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Supplemental Material for Can the Resting State Peak Alpha Frequency Explain the Relationship Between Temporal Resolution Power and Psychometric Intelligence? 静息状态α峰频率能否解释时间分辨能力与心理测量智力的关系?
4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000571.supp
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引用次数: 0
Distinct competitive impacts of palatability of taste stimuli on sampling dynamics during a preference test. 偏好测试中味觉刺激适口性对采样动态的明显竞争影响。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000562
Benjamin Ballintyn, John Ksander, Donald B Katz, Paul Miller

Food or taste preference tests are analogous to naturalistic decisions in which the animal selects which stimuli to sample and for how long to sample them. The data acquired in such tests, the relative amounts of the alternative stimuli that are sampled and consumed, indicate the preference for each. While such preferences are typically recorded as a single quantity, an analysis of the ongoing sampling dynamics producing the preference can reveal otherwise hidden aspects of the decision-making process that depend on its underlying neural circuit mechanisms. Here, we perform a dynamic analysis of two factors that give rise to preferences in a two-alternative task, namely the distribution of durations of sampling bouts of each stimulus and the likelihood of returning to the same stimulus or switching to the alternative-that is, the transition probability-following each bout. The results of our analysis support a specific computational model of decision making whereby an exponential distribution of bout durations has a mean that is positively correlated with the palatability of that stimulus but also negatively correlated with the palatability of the alternative. This impact of the alternative stimulus on the distribution of bout durations decays over a timescale of tens of seconds, even though the memory of the alternative stimulus lasts far longer-long enough to impact the transition probabilities upon ending bouts. Together, our findings support a state transition model for bout durations and suggest a separate memory mechanism for stimulus selection. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

食物或味觉偏好测试类似于自然决策,即动物选择采样哪些刺激物以及采样多长时间。在这种测试中获得的数据,即采样和消耗的替代刺激的相对量,表明了对每种刺激的偏好。虽然这种偏好通常被记录为单个数量,但对产生偏好的持续采样动态的分析可以揭示决策过程中隐藏的方面,这些方面取决于其潜在的神经回路机制。在这里,我们对在两个备选任务中产生偏好的两个因素进行了动态分析,即每个刺激的采样周期的持续时间分布,以及返回到相同刺激或切换到备选任务的可能性,即每一轮之后的转换概率。我们的分析结果支持了一个特定的决策计算模型,根据该模型,持续时间的指数分布的平均值与刺激的适口性呈正相关,但也与替代方案的适口度负相关。替代刺激对回合持续时间分布的这种影响在几十秒的时间尺度上衰减,即使替代刺激的记忆持续的时间要长得多,足以影响回合结束时的转换概率。总之,我们的发现支持了一个持续时间的状态转换模型,并为刺激选择提出了一个单独的记忆机制。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Hippocampal and amygdala volumes vary with residential proximity to toxicants at Birmingham, Alabama's 35th Avenue Superfund site. 在阿拉巴马州第35大道超级基金所在地伯明翰,海马和杏仁核的体积因居民接近有毒物质而不同。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000564
Kristen N Buford, Carly R Snidow, Tasha G Curiel, Heather E Dark, Juliann B Purcell, Devon K Grey, Sylvie Mrug, David C Knight

Exposure to environmental toxicants have serious implications for the general health and well-being of children, particularly during pivotal neurodevelopmental stages. The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund program has identified several areas (Superfund sites) across the United States with high levels of environmental toxicants, which affect the health of many residents in nearby communities. Exposure to these environmental toxicants has been linked to changes in the structure and function of the brain. However, limited research has investigated the relationship between the proximity of childhood homes to a Superfund site and the development of subcortical structures like the hippocampus and amygdala. The present study investigated the hippocampal and amygdala volumes of young adults in relation to the proximity of their childhood homes to Birmingham, Alabama's 35th Avenue Superfund site. Forty participants who either lived within or adjacent to the Superfund site (Proximal group; n = 20) or who lived elsewhere in the greater Birmingham metropolitan area (Distal group; n = 20) were included in this study. Both groups were matched on age, sex, race, and years of education. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to compare the gray matter volume of the hippocampus and amygdala between groups. Differences in bilateral hippocampal and left amygdala volumes were observed. Specifically, hippocampal and amygdala volumes were greater in the Proximal than Distal group. These findings suggest that the proximity of children's homes to environmental toxicants may impact the development of the hippocampus and amygdala. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

暴露于环境毒物对儿童的总体健康和福祉有严重影响,尤其是在关键的神经发育阶段。美国环境保护局(EPA)的超级基金项目已经确定了美国各地环境毒物含量高的几个地区(超级基金地点),这些地区会影响附近社区许多居民的健康。暴露于这些环境毒物与大脑结构和功能的变化有关。然而,有限的研究调查了儿童家庭与超级基金地点的距离与海马体和杏仁核等皮层下结构的发育之间的关系。本研究调查了年轻人的海马和杏仁核体积,以及他们童年的家与阿拉巴马州第35大道超级基金所在地伯明翰的距离。40名居住在超级基金所在地内或附近的参与者(近端组;n=20)或居住在大伯明翰大都会区其他地方的参与者(远端组,n=20)被纳入本研究。两组在年龄、性别、种族和受教育年限方面匹配。磁共振成像(MRI)用于比较各组海马和杏仁核的灰质体积。观察到双侧海马和左侧杏仁核体积的差异。具体而言,近端组的海马和杏仁核体积大于远端组。这些发现表明,儿童家附近的环境毒物可能会影响海马体和杏仁核的发育。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
A single dose of ketamine enhances early life stress-induced aggression with no effect on fear memory, anxiety-like behavior, or depression-like behavior in mice. 单剂量氯胺酮可增强小鼠早期生活压力诱导的攻击性,对小鼠的恐惧记忆、焦虑样行为或抑郁样行为没有影响。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-15 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000560
Caitlyn J Bartsch, Sophia Aaflaq, Jessica T Jacobs, Molly Smith, Fletcher Summa, Savannah Skinner, Elana Qasem, Rylee Thompson, Zheng Li, Jacob C Nordman

Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that has been shown to have antidepressant effects in humans and has been proposed as a potential treatment for mood disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder and aggression. However, previous studies from our lab and others have demonstrated that ketamine's effects are highly context- and dose-dependent. In a recent study, we found that 10 mg/kg ketamine could exacerbate the effects of early life stress on excessive aggression in mice. To further investigate, the effect of ketamine on moods, such as fear, anxiety, depression, and aggression, we used a mouse model of early life stress, involving chronic social isolation followed by acute traumatic stress in the form of noncontingent, unpredictable foot shock during adolescence. We find this is necessary to induce long-lasting excessive aggression in a novel environment. Seven- to eight-week-old socially isolated mice were given IP injections of 10 mg/kg ketamine 30 min before being subjected to foot shock and then assessed 7 days later for changes in sociability, aggression, mobility, anxiety-like behavior, and depression-like behavior. The results show that ketamine selectively increases long-lasting aggression in mice exposed to foot shock, but does not affect mood-related behaviors or locomotion. These findings suggest that during early life stress, ketamine may exert its effects by specifically targeting aggression brain circuitry that is distinct from brain circuits responsible for nonaggressive social or emotional behaviors. Therefore, while ketamine may be a promising treatment for various mood disorders, caution should be exercised when using ketamine to treat disorders associated with early life stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

氯胺酮是一种解离性麻醉剂,已被证明对人类具有抗抑郁作用,并被认为是一种潜在的情绪障碍治疗方法,如创伤后应激障碍和攻击性。然而,我们实验室和其他人之前的研究表明,氯胺酮的作用具有高度的上下文和剂量依赖性。在最近的一项研究中,我们发现10 mg/kg氯胺酮会加剧小鼠早期生活压力对过度攻击的影响。为了进一步研究氯胺酮对情绪的影响,如恐惧、焦虑、抑郁和攻击性,我们使用了一个早期生活压力的小鼠模型,包括慢性社会孤立,然后是青春期以非接触、不可预测的足部休克形式出现的急性创伤压力。我们发现这对于在一个新颖的环境中诱发长期的过度攻击是必要的。7至8周大的社交隔离小鼠在遭受足部电击前30分钟接受10 mg/kg氯胺酮的IP注射,然后在7天后评估社交能力、攻击性、行动能力、焦虑样行为和抑郁样行为的变化。结果表明,氯胺酮选择性地增加了暴露于足部电击的小鼠的长期攻击性,但不会影响情绪相关的行为或运动。这些发现表明,在早期生活压力下,氯胺酮可能通过专门针对攻击性脑回路发挥作用,而攻击性脑电路与负责非攻击性社交或情绪行为的脑回路不同。因此,尽管氯胺酮可能是治疗各种情绪障碍的一种有前景的药物,但在使用氯胺酮治疗与早期生活压力相关的障碍时应谨慎。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Electric Barrier-Induced Voluntary Abstinence Reduces Alcohol Seeking in Male, but Not Female, iP Rats 电屏障诱导的自愿戒酒在雄性大鼠中减少酒精寻求,而不是雌性大鼠
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000566.supp
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引用次数: 0
The medial preoptic area and its projections to the ventral tegmental area and the periaqueductal gray are activated in response to social play behavior in juvenile rats. 幼年大鼠的内侧视前区及其向腹侧被盖区和下uctal灰质周围的投射会因社交游戏行为而被激活。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-06 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000555
Changjiu Zhao, Lauren V Riters

The medial preoptic area (MPOA) is well known for its role in sexual and maternal behaviors. This region also plays an important role in affiliative social behaviors outside reproductive contexts. We recently demonstrated that the MPOA is a central nucleus in which opioids govern highly rewarding social play behavior in adolescent rats. However, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying MPOA-mediated social play remain largely unresolved. We hypothesized that the MPOA unites a complementary neural system through which social play induces reward via a projection to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and reduces a negative affective state through a projection to the periaqueductal gray (PAG). To test whether the two projection pathways are activated in response to social play behavior, we combined retrograde tract tracing with immediate early gene (IEG) expression and immunofluorescent labeling to identify opioid-sensitive projection pathways from the MPOA to VTA and PAG that are activated after performance of social play. Retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold (FG), was microinjected into the VTA or PAG. IEG expression (i.e., Egr1) was assessed and triple immunofluorescent labeling for mu opioid receptor (MOR), Egr1, and FG in the MPOA was performed after social play. We revealed that play animals displayed an increase in neurons double labeled for Egr1 + FG and triple labeled for MOR + Egr1 + FG in the MPOA projecting to both the VTA and PAG when compared to no-play rats. The increased activation of projection neurons that express MORs from MPOA to VTA or PAG after social play suggests that opioids may act through these projection pathways to govern social play. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

内侧视前区(MPOA)因其在性行为和母性行为中的作用而广为人知。该区域在生殖环境之外的附属社会行为中也发挥着重要作用。我们最近证明,MPOA 是阿片类物质支配青春期大鼠高回报社会游戏行为的中心核。然而,MPOA 介导社交游戏的神经回路机制在很大程度上仍未得到解决。我们假设 MPOA 连接了一个互补的神经系统,通过该系统,社交游戏可以通过向腹侧被盖区(VTA)的投射诱导奖赏,并通过向uctal 灰色周围(PAG)的投射减轻负性情绪状态。为了测试这两条投射通路是否会在社交游戏行为中被激活,我们将逆行束追踪与即时早期基因(IEG)表达和免疫荧光标记结合起来,以确定从MPOA到VTA和PAG的阿片类敏感投射通路,这些通路在进行社交游戏后被激活。向 VTA 或 PAG 显微注射逆行示踪剂氟金(FG)。评估了IEG(即Egr1)的表达,并在社交游戏后对MPOA中的μ阿片受体(MOR)、Egr1和FG进行了三重免疫荧光标记。我们发现,与不玩耍的大鼠相比,玩耍动物MPOA中Egr1 + FG双重标记和MOR + Egr1 + FG三重标记的神经元增加,这些神经元投射到VTA和PAG。社交游戏后,表达 MORs 的投射神经元从 MPOA 向 VTA 或 PAG 的激活增加,这表明阿片类药物可能通过这些投射通路来控制社交游戏。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
The motivational role of the ventral striatum and amygdala in learning from gains and losses. 腹侧纹状体和杏仁核在从得失中学习中的激励作用。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000558
Craig A Taswell, Miriam Janssen, Elisabeth A Murray, Bruno B Averbeck

The ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala are two structures often implicated as essential structures for learning. The literature addressing the contribution of these areas to learning, however, is not entirely consistent. We propose that these inconsistencies are due to learning environments and the effect they have on motivation. To differentiate aspects of learning from environmental factors that affect motivation, we ran a series of experiments with varying task factors. We compared monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with VS lesions, amygdala lesions, and unoperated controls on reinforcement learning (RL) tasks that involve learning from both gains and losses as well as from deterministic and stochastic schedules of reinforcement. We found that for all three groups, performance varied by experiment. All three groups modulated their behavior in the same directions, to varying degrees, across the three experiments. This behavioral modulation is why we find deficits in some experiments, but not others. The amount of effort animals exhibited differed depending on the learning environment. Our results suggest that the VS is important for the amount of effort animals will give in rich deterministic and relatively leaner stochastic learning enivornments. We also showed that monkeys with amygdala lesions can learn stimulus-based RL in stochastic environments and environments with loss and conditioned reinforcers. These results show that learning environments shape motivation and that the VS is essential for distinct aspects of motivated behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

腹侧纹状体(VS)和杏仁核这两个结构经常被认为是学习的基本结构。然而,有关这些区域对学习的贡献的文献并不完全一致。我们认为,造成这些不一致的原因是学习环境及其对学习动机的影响。为了将影响学习动机的学习因素与环境因素区分开来,我们进行了一系列任务因素各不相同的实验。我们比较了VS病变猴、杏仁核病变猴和未接受手术的对照组猴在强化学习(RL)任务中的表现,这些任务包括从收益和损失中学习,以及从确定性和随机性的强化计划中学习。我们发现,所有三组人的表现都因实验而异。在这三个实验中,所有三个小组都在不同程度上朝着相同的方向调节自己的行为。这种行为调控是我们在某些实验中发现缺陷,而在其他实验中却没有发现的原因。学习环境不同,动物所表现出的努力程度也不同。我们的结果表明,在丰富的确定性学习环境和相对较少的随机学习环境中,VS 对动物的努力程度非常重要。我们的研究还表明,杏仁核病变的猴子可以在随机环境以及有损失强化物和条件强化物的环境中学习基于刺激的RL。这些结果表明,学习环境塑造了动机,而VS对动机行为的不同方面至关重要。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Ketamine facilitates appetitive trace conditioning in mice: Further evidence for abnormal stimulus representation in schizophrenia model animals. 氯胺酮促进小鼠食欲调节:精神分裂症模型动物异常刺激表征的进一步证据。
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000559
Riria Suzuki, Yutaka Kosaki

Recent studies indicated that positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucination and delusion, can be modeled using Pavlovian conditioning procedures. Various schizophrenia model animals exhibit abnormally strong associative activations of absent stimuli (i.e., conditioned hallucination) and readily form further associations involving the absent cues (i.e., enhanced mediated conditioning). In the present study using mice, we examined whether the acquisition of appetitive trace conditioning, another Pavlovian task in which animals must form associations between two stimuli that never occur together, is facilitated by injections of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antagonist and a known hallucinogen at low doses in humans and nonhuman animals. Ketamine administration before each conditioning session significantly enhanced the acquisition of 4-s trace conditioning but not delay conditioning. The trace conditioning-specific facilitatory effect of ketamine was replicated in subsequent experiments in which slightly modified procedures were used to enhance the overall levels of conditioned responses. Taken together, the current results demonstrated that low-dose ketamine promotes associative learning between stimuli over a temporal gap, which adds to existing literature illustrating aberrant learning involving absent stimuli in schizophrenia model animals. We discuss potential associative mechanisms through which ketamine promoted trace conditioning with reference to Wagner's (1981) Standard Operating Procedures model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

最近的研究表明,精神分裂症的阳性症状,如幻觉和妄想,可以用巴甫洛夫条件反射程序来建模。各种精神分裂症模型动物对缺失刺激(即条件性幻觉)表现出异常强烈的联想激活,并容易形成涉及缺失线索(即增强的介导条件反射)的进一步关联。在目前的小鼠研究中,我们检验了在人类和非人类动物中,注射氯胺酮(一种n -甲基- d -天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂和一种已知的低剂量致幻剂)是否促进了食欲痕迹条件反射的获得,这是另一种巴甫洛夫任务,动物必须在从未同时发生的两种刺激之间形成联系。每次条件训练前给予氯胺酮可显著提高4-s微量条件训练的习得,但对延迟条件训练无显著影响。在随后的实验中,氯胺酮的痕量条件特异性促进效应被复制,在这些实验中,使用轻微修改的程序来提高条件反应的总体水平。综上所述,目前的研究结果表明,低剂量氯胺酮促进了刺激物之间的关联学习,这增加了现有文献中关于精神分裂症模型动物中涉及缺乏刺激物的异常学习的解释。我们参考Wagner(1981)的标准操作程序模型,讨论氯胺酮促进微量调节的潜在联想机制。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c) 2023 APA,版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Divergent risky decision-making and impulsivity behaviors in Lewis rat substrains with low genetic difference. Lewis大鼠低遗传差异亚系的风险决策和冲动行为差异。
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000557
Daniel B K Gabriel, Anna E Liley, Hunter T Franks, Grace L Minnes, Monika Tutaj, Melinda R Dwinell, Tristan V de Jong, Robert W Williams, Megan K Mulligan, Hao Chen, Nicholas W Simon

Substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with a cluster of cognitive disturbances that engender vulnerability to ongoing drug seeking and relapse. Two of these endophenotypes-risky decision-making and impulsivity-are amplified in individuals with SUD and are augmented by repeated exposure to illicit drugs. Identifying genetic factors underlying variability in these behavioral patterns is critical for early identification, prevention, and treatment of SUD-vulnerable individuals. Here, we compared risky decision-making and different facets of impulsivity between two fully inbred substrains of Lewis rats-LEW/NCrl and LEW/NHsd. We performed whole genome sequencing of both substrains to identify almost all relevant variants. We observed substantial differences in risky decision-making and impulsive behaviors. Relative to LEW/NHsd, the LEW/NCrl substrain accepts higher risk options in a decision-making task and higher rates of premature responses in the differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task. These phenotypic differences were more pronounced in females than males. We defined a total of ∼9,000 polymorphisms between these substrains at 40× whole genome short-read coverage. Roughly half of variants are located within a single 1.5 Mb region of Chromosome 8, but none impact protein-coding regions. In contrast, other variants are widely distributed, and of these, 38 are predicted to cause protein-coding variants. In conclusion, Lewis rat substrains differ significantly in risk-taking and impulsivity and only a small number of easily mapped variants are likely to be causal. Sequencing combined with a reduced complexity cross should enable identification of one or more variants underlying multiple complex addiction-relevant behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

物质使用障碍(SUD)与一系列认知障碍有关,这些障碍会导致持续的药物寻求和复发。其中两种内在表型——SUD患者的风险决策和冲动性被放大,并因反复接触非法药物而增强。识别这些行为模式变异性背后的遗传因素对于早期识别、预防和治疗SUD易感个体至关重要。在这里,我们比较了Lewis大鼠LEW/NCrl和LEW/NHsd的两个完全自交系之间的风险决策和冲动的不同方面。我们对这两个子串进行了全基因组测序,以确定几乎所有相关的变体。我们观察到风险决策和冲动行为之间存在显著差异。相对于LEW/NHsd,LEW/NCrl子串在决策任务中接受更高的风险选择,在低反应率任务的差异强化中接受更大的过早反应率。这些表型差异在雌性中比雄性更明显。我们在40倍全基因组短阅读覆盖率下定义了这些子串之间总共约9000个多态性。大约一半的变体位于8号染色体的单个1.5Mb区域内,但没有影响蛋白质编码区域。相反,其他变体分布广泛,其中38种被预测会导致蛋白质编码变体。总之,Lewis大鼠的子串在冒险和冲动方面存在显著差异,只有少数易于映射的变体可能是因果关系。测序与降低复杂性的交叉应该能够识别多种复杂成瘾相关行为背后的一个或多个变体。(PsycInfo数据库记录(c)2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Proteome Analysis Indicates Participation of the Dorsal Hippocampal Formation in Fear-Motivated Memory in a Time-Dependent Manner 蛋白质组分析的补充材料表明背侧海马的形成以时间依赖的方式参与恐惧动机记忆
IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q3 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000563.supp
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引用次数: 0
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Behavioral neuroscience
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