Keva Klamer, Joshua Craig, Christina Haines, KiAnna Sullivan, Chelsea Ekstrand
Somatic anxiety refers to the tendency to appraise situations as threatening, leading to heightened physiological arousal. Symptoms associated with higher levels of somatic anxiety that reflect autonomic arousal and perceptions of threat include elevated heartbeat perception, difficulty breathing, and palpitation. Somatic anxiety is generally associated with increased stimulus-driven attention; however, it is currently unknown how somatic anxiety modulates neural synchrony, measured by intersubject correlations (ISC), in response to complex audiovisual stimuli. The present study seeks to identify how differing levels of somatic anxiety are associated with neural synchrony during psychological processing of audiovisual stimuli, as measured by ISC and intersubject representational similarity analyses. We hypothesize that individuals with higher levels of somatic anxiety will show heightened ISC in response to an audiovisual stimulus in regions associated with stimulus-driven attention, including the superior parietal lobule, supplementary motor area, and precentral gyrus. Results from this study identified that higher levels of somatic anxiety are associated with widespread heightened ISC across the brain, including in regions associated with perceptual processing and stimulus-driven attention. Taken together, this research suggests that higher levels of somatic anxiety are associated with similar processing in brain regions involved in stimulus-driven attention and top-down processing, whereas lower levels of somatic anxiety are associated with similar processing in brain regions associated with higher level visual processing. These results collectively emphasize that somatic anxiety levels should be measured and controlled for during naturalistic functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms, as this trait may have an influence on synchronous neurological activity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
躯体焦虑指的是将情境视为威胁的倾向,从而导致生理觉醒的增强。与较高水平的躯体焦虑相关的症状反映了自主神经觉醒和威胁感知,包括心跳感知升高、呼吸困难和心悸。躯体焦虑通常与刺激驱动的注意力增加有关;然而,目前尚不清楚躯体焦虑如何通过主体间相关性(ISC)来调节神经同步,以应对复杂的视听刺激。本研究旨在通过ISC和主体间表征相似性分析来确定不同水平的躯体焦虑与视听刺激心理处理过程中的神经同步性之间的关系。我们假设,躯体焦虑水平较高的个体在与刺激驱动的注意力相关的区域(包括顶叶上小叶、辅助运动区和中央前回)受到视听刺激时,会表现出更高的ISC。这项研究的结果表明,较高水平的躯体焦虑与大脑中广泛存在的ISC升高有关,包括与感知处理和刺激驱动的注意力相关的区域。综上所述,这项研究表明,较高水平的躯体焦虑与大脑中涉及刺激驱动注意力和自上而下处理的区域的类似处理有关,而较低水平的躯体焦虑与大脑中涉及较高水平视觉处理的区域的类似处理有关。这些结果共同强调,在自然功能磁共振成像范式中,应该测量和控制躯体焦虑水平,因为这种特征可能对同步神经活动有影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,版权所有)。
{"title":"Trait-level somatic anxiety modulates functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neural synchrony to naturalistic stimuli.","authors":"Keva Klamer, Joshua Craig, Christina Haines, KiAnna Sullivan, Chelsea Ekstrand","doi":"10.1037/bne0000615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Somatic anxiety refers to the tendency to appraise situations as threatening, leading to heightened physiological arousal. Symptoms associated with higher levels of somatic anxiety that reflect autonomic arousal and perceptions of threat include elevated heartbeat perception, difficulty breathing, and palpitation. Somatic anxiety is generally associated with increased stimulus-driven attention; however, it is currently unknown how somatic anxiety modulates neural synchrony, measured by intersubject correlations (ISC), in response to complex audiovisual stimuli. The present study seeks to identify how differing levels of somatic anxiety are associated with neural synchrony during psychological processing of audiovisual stimuli, as measured by ISC and intersubject representational similarity analyses. We hypothesize that individuals with higher levels of somatic anxiety will show heightened ISC in response to an audiovisual stimulus in regions associated with stimulus-driven attention, including the superior parietal lobule, supplementary motor area, and precentral gyrus. Results from this study identified that higher levels of somatic anxiety are associated with widespread heightened ISC across the brain, including in regions associated with perceptual processing and stimulus-driven attention. Taken together, this research suggests that higher levels of somatic anxiety are associated with similar processing in brain regions involved in stimulus-driven attention and top-down processing, whereas lower levels of somatic anxiety are associated with similar processing in brain regions associated with higher level visual processing. These results collectively emphasize that somatic anxiety levels should be measured and controlled for during naturalistic functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigms, as this trait may have an influence on synchronous neurological activity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":"138 6","pages":"409-419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142799310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1037/bne0000603
Rebecca M Hock, Naana Owusu-Amoah, Lauren Waite, Charlotte Muir, Carl W Stevenson, Charlotte Bonardi, Helen J Cassaday
Healthy cognition requires inhibitory modulation of associative learning; conversely, impaired inhibitory discrimination is implicated in behavioral disorders. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and its dopamine innervation are key to understanding inhibition and impulsivity. We therefore examined the role of prelimbic and infralimbic cortices in within-subjects appetitive feature-negative learning using microinfusions of (a) the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor agonist muscimol (0.25 μg in 1.0 μl; N = 35), (b) the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF-81297 (0.1 μg in 1.0 μl; N = 33), and (c) the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 (5 μg in 1.0 μl; N = 35). A conditioned stimulus (CS) was followed by food, but on trials on which the CS (A+) was compounded with the inhibitory cue (AX-), the food delivery was canceled. Difference scores (CS-preCS responding) were used to measure learning. All three experiments showed the feature-negative discrimination (A+/AX-), as decreased responding to AX- versus A+. This discrimination was reduced but preserved following muscimol infusions in Experiment 1. Similarly, in Experiments 2 and 3, infusions of SKF-81297 and SCH-23390 were both without effect on the acquisition of the discrimination. Like muscimol, SCH-23390 reduced difference score responding, consistent with nonspecific effects on the (expression of) learning. Thus, there was no evidence to suggest that inactivation of prelimbic or infralimbic cortices impaired feature-negative discrimination learning and no evidence for dopaminergic modulation of such learning in the medial prefrontal cortex either. These results are discussed in the context of the nonspecific effects of the infusions and the overall inconsistent performance in summation and retardation tests of conditioned inhibition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Effects of manipulating prefrontal activity and dopamine D1 receptor signaling in an appetitive feature-negative discrimination learning task.","authors":"Rebecca M Hock, Naana Owusu-Amoah, Lauren Waite, Charlotte Muir, Carl W Stevenson, Charlotte Bonardi, Helen J Cassaday","doi":"10.1037/bne0000603","DOIUrl":"10.1037/bne0000603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Healthy cognition requires inhibitory modulation of associative learning; conversely, impaired inhibitory discrimination is implicated in behavioral disorders. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and its dopamine innervation are key to understanding inhibition and impulsivity. We therefore examined the role of prelimbic and infralimbic cortices in within-subjects appetitive feature-negative learning using microinfusions of (a) the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor agonist muscimol (0.25 μg in 1.0 μl; <i>N</i> = 35), (b) the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF-81297 (0.1 μg in 1.0 μl; <i>N</i> = 33), and (c) the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 (5 μg in 1.0 μl; <i>N</i> = 35). A conditioned stimulus (CS) was followed by food, but on trials on which the CS (A+) was compounded with the inhibitory cue (AX-), the food delivery was canceled. Difference scores (CS-preCS responding) were used to measure learning. All three experiments showed the feature-negative discrimination (A+/AX-), as decreased responding to AX- versus A+. This discrimination was reduced but preserved following muscimol infusions in Experiment 1. Similarly, in Experiments 2 and 3, infusions of SKF-81297 and SCH-23390 were both without effect on the acquisition of the discrimination. Like muscimol, SCH-23390 reduced difference score responding, consistent with nonspecific effects on the (expression of) learning. Thus, there was no evidence to suggest that inactivation of prelimbic or infralimbic cortices impaired feature-negative discrimination learning and no evidence for dopaminergic modulation of such learning in the medial prefrontal cortex either. These results are discussed in the context of the nonspecific effects of the infusions and the overall inconsistent performance in summation and retardation tests of conditioned inhibition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"420-432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1037/bne0000605
Yuan J F Cai, Isabella B Allar, Joost X Maier
Foods that make up a typical diet are characterized by a rich set of sensory qualities that are perceived through multiple different modalities. It is well known that multisensory aspects of food are integrated to create our perception of flavor, which in turn affects our behavioral responses to food. However, the principles underlying multisensory integration of flavor-related sensory signals and how they inform perceptual judgments remain poorly understood, partly due to lack of control over flavor experience in human subjects. Here, we used rats as a model to overcome this limitation and tested the hypothesis that taste can enhance discriminability of retronasal odor cues. In a series of two-bottle tests, animals chose between two odorized solutions after learning to associate one of the odors with saccharin. When odors were highly similar, animals showed little preference for the saccharin-associated odor. When adding saccharin to both bottles-rendering one of the solutions' congruent-animals' preference for the saccharin-associated odor was significantly enhanced. No effect of taste was observed when using dissimilar odor pairs or novel taste stimuli. These findings suggest that congruent taste stimuli selectively enhance odor identity representations, aiding in the discriminability of perceptually similar flavors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
一般饮食中的食物都具有丰富的感官特性,这些感官特性可通过多种不同方式感知。众所周知,食物的多种感官综合在一起会形成我们对味道的感知,进而影响我们对食物的行为反应。然而,人们对风味相关感官信号的多感官整合原理以及它们如何影响知觉判断仍然知之甚少,部分原因是人类缺乏对风味体验的控制。在这里,我们以大鼠为模型来克服这一局限性,并检验了味觉能增强反鼻腔气味线索的可辨别性这一假设。在一系列双瓶测试中,动物在学会将其中一种气味与糖精联系起来后,会在两种气味溶液中做出选择。当气味高度相似时,动物对与糖精相关的气味几乎没有表现出偏好。当在两瓶溶液中都添加糖精时,动物对糖精相关气味的偏好明显增强。在使用不同气味对或新的味觉刺激时,没有观察到味觉的影响。这些研究结果表明,一致的味觉刺激会选择性地增强气味特征表征,从而帮助辨别知觉上相似的味道。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Taste enhances the ability to express a preference for a congruent odor in rats.","authors":"Yuan J F Cai, Isabella B Allar, Joost X Maier","doi":"10.1037/bne0000605","DOIUrl":"10.1037/bne0000605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foods that make up a typical diet are characterized by a rich set of sensory qualities that are perceived through multiple different modalities. It is well known that multisensory aspects of food are integrated to create our perception of flavor, which in turn affects our behavioral responses to food. However, the principles underlying multisensory integration of flavor-related sensory signals and how they inform perceptual judgments remain poorly understood, partly due to lack of control over flavor experience in human subjects. Here, we used rats as a model to overcome this limitation and tested the hypothesis that taste can enhance discriminability of retronasal odor cues. In a series of two-bottle tests, animals chose between two odorized solutions after learning to associate one of the odors with saccharin. When odors were highly similar, animals showed little preference for the saccharin-associated odor. When adding saccharin to both bottles-rendering one of the solutions' congruent-animals' preference for the saccharin-associated odor was significantly enhanced. No effect of taste was observed when using dissimilar odor pairs or novel taste stimuli. These findings suggest that congruent taste stimuli selectively enhance odor identity representations, aiding in the discriminability of perceptually similar flavors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"433-440"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1037/bne0000593
Dong-Hyun Youn, Cheolmin Jo, Jin Mook Kim, Young-Ki Hong, Wonjong Lee, Seong Hye Park, Chan Hyeok Kwon, Sun-Ok Choi
An N-protected methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (t-BOC-3,4-MDMA), contains tert-butoxycarbonyl and can remain undetected in the illicit drug market. It is a new type of precursor substance that is not a chemical intermediate and can be converted into a controlled substance, MDMA, by deprotection of the N-tert-butoxycarbonyl group. Categorization of this chemical into a precursor or psychotropic substance is an issue because it is an unprecedented precursor that could have misuse potential. Although MDMA causes rewarding and reinforcing effect through dopaminergic transmission, the misuse potential of t-BOC-3,4-MDMA has not yet been characterized. Here, we aim to evaluate the misuse potential of t-BOC-3,4-MDMA. The response to the drug at a dose of 5 mg/kg was determined by a climbing test, and its rewarding and reinforcing properties were assessed through conditioned place preference and self-administration tests. In the conditioned place preference test, intraperitoneal administration of t-BOC-3,4-MDMA (5 mg/kg) significantly altered place preference in mice. In the self-administration models, t-BOC-3,4-MDMA induced drug-taking behavior at the dose of 0.5 mg/kg/infusion (intravenous) during 2 hr sessions under fixed-ratio schedules in mice. In addition, microdialysis experiments verified that t-BOC-3,4-MDMA impacted the dopamine levels of the brain (striatum) of rats. These experimental results indicate that t-BOC-3,4-MDMA has a potential for misuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, an methylenedioxymethamphetamine derivative, exhibits rewarding and reinforcing effects by increasing dopamine levels.","authors":"Dong-Hyun Youn, Cheolmin Jo, Jin Mook Kim, Young-Ki Hong, Wonjong Lee, Seong Hye Park, Chan Hyeok Kwon, Sun-Ok Choi","doi":"10.1037/bne0000593","DOIUrl":"10.1037/bne0000593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An N-protected methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (t-BOC-3,4-MDMA), contains tert-butoxycarbonyl and can remain undetected in the illicit drug market. It is a new type of precursor substance that is not a chemical intermediate and can be converted into a controlled substance, MDMA, by deprotection of the N-tert-butoxycarbonyl group. Categorization of this chemical into a precursor or psychotropic substance is an issue because it is an unprecedented precursor that could have misuse potential. Although MDMA causes rewarding and reinforcing effect through dopaminergic transmission, the misuse potential of t-BOC-3,4-MDMA has not yet been characterized. Here, we aim to evaluate the misuse potential of t-BOC-3,4-MDMA. The response to the drug at a dose of 5 mg/kg was determined by a climbing test, and its rewarding and reinforcing properties were assessed through conditioned place preference and self-administration tests. In the conditioned place preference test, intraperitoneal administration of t-BOC-3,4-MDMA (5 mg/kg) significantly altered place preference in mice. In the self-administration models, t-BOC-3,4-MDMA induced drug-taking behavior at the dose of 0.5 mg/kg/infusion (intravenous) during 2 hr sessions under fixed-ratio schedules in mice. In addition, microdialysis experiments verified that t-BOC-3,4-MDMA impacted the dopamine levels of the brain (striatum) of rats. These experimental results indicate that t-BOC-3,4-MDMA has a potential for misuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"314-320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lisa Zarantonello, Sabrina Brigadoi, Sami Schiff, Patrizia Silvia Bisiacchi, Simone Cutini, Sara Montagnese, Piero Amodio
The n-back task has been widely used to study working memory. Previous studies investigating the electrophysiological (electroencephalogram [EEG]) and hemodynamic correlates (functional near-infrared spectroscopy [fNIRS]) of the n-back task have been generally based on verbal stimuli and only investigated EEG frequency bands. We simultaneously acquired the EEG and fNIRS in 35 participants (16 males; age = 26.4 ± 4.3 years; educational attainment = 18 ± 2 years) during a visuospatial n-back task. The task encompassed a control condition and a low (requiring to recall one previous stimulus) and a high (requiring to recall two previous stimuli) working memory load experimental conditions. Accuracy decreased and reaction times slowed in the high compared to both low load and control conditions. Regarding EEG, P3a showed higher amplitude in the experimental conditions compared to the control one, and P3b exhibited higher amplitude in the low compared to the high load condition. Regarding fNIRS, the high load condition showed higher deoxygenated hemoglobin compared to the control one. Moreover, the central frontopolar cortex showed higher activation compared with the left frontal cortex. Our study showed that working memory load during a visuospatial n-back task influenced behavioral and electrophysiological indices. Even if the load effect was only observed for deoxygenated hemoglobin on hemodynamic data, this was in line with previous studies and coherent with its electrophysiological correlates. Thus, our study confirms that EEG and fNIRS can be successfully used in multimodal acquisitions, but also highlights that future studies are needed to develop a novel version of the task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Electrophysiological and hemodynamic mechanisms underlying load modulations in visuospatial working memory: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalogram (EEG) study.","authors":"Lisa Zarantonello, Sabrina Brigadoi, Sami Schiff, Patrizia Silvia Bisiacchi, Simone Cutini, Sara Montagnese, Piero Amodio","doi":"10.1037/bne0000604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The n-back task has been widely used to study working memory. Previous studies investigating the electrophysiological (electroencephalogram [EEG]) and hemodynamic correlates (functional near-infrared spectroscopy [fNIRS]) of the n-back task have been generally based on verbal stimuli and only investigated EEG frequency bands. We simultaneously acquired the EEG and fNIRS in 35 participants (16 males; age = 26.4 ± 4.3 years; educational attainment = 18 ± 2 years) during a visuospatial n-back task. The task encompassed a control condition and a low (requiring to recall one previous stimulus) and a high (requiring to recall two previous stimuli) working memory load experimental conditions. Accuracy decreased and reaction times slowed in the high compared to both low load and control conditions. Regarding EEG, P3a showed higher amplitude in the experimental conditions compared to the control one, and P3b exhibited higher amplitude in the low compared to the high load condition. Regarding fNIRS, the high load condition showed higher deoxygenated hemoglobin compared to the control one. Moreover, the central frontopolar cortex showed higher activation compared with the left frontal cortex. Our study showed that working memory load during a visuospatial n-back task influenced behavioral and electrophysiological indices. Even if the load effect was only observed for deoxygenated hemoglobin on hemodynamic data, this was in line with previous studies and coherent with its electrophysiological correlates. Thus, our study confirms that EEG and fNIRS can be successfully used in multimodal acquisitions, but also highlights that future studies are needed to develop a novel version of the task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":"138 5","pages":"331-341"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142340246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-05-16DOI: 10.1037/bne0000598
Hannah L Schoenberg, Samantha K Moriarty, Neil E Winterbauer, Sayamwong E Hammack, Donna J Toufexis, Travis P Todd
Pavlovian extinction reduces the performance of conditioned responses and occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). However, when the CS is experienced in a context that is different from the extinction context, there is a recovery of the conditioned response, a phenomenon known as renewal. There is some evidence that the renewal of appetitive conditioning is influenced by sex, with females failing to exhibit renewed responding. Further, there is recent evidence that renewal of fear might also not occur in female rats. In both appetitive and fear preparations, the lack of renewal in females has been postulated to be related to cycling ovarian hormones. Therefore, in Experiments 1 and 2, we directly compared fear renewal in males and females (Experiment 1) as well as ovariectomized (OVX) females (Experiment 2) when conditioning occurred in Context A, extinction in B, and testing in A (ABA renewal). Experiments 3 and 4 examined renewal when conditioning and extinction occurred in A and testing occurred in B (AAB renewal). In all experiments, renewal was not significantly different between male and female rats. Further, in Experiments 2 and 4, renewal did not differ between males, intact females, and OVX females. Additionally, in each experiment, there was no evidence that context excitation and/or inhibition contributed to renewal; instead suggesting that renewal was controlled by an occasion-setting mechanism. Overall, these results suggest little evidence for the role of sex in renewal of conditioned freezing and also indicate that cycling ovarian hormones have little role in the strength of renewal in female rats. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
当条件刺激(CS)在没有非条件刺激(US)的情况下重复出现时,巴甫洛夫的条件消除会降低条件反射的表现。然而,当条件刺激在不同于消退的情境中出现时,条件反射就会恢复,这种现象被称为条件反射的恢复。有证据表明,食欲条件反射的恢复受性别影响,雌性动物不会表现出恢复反应。此外,最近有证据表明,雌性大鼠也可能不会出现恐惧更新。在食欲条件反射和恐惧条件反射中,雌性大鼠缺乏更新反应被认为与卵巢激素的周期性变化有关。因此,在实验 1 和 2 中,我们直接比较了雄性大鼠和雌性大鼠(实验 1)以及卵巢切除(OVX)雌性大鼠(实验 2)在 A 情境中发生条件反射、在 B 情境中消失以及在 A 情境中进行测试(ABA 更新)时的恐惧更新情况。实验 3 和 4 考察了在 A 情境中进行条件反射和绝育,在 B 情境中进行测试(AAB 更新)时的更新情况。在所有实验中,雄性大鼠和雌性大鼠的更新没有明显差异。此外,在实验 2 和 4 中,雄性大鼠、完整雌性大鼠和卵巢切除雌性大鼠的更新没有差异。此外,在每个实验中,都没有证据表明情境兴奋和/或抑制有助于更新;相反,这表明更新是由场合设置机制控制的。总之,这些结果几乎没有证据表明性别在条件冻结的更新中起作用,也表明周期性卵巢激素对雌性大鼠的更新强度几乎没有作用。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Renewal of conditioned fear in male and female rats.","authors":"Hannah L Schoenberg, Samantha K Moriarty, Neil E Winterbauer, Sayamwong E Hammack, Donna J Toufexis, Travis P Todd","doi":"10.1037/bne0000598","DOIUrl":"10.1037/bne0000598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pavlovian extinction reduces the performance of conditioned responses and occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). However, when the CS is experienced in a context that is different from the extinction context, there is a recovery of the conditioned response, a phenomenon known as renewal. There is some evidence that the renewal of appetitive conditioning is influenced by sex, with females failing to exhibit renewed responding. Further, there is recent evidence that renewal of fear might also not occur in female rats. In both appetitive and fear preparations, the lack of renewal in females has been postulated to be related to cycling ovarian hormones. Therefore, in Experiments 1 and 2, we directly compared fear renewal in males and females (Experiment 1) as well as ovariectomized (OVX) females (Experiment 2) when conditioning occurred in Context A, extinction in B, and testing in A (ABA renewal). Experiments 3 and 4 examined renewal when conditioning and extinction occurred in A and testing occurred in B (AAB renewal). In all experiments, renewal was not significantly different between male and female rats. Further, in Experiments 2 and 4, renewal did not differ between males, intact females, and OVX females. Additionally, in each experiment, there was no evidence that context excitation and/or inhibition contributed to renewal; instead suggesting that renewal was controlled by an occasion-setting mechanism. Overall, these results suggest little evidence for the role of sex in renewal of conditioned freezing and also indicate that cycling ovarian hormones have little role in the strength of renewal in female rats. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"366-381"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140943521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1037/bne0000596
Shannon M Harding, Aaron R Van Dyke, Matthew Little, Matthew G LaClair
Social isolation can have long-term effects on brain development and behavior and increases the risk of developing clinical conditions, including anxiety disorders. One modulator of the stress response is gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). This study examined sex differences in behavior and GAD expression following prolonged social isolation beginning in adolescence in Long Evans rats. Males and females were equally divided into group-housed (GH) and socially isolated conditions on Postnatal Day 28 (n = 8 per group). Beginning 5 weeks later, tests were conducted for anxietylike behaviors (open-field test and elevated plus maze), social interactions (sociability test), and spatial memory (novel object location). Sex differences in behavior were observed, with GH females showing fewer anxietylike behaviors in the open-field test and elevated plus maze and spending more time with objects (sociability task) compared to GH males. Isolation had no effect on males but increased anxiety and reduced neophilic measures in females, removing sex differences. On the sociability task, all groups spent more time with novel rats compared to objects, suggesting social interest was retained after isolation. In the hippocampus, isolation reduced GAD in both sexes, and sex differences were seen (F > M). However, no group differences in behavior were observed in the hippocampal-dependent novel object location task. Our findings suggest that prolonged social isolation beginning in adolescence is anxiogenic for female Long Evans rats. Furthermore, sex and housing impact hippocampal GABA-ergic activity, which may have important implications in the treatment of anxiety disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
社会隔离会对大脑发育和行为产生长期影响,并增加患焦虑症等临床疾病的风险。γ-氨基丁酸是压力反应的一种调节剂,它是由谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)合成的一种抑制性神经递质。本研究考察了 Long Evans 大鼠从青春期开始被长期社会隔离后的行为和 GAD 表达的性别差异。在出生后第 28 天,将雌雄大鼠平均分为群居(GH)和社会隔离两种条件(每组 8 只)。从 5 周后开始,对大鼠的焦虑行为(开阔地测试和高架加迷宫)、社会交往(社会性测试)和空间记忆(新物体位置)进行测试。在行为上观察到了性别差异,与 GH 雄性相比,GH 雌性在开阔地测试和高架加迷宫中表现出的焦虑行为更少,与物体相处的时间更长(社交任务)。隔离对雄性没有影响,但却增加了雌性的焦虑,减少了嗜新行为,消除了性别差异。在交际任务中,与物体相比,所有组别与新老鼠相处的时间都更长,这表明隔离后仍能保持对社会的兴趣。在海马体中,隔离降低了雌雄大鼠的GAD,并且出现了性别差异(雌性>雄性)。然而,在依赖海马的新物体定位任务中,没有观察到行为的群体差异。我们的研究结果表明,从青春期开始的长期社会隔离会导致雌性 Long Evans 大鼠焦虑。此外,性别和饲养环境会影响海马GABA能活动,这可能对焦虑症的治疗有重要意义。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
{"title":"Sex differences in behavior and glutamic acid decarboxylase in Long Evans rats after prolonged social isolation beginning in adolescence.","authors":"Shannon M Harding, Aaron R Van Dyke, Matthew Little, Matthew G LaClair","doi":"10.1037/bne0000596","DOIUrl":"10.1037/bne0000596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social isolation can have long-term effects on brain development and behavior and increases the risk of developing clinical conditions, including anxiety disorders. One modulator of the stress response is gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). This study examined sex differences in behavior and GAD expression following prolonged social isolation beginning in adolescence in Long Evans rats. Males and females were equally divided into group-housed (GH) and socially isolated conditions on Postnatal Day 28 (<i>n</i> = 8 per group). Beginning 5 weeks later, tests were conducted for anxietylike behaviors (open-field test and elevated plus maze), social interactions (sociability test), and spatial memory (novel object location). Sex differences in behavior were observed, with GH females showing fewer anxietylike behaviors in the open-field test and elevated plus maze and spending more time with objects (sociability task) compared to GH males. Isolation had no effect on males but increased anxiety and reduced neophilic measures in females, removing sex differences. On the sociability task, all groups spent more time with novel rats compared to objects, suggesting social interest was retained after isolation. In the hippocampus, isolation reduced GAD in both sexes, and sex differences were seen (F > M). However, no group differences in behavior were observed in the hippocampal-dependent novel object location task. Our findings suggest that prolonged social isolation beginning in adolescence is anxiogenic for female Long Evans rats. Furthermore, sex and housing impact hippocampal GABA-ergic activity, which may have important implications in the treatment of anxiety disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"321-330"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1037/bne0000584
Alina P Bogachuk, David S Jacobs, Bita Moghaddam
Dietary maternal deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) is a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety and other mood disorders in children and adolescents. Here, we used a previously characterized maternal n-3 PUFA dietary deficiency model in rats to determine the impact of postweaning supplementation on adolescent anxiety-like behaviors. We focused on two models of anxiety: innate anxiety tested by the elevated plus maze and a novel operant model of learned anxiety where animals learn that actions may be associated with a variable probability of harm. Given that recent basic and clinical studies have associated anxiety and other adverse effects of n-3 PUFA deficiency on inflammatory processes and microglial structure and function, we also assessed the impact of our dietary deficiency model and supplementation on adolescent microglial morphology in multiple brain regions. We found that the male and female adolescent n-3 PUFA-deficient groups exhibit increased innate anxiety, but only females showed enhanced learned anxiety. Supplementation after weaning did not significantly affect innate anxiety but ameliorated learned anxiety in females. Thus, the beneficial effects of supplementation on adolescent anxiety may be sex-specific and depend on the type of anxiety. We also found that n-3 PUFA deficiency influences microglia function in adolescents in the amygdala and nigrostriatal, but not mesolimbic, brain regions. Collectively, these data suggest that while n-3 PUFA dietary supplementation may be effective in reducing adolescent anxiety, this effect is context-, sex-, and brain network-specific. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Impact of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids after maternal dietary deficiency on adolescent anxiety and microglial morphology.","authors":"Alina P Bogachuk, David S Jacobs, Bita Moghaddam","doi":"10.1037/bne0000584","DOIUrl":"10.1037/bne0000584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary maternal deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) is a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety and other mood disorders in children and adolescents. Here, we used a previously characterized maternal <i>n-3</i> PUFA dietary deficiency model in rats to determine the impact of postweaning supplementation on adolescent anxiety-like behaviors. We focused on two models of anxiety: innate anxiety tested by the elevated plus maze and a novel operant model of learned anxiety where animals learn that actions may be associated with a variable probability of harm. Given that recent basic and clinical studies have associated anxiety and other adverse effects of <i>n-3</i> PUFA deficiency on inflammatory processes and microglial structure and function, we also assessed the impact of our dietary deficiency model and supplementation on adolescent microglial morphology in multiple brain regions. We found that the male and female adolescent <i>n-3</i> PUFA-deficient groups exhibit increased innate anxiety, but only females showed enhanced learned anxiety. Supplementation after weaning did not significantly affect innate anxiety but ameliorated learned anxiety in females. Thus, the beneficial effects of supplementation on adolescent anxiety may be sex-specific and depend on the type of anxiety. We also found that <i>n-3</i> PUFA deficiency influences microglia function in adolescents in the amygdala and nigrostriatal, but not mesolimbic, brain regions. Collectively, these data suggest that while <i>n-3</i> PUFA dietary supplementation may be effective in reducing adolescent anxiety, this effect is context-, sex-, and brain network-specific. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"353-365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Impaired insight in substance use disorder has been argued to reflect a global deficit in using cognitive models to mentally simulate possible future outcomes. The process of mentally simulating outcomes allows us to understand our beliefs about their causes, that is, to have insight and thereby avoid potentially negative outcomes. However, work in humans cannot address whether impaired insight and its neural/neurochemical sequalae are present prior to the development of a substance use disorder, a consequence of substance use, or a combination of both. This is because baseline measurements prior to drug use are not possible in humans. However, if these changes can be directly caused by drug use, then in animal models, a history of drug use should cause impairments in behavioral tasks designed to assess such inferences. Focusing on cocaine use, here we will review several lines of research from our laboratory that have tested this question using learning-theory tasks designed to isolate insight. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
有人认为,药物使用障碍患者的洞察力受损,反映了他们在使用认知模型对未来可能出现的结果进行心理模拟方面存在全面缺陷。心理模拟结果的过程使我们能够理解自己对其原因的信念,即洞察力,从而避免潜在的负面结果。然而,在人类身上进行的研究无法解决洞察力受损及其神经/神经化学后果是在药物使用障碍发生之前就已存在,还是药物使用的结果,或是两者兼而有之。这是因为在人类身上不可能进行药物使用前的基线测量。但是,如果这些变化是由药物使用直接引起的,那么在动物模型中,药物使用史应该会导致用于评估此类推断的行为任务出现障碍。在此,我们将以可卡因的使用为重点,回顾我们实验室利用旨在分离洞察力的学习理论任务对这一问题进行测试的几项研究。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
{"title":"Modeling impaired insight after drug use in rodents.","authors":"Marios Chris Panayi,Geoffrey Schoenbaum","doi":"10.1037/bne0000606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000606","url":null,"abstract":"Impaired insight in substance use disorder has been argued to reflect a global deficit in using cognitive models to mentally simulate possible future outcomes. The process of mentally simulating outcomes allows us to understand our beliefs about their causes, that is, to have insight and thereby avoid potentially negative outcomes. However, work in humans cannot address whether impaired insight and its neural/neurochemical sequalae are present prior to the development of a substance use disorder, a consequence of substance use, or a combination of both. This is because baseline measurements prior to drug use are not possible in humans. However, if these changes can be directly caused by drug use, then in animal models, a history of drug use should cause impairments in behavioral tasks designed to assess such inferences. Focusing on cocaine use, here we will review several lines of research from our laboratory that have tested this question using learning-theory tasks designed to isolate insight. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":"9 1","pages":"291-300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142205636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-05-16DOI: 10.1037/bne0000590
Princess C Felix, Shelly B Flagel
In our modern environment, we are bombarded with stimuli or cues that exert significant influence over our actions. The extent to which such cues attain control over or disrupt goal-directed behavior is dependent on several factors, including one's inherent tendencies. Using a rodent model, we have shown that individuals vary in the value they place on stimuli associated with reward. Some individuals, termed "goal-trackers," primarily attribute predictive value to reward cues, whereas others, termed "sign-trackers," attribute predictive and incentive value. Thus, for sign-trackers, the reward cue is transformed into an incentive stimulus that is capable of eliciting maladaptive behaviors. The sign-tracker/goal-tracker animal model has allowed us to refine our understanding of behavioral and computational theories related to reward learning and to parse the underlying neural processes. Further, the neurobehavioral profile of sign-trackers is relevant to several psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorder, impulse control disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. This model, therefore, can advance our understanding of the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to individual differences in vulnerability to psychopathology. Notably, initial attempts at translation-capturing individual variability in the propensity to sign-track in humans-have been promising and in line with what we have learned from the animal model. In this review, we highlight the pivotal role played by the sign-tracker/goal-tracker animal model in enriching our understanding of the psychological and neural basis of motivated behavior and psychiatric symptomatology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
{"title":"Leveraging individual differences in cue-reward learning to investigate the psychological and neural basis of shared psychiatric symptomatology: The sign-tracker/goal-tracker model.","authors":"Princess C Felix, Shelly B Flagel","doi":"10.1037/bne0000590","DOIUrl":"10.1037/bne0000590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In our modern environment, we are bombarded with stimuli or cues that exert significant influence over our actions. The extent to which such cues attain control over or disrupt goal-directed behavior is dependent on several factors, including one's inherent tendencies. Using a rodent model, we have shown that individuals vary in the value they place on stimuli associated with reward. Some individuals, termed \"goal-trackers,\" primarily attribute predictive value to reward cues, whereas others, termed \"sign-trackers,\" attribute predictive and incentive value. Thus, for sign-trackers, the reward cue is transformed into an incentive stimulus that is capable of eliciting maladaptive behaviors. The sign-tracker/goal-tracker animal model has allowed us to refine our understanding of behavioral and computational theories related to reward learning and to parse the underlying neural processes. Further, the neurobehavioral profile of sign-trackers is relevant to several psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorder, impulse control disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. This model, therefore, can advance our understanding of the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to individual differences in vulnerability to psychopathology. Notably, initial attempts at translation-capturing individual variability in the propensity to sign-track in humans-have been promising and in line with what we have learned from the animal model. In this review, we highlight the pivotal role played by the sign-tracker/goal-tracker animal model in enriching our understanding of the psychological and neural basis of motivated behavior and psychiatric symptomatology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":8739,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"260-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11894610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140943516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}