single dose of ketamine enhances early life stress-induced aggression with no effect on fear memory, anxiety-like behavior, or depression-like behavior in mice. 单剂量氯胺酮可增强小鼠早期生活压力诱导的攻击性,对小鼠的恐惧记忆、焦虑样行为或抑郁样行为没有影响。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000560
Caitlyn J Bartsch, Sophia Aaflaq, Jessica T Jacobs, Molly Smith, Fletcher Summa, Savannah Skinner, Elana Qasem, Rylee Thompson, Zheng Li, Jacob C Nordman

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that has been shown to have antidepressant effects in humans and has been proposed as a potential treatment for mood disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder and aggression. However, previous studies from our lab and others have demonstrated that ketamine's effects are highly context- and dose-dependent. In a recent study, we found that 10 mg/kg ketamine could exacerbate the effects of early life stress on excessive aggression in mice. To further investigate, the effect of ketamine on moods, such as fear, anxiety, depression, and aggression, we used a mouse model of early life stress, involving chronic social isolation followed by acute traumatic stress in the form of noncontingent, unpredictable foot shock during adolescence. We find this is necessary to induce long-lasting excessive aggression in a novel environment. Seven- to eight-week-old socially isolated mice were given IP injections of 10 mg/kg ketamine 30 min before being subjected to foot shock and then assessed 7 days later for changes in sociability, aggression, mobility, anxiety-like behavior, and depression-like behavior. The results show that ketamine selectively increases long-lasting aggression in mice exposed to foot shock, but does not affect mood-related behaviors or locomotion. These findings suggest that during early life stress, ketamine may exert its effects by specifically targeting aggression brain circuitry that is distinct from brain circuits responsible for nonaggressive social or emotional behaviors. Therefore, while ketamine may be a promising treatment for various mood disorders, caution should be exercised when using ketamine to treat disorders associated with early life stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

氯胺酮是一种解离性麻醉剂,已被证明对人类具有抗抑郁作用,并被认为是一种潜在的情绪障碍治疗方法,如创伤后应激障碍和攻击性。然而,我们实验室和其他人之前的研究表明,氯胺酮的作用具有高度的上下文和剂量依赖性。在最近的一项研究中,我们发现10 mg/kg氯胺酮会加剧小鼠早期生活压力对过度攻击的影响。为了进一步研究氯胺酮对情绪的影响,如恐惧、焦虑、抑郁和攻击性,我们使用了一个早期生活压力的小鼠模型,包括慢性社会孤立,然后是青春期以非接触、不可预测的足部休克形式出现的急性创伤压力。我们发现这对于在一个新颖的环境中诱发长期的过度攻击是必要的。7至8周大的社交隔离小鼠在遭受足部电击前30分钟接受10 mg/kg氯胺酮的IP注射,然后在7天后评估社交能力、攻击性、行动能力、焦虑样行为和抑郁样行为的变化。结果表明,氯胺酮选择性地增加了暴露于足部电击的小鼠的长期攻击性,但不会影响情绪相关的行为或运动。这些发现表明,在早期生活压力下,氯胺酮可能通过专门针对攻击性脑回路发挥作用,而攻击性脑电路与负责非攻击性社交或情绪行为的脑回路不同。因此,尽管氯胺酮可能是治疗各种情绪障碍的一种有前景的药物,但在使用氯胺酮治疗与早期生活压力相关的障碍时应谨慎。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Electric Barrier-Induced Voluntary Abstinence Reduces Alcohol Seeking in Male, but Not Female, iP Rats 电屏障诱导的自愿戒酒在雄性大鼠中减少酒精寻求,而不是雌性大鼠
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000566.supp
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引用次数: 0
The medial preoptic area and its projections to the ventral tegmental area and the periaqueductal gray are activated in response to social play behavior in juvenile rats. 幼年大鼠的内侧视前区及其向腹侧被盖区和下uctal灰质周围的投射会因社交游戏行为而被激活。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000555
Changjiu Zhao, Lauren V Riters

The medial preoptic area (MPOA) is well known for its role in sexual and maternal behaviors. This region also plays an important role in affiliative social behaviors outside reproductive contexts. We recently demonstrated that the MPOA is a central nucleus in which opioids govern highly rewarding social play behavior in adolescent rats. However, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying MPOA-mediated social play remain largely unresolved. We hypothesized that the MPOA unites a complementary neural system through which social play induces reward via a projection to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and reduces a negative affective state through a projection to the periaqueductal gray (PAG). To test whether the two projection pathways are activated in response to social play behavior, we combined retrograde tract tracing with immediate early gene (IEG) expression and immunofluorescent labeling to identify opioid-sensitive projection pathways from the MPOA to VTA and PAG that are activated after performance of social play. Retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold (FG), was microinjected into the VTA or PAG. IEG expression (i.e., Egr1) was assessed and triple immunofluorescent labeling for mu opioid receptor (MOR), Egr1, and FG in the MPOA was performed after social play. We revealed that play animals displayed an increase in neurons double labeled for Egr1 + FG and triple labeled for MOR + Egr1 + FG in the MPOA projecting to both the VTA and PAG when compared to no-play rats. The increased activation of projection neurons that express MORs from MPOA to VTA or PAG after social play suggests that opioids may act through these projection pathways to govern social play. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

内侧视前区(MPOA)因其在性行为和母性行为中的作用而广为人知。该区域在生殖环境之外的附属社会行为中也发挥着重要作用。我们最近证明,MPOA 是阿片类物质支配青春期大鼠高回报社会游戏行为的中心核。然而,MPOA 介导社交游戏的神经回路机制在很大程度上仍未得到解决。我们假设 MPOA 连接了一个互补的神经系统,通过该系统,社交游戏可以通过向腹侧被盖区(VTA)的投射诱导奖赏,并通过向uctal 灰色周围(PAG)的投射减轻负性情绪状态。为了测试这两条投射通路是否会在社交游戏行为中被激活,我们将逆行束追踪与即时早期基因(IEG)表达和免疫荧光标记结合起来,以确定从MPOA到VTA和PAG的阿片类敏感投射通路,这些通路在进行社交游戏后被激活。向 VTA 或 PAG 显微注射逆行示踪剂氟金(FG)。评估了IEG(即Egr1)的表达,并在社交游戏后对MPOA中的μ阿片受体(MOR)、Egr1和FG进行了三重免疫荧光标记。我们发现,与不玩耍的大鼠相比,玩耍动物MPOA中Egr1 + FG双重标记和MOR + Egr1 + FG三重标记的神经元增加,这些神经元投射到VTA和PAG。社交游戏后,表达 MORs 的投射神经元从 MPOA 向 VTA 或 PAG 的激活增加,这表明阿片类药物可能通过这些投射通路来控制社交游戏。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
The motivational role of the ventral striatum and amygdala in learning from gains and losses. 腹侧纹状体和杏仁核在从得失中学习中的激励作用。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000558
Craig A Taswell, Miriam Janssen, Elisabeth A Murray, Bruno B Averbeck

The ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala are two structures often implicated as essential structures for learning. The literature addressing the contribution of these areas to learning, however, is not entirely consistent. We propose that these inconsistencies are due to learning environments and the effect they have on motivation. To differentiate aspects of learning from environmental factors that affect motivation, we ran a series of experiments with varying task factors. We compared monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with VS lesions, amygdala lesions, and unoperated controls on reinforcement learning (RL) tasks that involve learning from both gains and losses as well as from deterministic and stochastic schedules of reinforcement. We found that for all three groups, performance varied by experiment. All three groups modulated their behavior in the same directions, to varying degrees, across the three experiments. This behavioral modulation is why we find deficits in some experiments, but not others. The amount of effort animals exhibited differed depending on the learning environment. Our results suggest that the VS is important for the amount of effort animals will give in rich deterministic and relatively leaner stochastic learning enivornments. We also showed that monkeys with amygdala lesions can learn stimulus-based RL in stochastic environments and environments with loss and conditioned reinforcers. These results show that learning environments shape motivation and that the VS is essential for distinct aspects of motivated behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

腹侧纹状体(VS)和杏仁核这两个结构经常被认为是学习的基本结构。然而,有关这些区域对学习的贡献的文献并不完全一致。我们认为,造成这些不一致的原因是学习环境及其对学习动机的影响。为了将影响学习动机的学习因素与环境因素区分开来,我们进行了一系列任务因素各不相同的实验。我们比较了VS病变猴、杏仁核病变猴和未接受手术的对照组猴在强化学习(RL)任务中的表现,这些任务包括从收益和损失中学习,以及从确定性和随机性的强化计划中学习。我们发现,所有三组人的表现都因实验而异。在这三个实验中,所有三个小组都在不同程度上朝着相同的方向调节自己的行为。这种行为调控是我们在某些实验中发现缺陷,而在其他实验中却没有发现的原因。学习环境不同,动物所表现出的努力程度也不同。我们的结果表明,在丰富的确定性学习环境和相对较少的随机学习环境中,VS 对动物的努力程度非常重要。我们的研究还表明,杏仁核病变的猴子可以在随机环境以及有损失强化物和条件强化物的环境中学习基于刺激的RL。这些结果表明,学习环境塑造了动机,而VS对动机行为的不同方面至关重要。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Ketamine facilitates appetitive trace conditioning in mice: Further evidence for abnormal stimulus representation in schizophrenia model animals. 氯胺酮促进小鼠食欲调节:精神分裂症模型动物异常刺激表征的进一步证据。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000559
Riria Suzuki, Yutaka Kosaki

Recent studies indicated that positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucination and delusion, can be modeled using Pavlovian conditioning procedures. Various schizophrenia model animals exhibit abnormally strong associative activations of absent stimuli (i.e., conditioned hallucination) and readily form further associations involving the absent cues (i.e., enhanced mediated conditioning). In the present study using mice, we examined whether the acquisition of appetitive trace conditioning, another Pavlovian task in which animals must form associations between two stimuli that never occur together, is facilitated by injections of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antagonist and a known hallucinogen at low doses in humans and nonhuman animals. Ketamine administration before each conditioning session significantly enhanced the acquisition of 4-s trace conditioning but not delay conditioning. The trace conditioning-specific facilitatory effect of ketamine was replicated in subsequent experiments in which slightly modified procedures were used to enhance the overall levels of conditioned responses. Taken together, the current results demonstrated that low-dose ketamine promotes associative learning between stimuli over a temporal gap, which adds to existing literature illustrating aberrant learning involving absent stimuli in schizophrenia model animals. We discuss potential associative mechanisms through which ketamine promoted trace conditioning with reference to Wagner's (1981) Standard Operating Procedures model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

最近的研究表明,精神分裂症的阳性症状,如幻觉和妄想,可以用巴甫洛夫条件反射程序来建模。各种精神分裂症模型动物对缺失刺激(即条件性幻觉)表现出异常强烈的联想激活,并容易形成涉及缺失线索(即增强的介导条件反射)的进一步关联。在目前的小鼠研究中,我们检验了在人类和非人类动物中,注射氯胺酮(一种n -甲基- d -天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂和一种已知的低剂量致幻剂)是否促进了食欲痕迹条件反射的获得,这是另一种巴甫洛夫任务,动物必须在从未同时发生的两种刺激之间形成联系。每次条件训练前给予氯胺酮可显著提高4-s微量条件训练的习得,但对延迟条件训练无显著影响。在随后的实验中,氯胺酮的痕量条件特异性促进效应被复制,在这些实验中,使用轻微修改的程序来提高条件反应的总体水平。综上所述,目前的研究结果表明,低剂量氯胺酮促进了刺激物之间的关联学习,这增加了现有文献中关于精神分裂症模型动物中涉及缺乏刺激物的异常学习的解释。我们参考Wagner(1981)的标准操作程序模型,讨论氯胺酮促进微量调节的潜在联想机制。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Divergent risky decision-making and impulsivity behaviors in Lewis rat substrains with low genetic difference. Lewis大鼠低遗传差异亚系的风险决策和冲动行为差异。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000557
Daniel B K Gabriel, Anna E Liley, Hunter T Franks, Grace L Minnes, Monika Tutaj, Melinda R Dwinell, Tristan V de Jong, Robert W Williams, Megan K Mulligan, Hao Chen, Nicholas W Simon

Substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with a cluster of cognitive disturbances that engender vulnerability to ongoing drug seeking and relapse. Two of these endophenotypes-risky decision-making and impulsivity-are amplified in individuals with SUD and are augmented by repeated exposure to illicit drugs. Identifying genetic factors underlying variability in these behavioral patterns is critical for early identification, prevention, and treatment of SUD-vulnerable individuals. Here, we compared risky decision-making and different facets of impulsivity between two fully inbred substrains of Lewis rats-LEW/NCrl and LEW/NHsd. We performed whole genome sequencing of both substrains to identify almost all relevant variants. We observed substantial differences in risky decision-making and impulsive behaviors. Relative to LEW/NHsd, the LEW/NCrl substrain accepts higher risk options in a decision-making task and higher rates of premature responses in the differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task. These phenotypic differences were more pronounced in females than males. We defined a total of ∼9,000 polymorphisms between these substrains at 40× whole genome short-read coverage. Roughly half of variants are located within a single 1.5 Mb region of Chromosome 8, but none impact protein-coding regions. In contrast, other variants are widely distributed, and of these, 38 are predicted to cause protein-coding variants. In conclusion, Lewis rat substrains differ significantly in risk-taking and impulsivity and only a small number of easily mapped variants are likely to be causal. Sequencing combined with a reduced complexity cross should enable identification of one or more variants underlying multiple complex addiction-relevant behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

物质使用障碍(SUD)与一系列认知障碍有关,这些障碍会导致持续的药物寻求和复发。其中两种内在表型——SUD患者的风险决策和冲动性被放大,并因反复接触非法药物而增强。识别这些行为模式变异性背后的遗传因素对于早期识别、预防和治疗SUD易感个体至关重要。在这里,我们比较了Lewis大鼠LEW/NCrl和LEW/NHsd的两个完全自交系之间的风险决策和冲动的不同方面。我们对这两个子串进行了全基因组测序,以确定几乎所有相关的变体。我们观察到风险决策和冲动行为之间存在显著差异。相对于LEW/NHsd,LEW/NCrl子串在决策任务中接受更高的风险选择,在低反应率任务的差异强化中接受更大的过早反应率。这些表型差异在雌性中比雄性更明显。我们在40倍全基因组短阅读覆盖率下定义了这些子串之间总共约9000个多态性。大约一半的变体位于8号染色体的单个1.5Mb区域内,但没有影响蛋白质编码区域。相反,其他变体分布广泛,其中38种被预测会导致蛋白质编码变体。总之,Lewis大鼠的子串在冒险和冲动方面存在显著差异,只有少数易于映射的变体可能是因果关系。测序与降低复杂性的交叉应该能够识别多种复杂成瘾相关行为背后的一个或多个变体。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Proteome Analysis Indicates Participation of the Dorsal Hippocampal Formation in Fear-Motivated Memory in a Time-Dependent Manner 蛋白质组分析的补充材料表明背侧海马的形成以时间依赖的方式参与恐惧动机记忆
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000563.supp
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引用次数: 0
Examination of onset trajectories and persistence of binge-like eating behavior in mice after intermittent palatable food exposure. 间歇性可口食物暴露后小鼠暴饮性进食行为的发作轨迹和持续性的检查。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000550
Britny A Hildebrandt, Hayley Fisher, Susanne E Ahmari

Binge eating is a persistent behavior associated with a chronic course of illness and poor treatment outcomes. While clinical research is unable to capture the full course of binge eating, preclinical approaches offer the opportunity to examine binge-like eating from onset through chronic durations, allowing identification of factors contributing to binge eating persistence. The present study quantified the trajectories of binge-like eating onset and modeled cycles of abstinence/relapse to develop a translational model for binge eating persistence. Adult male and female C57Bl6/J mice were randomized to a binge-like palatable food access schedule (daily 2-hr, 3×/week) or continuous, nonbinge like palatable food access for 12 days (Experiment 1). Persistence of palatable food consumption in both binge-like palatable food access groups was then examined across three cycles of forced abstinence and reexposure to palatable food (incubation) to model the persistence of binge eating in clinical populations. Mice with daily 2-hr palatable food access escalated their intake more than mice in the 3×/week or continuous groups (Experiment 1). This pattern was more pronounced in females. In addition, this pattern of palatable food intake reemerged across multiple cycles of behavioral incubation (Experiment 2). These findings provide a model of binge-like eating in mice that can be used in future studies examining both environmental factors and neural mechanisms contributing to binge eating persistence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

暴饮是一种持续的行为,与慢性疾病和不良治疗结果有关。虽然临床研究无法捕捉暴饮的整个过程,但临床前方法提供了一个机会,可以检查从开始到长期的暴饮样饮食,从而确定导致暴饮持续的因素。本研究量化了类似暴饮的发作轨迹,并对禁欲/复发周期进行了建模,以开发暴饮持续性的转化模型。成年雄性和雌性C57Bl6/J小鼠被随机分配到类似狂饮的适口食物获取计划(每天2小时,3×/周)或连续12天的非食物适口食物(实验1)。然后,在三个强制禁欲和再次暴露于美味食物(孵化)的周期中,对两个类似暴饮的美味食物获取组的美味食物消费的持续性进行了检查,以模拟临床人群中暴饮的持续性。每天获得2小时适口食物的小鼠比3×/周或连续组的小鼠增加了它们的摄入量(实验1)。这种模式在女性身上更为明显。此外,这种适口食物摄入模式在行为孵化的多个周期中重新出现(实验2)。这些发现提供了一种小鼠类似暴饮的饮食模型,可用于未来的研究,研究环境因素和导致暴饮持续的神经机制。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of striatal dopamine on Pavlovian bias. A large [¹⁸F]-DOPA PET study. 纹状体多巴胺对巴甫洛夫偏向的影响。一项大型[¹⁸F]-多巴PET研究。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000547
Ping Chen, Dirk E M Geurts, Jessica I Määttä, Ruben van den Bosch, Lieke Hofmans, Danae Papadopetraki, Hanneke den Ouden, Roshan Cools

Interaction between Pavlovian and instrumental control systems is key for adaptive motivated behavior, but also plays an important role in various neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, addiction, and anxiety. Here, we employed the flouorodopa positron emission tomography ([¹⁸F]-DOPA PET) in healthy participants (N = 100) to assess whether dopamine synthesis capacity (Ki), specifically in the ventral striatum, accounts for individual variation in Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT). Surprisingly, this was not the case. Rather, the relationship of ventral striatal Ki with PIT depended on working memory (WM) capacity. Ventral striatal dopamine boosted the effects of Pavlovian cues on instrumental responding to a greater degree in participants with higher WM capacity. Caution is warranted to interpret this post hoc four-way interaction given the modest sample size. Nonetheless, these results chime with prior findings demonstrating that dopaminergic drugs boost Pavlovian biases to a greater degree in participants with greater WM capacity and highlight the importance of interactions between striatal dopamine and WM capacity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

巴甫洛夫控制系统和工具控制系统之间的相互作用是适应性动机行为的关键,但在各种神经精神疾病中也起着重要作用,包括抑郁、成瘾和焦虑。在本研究中,我们使用了健康参与者(N = 100)的氟多巴正电子发射断层扫描([¹⁸F]-DOPA PET)来评估多巴胺合成能力(Ki),特别是腹侧纹状体,是否解释了巴甫洛夫-工具转移(PIT)的个体差异。令人惊讶的是,事实并非如此。相反,腹侧纹状体Ki与PIT的关系取决于工作记忆(WM)容量。腹侧纹状体多巴胺在更高WM能力的参与者中更大程度地增强了巴甫洛夫线索对工具性反应的影响。考虑到适度的样本量,解释这种事后的四向相互作用是有必要的。尽管如此,这些结果与先前的研究结果一致,表明多巴胺能药物在更大程度上促进了脑记忆能力更强的参与者的巴甫洛夫偏见,并强调了纹状体多巴胺和脑记忆能力之间相互作用的重要性。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 1
The role of the anterior cingulate cortex in aggression and impulsivity. 前扣带皮层在攻击性和冲动性中的作用。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000552
Ilias Chaibi, Otmane Bouchatta, Mohamed Bennis, Saadia Ba-M'hamed

Aggression is a complex social behavior that evolved in the context of defending a territory, fighting for limited resources, and competing for mates and protection. Although aggression considered as a negative or undesirable emotion is an essential part of many species' repertoire of social behaviors. For humans, the motivations, actions, and limits of aggressive acts are not always clear. However, uncontrolled aggression may have destructive consequences, and it develops inappropriately into violence. At the neural level, several studies demonstrated that aggression is related to cortical abnormalities, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This review summarizes the state of the literature regarding the involvement of ACC in the neurobiology of aggression and impulsivity. We will first review structural and neuroanatomical studies, including volumetric and functional investigations of aggression. Next, we will discuss the neurochemical and neuropharmacological studies of aggression related to the ACC. We will focus mainly on the gamma-aminobutyric acid/glutamate balance, as well as the serotoninergic system. Finally, we will try to integrate these results and reconcile discrepancies in the field and suggest recommendations for future studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

侵略是一种复杂的社会行为,在保卫领土、争夺有限资源、争夺配偶和保护的背景下进化而来。虽然攻击性被认为是一种消极或不受欢迎的情绪,但它是许多物种社会行为的重要组成部分。对于人类来说,攻击行为的动机、行为和限制并不总是很清楚。然而,不受控制的侵略可能会产生破坏性的后果,并不恰当地发展成暴力。在神经水平上,一些研究表明攻击性与皮层异常有关,包括前扣带皮层(ACC)。本文综述了前扣带皮层参与攻击性和冲动性神经生物学研究的文献现状。我们将首先回顾结构和神经解剖学的研究,包括攻击的体积和功能研究。接下来,我们将讨论与ACC相关的攻击行为的神经化学和神经药理学研究。我们将主要关注γ -氨基丁酸/谷氨酸平衡,以及血清素能系统。最后,我们将尝试整合这些结果并调和该领域的差异,并为未来的研究提出建议。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 1
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Behavioral neuroscience
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