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Volume 27, 2012, List of Contents 2012年第27卷,目录
Pub Date : 2012-12-01 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.737610
Jennifer M. Roche, R. Dale, Gina M. Caucci, M. Marneffe, Scott Grimm, Inbal Arnon, Susannah Kirby, Liane Wardlow, Michael J. Liersch
1 Jennifer M. Roche, Rick Dale, and Gina M. Caucci, Doubling up on double meanings: Pragmatic alignment 25 Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Scott Grimm, Inbal Arnon, Susannah Kirby, and Joan Bresnan, A statistical model of the grammatical choices in child production of dative sentences 62 Sarah Brown-Schmidt, Beyond common and privileged: Gradient representations of common ground in real-time language use 90 Martin L. Jönsson and James A. Hampton, The modifier effect in within-category induction: Default inheritance in complex noun phrases 117 Michael Grosvald, Christian Lachaud, and David Corina, Handshape monitoring: Evaluation of linguistic and perceptual factors in the processing of American Sign Language 142 Koji Miwa, Gary Libben, and Harald Baayen, Semantic radicals in Japanese twocharacter word recognition
1 Jennifer M. Roche, Rick Dale和Gina M. Caucci,双重意义:语用对齐25 Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Scott Grimm, Inbal Arnon, Susannah Kirby和Joan Bresnan,与格句的子生产中的语法选择的统计模型62 Sarah Brown-Schmidt,超越共同和特权:在实时语言使用中共同基础的梯度表示90 Martin L. Jönsson和James A. Hampton,范畴内归纳中的修辞格效应:[2] Michael Grosvald, Christian Lachaud, David Corina,手形监测:美国手语加工中语言和知觉因素的评价[2]Koji Miwa, Gary Libben, Harald Baayen,日语双字词识别中的语义自由基
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引用次数: 0
Cross-script phonological priming for Japanese-English bilinguals: Evidence for integrated phonological representations 日英双语者的跨文字语音启动:综合语音表征的证据
Pub Date : 2012-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2011.606669
Mariko Nakayama, C. Sears, Y. Hino, S. Lupker
Previous masked phonological priming studies with bilinguals whose languages are written in the same script (e.g., Dutch-French bilinguals) strongly suggest that phonological representations for the two languages are integrated, based on the fact that phonological activation created by reading a word in one language facilitates word identification in the other language. The present research examined whether the same is true for different-script bilinguals (Japanese-English bilinguals). In this study, participants made lexical decisions to English targets (e.g., GUIDE) that were primed by three types of masked Japanese primes: cognate translation equivalents (e.g., , /gaido/, guide), phonologically similar but conceptually unrelated words (e.g., , /saido/, side), and phonologically and conceptually unrelated words (e.g., , /koRru/, call). There were significant priming effects for cognate translation primes (94 ms) and phonologically similar primes (30 ms). Whereas the cognate translation priming effect was modulated by target frequency and L2 proficiency, the phonological priming effect was not. Our results suggest that phonological representations for different languages are integrated even if the languages in question use different scripts. The role of phonological activation in bilingual word recognition is discussed.
先前对两种语言书写相同的双语者(如荷兰语-法语双语者)进行的隐性语音启动研究强烈表明,两种语言的语音表征是整合的,这是基于这样一个事实,即阅读一种语言中的单词所产生的语音激活有助于在另一种语言中识别单词。目前的研究考察了不同文字双语者(日语-英语双语者)是否也是如此。在这项研究中,参与者对英语目标(如GUIDE)进行词汇决策,这些目标由三种类型的隐藏日语启动词启动:同源翻译对等词(如/gaido/, GUIDE),音系相似但概念上不相关的词(如/saido/, side),音系和概念上不相关的词(如/koRru/, call)。同源翻译启动词(94 ms)和语音相似启动词(30 ms)有显著的启动效应。同源翻译启动效应受目标频率和二语熟练程度的调节,而语音启动效应不受调节。我们的研究结果表明,不同语言的语音表征是综合的,即使所讨论的语言使用不同的文字。探讨了语音激活在双语词汇识别中的作用。
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引用次数: 60
Gaze and blinking in dyadic conversation: A study in coordinated behaviour among individuals 二元对话中的凝视和眨眼:个体间协调行为的研究
Pub Date : 2012-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2011.615220
Fred Cummins
Face to face conversation necessarily involves a great deal of bodily movement beyond that required for speaking. We seek to understand the systematic variation of such para-linguistic activity as a function of the ebb and flow of conversation. Gaze and blinking in dyadic conversation are examined, along with their relation to speech turn. Eight pairs provide 15 minutes of conversation each, including five participants who partake in two dyads each. This facilitates a thorough examination of the rich covariation of gaze and blinking both within an individual and as a function of the dyad. Many aspects of systematic variation are found to be relatively invariant within the individual, but individuals display large qualitative differences, one from the other.
面对面的交谈必然需要大量的身体动作,而不仅仅是说话。我们试图理解这种准语言活动的系统变化,作为对话的潮起潮落的功能。考察了并置对话中的凝视和眨眼,以及它们与言语转向的关系。8组每组提供15分钟的对话,包括5名参与者,每组两对。这有助于深入研究凝视和眨眼在个体内部以及作为二分体功能的丰富共变。人们发现,系统变异的许多方面在个体内部是相对不变的,但个体之间却表现出巨大的质的差异。
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引用次数: 65
Tier-adjacency is not a necessary condition for learning phonotactic dependencies 层邻接性不是学习语音依赖性的必要条件
Pub Date : 2012-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2011.603933
Hahn Koo, L. Callahan
One hypothesis raised by Newport and Aslin to explain how speakers learn dependencies between nonadjacent phonemes is that speakers track bigram probabilities between two segments that are adjacent to each other within a tier of their own. The hypothesis predicts that a dependency between segments separated from each other at the tier level cannot be learned. Were this true, it could add psycholinguistic plausibility to phonological theories that limit possible nonadjacent dependencies to those between two tier-adjacent segments. Contrary to the prediction, the experiments in this paper show that adults can learn dependencies between two consonants that are nonadjacent to each other at the tier level as well as the segmental level. The results suggest that the range of learnable sound patterns may be wider than the range of attested sound patterns and that additional learning mechanisms should be considered to explain how speakers learn nonadjacent phonotactic dependencies.
纽波特和阿斯林提出了一个假设,用来解释说话者如何学习非相邻音素之间的依赖关系,即说话者在自己的一层中跟踪两个相邻音素之间的双音素概率。该假设预测,在层级别上彼此分离的段之间的依赖关系是无法学习的。如果这是真的,它可以为音系理论增加心理语言学的合理性,音系理论将可能的非相邻依赖限制在两个相邻音段之间。与预测相反,本文的实验表明,成年人可以在层水平和段水平上学习两个不相邻的辅音之间的依赖关系。结果表明,可学习的声音模式的范围可能比已证实的声音模式的范围更广,并且应该考虑额外的学习机制来解释说话者如何学习非相邻的语音依赖性。
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引用次数: 16
Animacy effects in Chinese relative clause processing 汉语关系从句加工中的活泼效应
Pub Date : 2012-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2011.614423
Fuyun Wu, E. Kaiser, E. Andersen
Prior research on relative clauses (RCs) in Mandarin Chinese has led to conflicting results regarding ease of processing subject-extracted RCs (SRCs) versus object-extracted RCs (ORCs) and has often used animacy configurations that are rare in corpora. Building on animacy patterns observed in a corpus, we used self-paced reading to explore how animacy influences real-time processing of Chinese RCs. Experiment 1 tested SRCs, and found marginal facilitation effects with animate heads (subjects) and inanimate objects. Experiment 2 tested ORCs and found significant facilitation effects with inanimate head (objects). Experiment 3 showed that when the subject is animate and the object inanimate, ORCs are as easy to process as SRCs, but when the subject is inanimate and the object is animate, SRCs are processed faster. Thus, the animacy of the head and the embedded noun must be taken into account when evaluating processing ease.
先前对汉语汉语关系从句的研究在主语提取从句和宾语提取从句的处理难易程度上得出了相互矛盾的结果,并且经常使用在语料库中罕见的动画结构。基于在语料库中观察到的动态模式,我们使用自定节奏阅读来探索动态如何影响中文RCs的实时处理。实验1对src进行了测试,发现对有生命的头部(被试)和无生命的物体有轻微的促进作用。实验2对orc进行了测试,发现对无生命的头部(物体)有显著的促进作用。实验3表明,当被试是有生命的,被试是无生命的,被试是无生命的,被试是无生命的,被试是有生命的,被试是无生命的,被试是无生命的,被试是有生命的,被试是无生命的,被试是有生命的,被试是无生命的,被试是有生命的。因此,在评估处理便利性时,必须考虑头部和嵌入名词的活力。
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引用次数: 56
A givenness illusion 一个给定的错觉
Pub Date : 2012-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2011.607713
Michael Wagner
Constituents that encode information that is salient in the discourse or “given” are often prosodically reduced and remain unaccented. What is given and new is usually defined at the level of meaning: given expressions are those that refer to salient referents or predicates that have been made salient by the previous discourse. This paper presents evidence from two production studies that sometimes, a constituent that semantically should be contrastive, and hence accentable, is treated prosodically as if it was given, and placing an accent on it is consistently avoided—an illusory case of givenness. This effect can be explained by assuming that givenness is not only evaluated in terms of semantic content, but also at the phonological level. Prosodically marking a semantic contrast requires the presence of a phonological contrast. This effect thus provides evidence that the notion of “antecedent” relevant for prosodic givenness-marking needs to include reference to linguistic form, and not just to referential meaning.
在话语或“给定”中编码重要信息的成分通常会被韵律化,并且保持无重音。给定的和新的东西通常是在意义的层面上定义的:给定的表达是指那些被前面的话语所突出的指示物或谓语。本文提出了两项生产研究的证据,有时,语义上应该是对比的成分,因此是可重读的,在韵律上被当作是给定的,并且始终避免重音-这是给定的虚幻情况。这种影响可以通过假设给予性不仅在语义内容方面进行评估,而且在音系水平上进行评估来解释。在韵律上标记语义对比需要语音对比的存在。因此,这一效应提供了证据,证明与韵律给定性标记相关的“先行词”概念需要包括对语言形式的参考,而不仅仅是对参考意义的参考。
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引用次数: 10
Scanpaths reveal syntactic underspecification and reanalysis strategies 扫描路径揭示了语法不规范和重新分析策略
Pub Date : 2012-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.728232
Titus von der Malsburg, S. Vasishth
What theories best characterise the parsing processes triggered upon encountering ambiguity, and what effects do these processes have on eye movement patterns in reading? The present eye-tracking study, which investigated processing of attachment ambiguities of an adjunct in Spanish, suggests that readers sometimes underspecify attachment to save memory resources, consistent with the good-enough account of parsing. Our results confirm a surprising prediction of the good-enough account: high-capacity readers commit to an attachment decision more often than low-capacity participants, leading to more errors and a greater need to reanalyse in garden-path sentences. These results emerged only when we separated functionally different types of regressive eye movements using a scanpath analysis; conventional eye-tracking measures alone would have led to different conclusions. The scanpath analysis also showed that rereading was the dominant strategy for recovering from garden-pathing. Our results may also have broader implications for models of reading processes: reanalysis effects in eye movements occurred late, which suggests that the coupling of oculo-motor control and the parser may not be as tight as assumed in current computational models of eye movement control in reading.
哪些理论最好地描述了在遇到歧义时触发的解析过程,这些过程对阅读中的眼球运动模式有什么影响?目前的眼动追踪研究调查了西班牙语中附加词歧义的处理,结果表明读者有时会为了节省记忆资源而忽略附加词,这与解析的足够好解释是一致的。我们的研究结果证实了“足够好”理论的一个令人惊讶的预测:高阅读能力的读者比低阅读能力的读者更容易做出依恋决定,从而导致更多的错误,更需要在“花园小径”句子中重新分析。只有当我们使用扫描路径分析分离功能不同类型的退行性眼动时,才会出现这些结果;传统的眼球追踪方法会得出不同的结论。扫描路径分析还显示,重读是从花园小径中恢复的主要策略。我们的研究结果也可能对阅读过程模型产生更广泛的影响:眼球运动中的再分析效应发生得较晚,这表明眼动控制和解析器的耦合可能不像当前的阅读眼动控制计算模型中假设的那样紧密。
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引用次数: 69
Typological Asymmetries in Round Vowel Harmony: Support from Artificial Grammar Learning. 圆形元音和谐中的类型不对称:来自人工语法学习的支持。
Pub Date : 2012-10-01 Epub Date: 2012-06-25 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.660168
Sara Finley

Providing evidence for the universal tendencies of patterns in the world's languages can be difficult, as it is impossible to sample all possible languages, and linguistic samples are subject to interpretation. However, experimental techniques such as artificial grammar learning paradigms make it possible to uncover the psychological reality of claimed universal tendencies. This paper addresses learning of phonological patterns (systematic tendencies in the sounds in language). Specifically, I explore the role of phonetic grounding in learning round harmony, a phonological process in which words must contain either all round vowels ([o, u]) or all unround vowels ([i, e]). The phonetic precursors to round harmony are such that mid vowels ([o, e]), which receive the greatest perceptual benefit from harmony, are most likely to trigger harmony. High vowels ([i, u]), however, are cross-linguistically less likely to trigger round harmony. Adult participants were exposed to a miniature language that contained a round harmony pattern in which the harmony source triggers were either high vowels ([i, u]) (poor harmony source triggers) or mid vowels ([o, e]) (ideal harmony source triggers). Only participants who were exposed to the ideal mid vowel harmony source triggers were successfully able to generalize the harmony pattern to novel instances, suggesting that perception and phonetic naturalness play a role in learning.

为世界语言模式的普遍趋势提供证据可能是困难的,因为不可能对所有可能的语言进行抽样,而且语言样本需要解释。然而,人工语法学习范式等实验技术使揭示所谓普遍倾向的心理现实成为可能。本文讨论语音模式的学习(语言中声音的系统倾向)。具体来说,我探讨了语音基础在学习圆润和声中的作用,圆润和声是一种语音过程,其中单词必须包含所有圆润元音([o, u])或所有圆润元音([I, e])。圆形和声的语音前体是这样的,从和声中获得最大感知利益的中间元音([o, e])最有可能触发和声。然而,高元音([i, u])在跨语言中不太可能触发圆和声。成年参与者被暴露在一个包含圆形和谐模式的微型语言中,其中和谐源触发是高元音([i, u])(差和谐源触发)或中元音([o, e])(理想和谐源触发)。只有暴露于理想中元音和谐源触发的参与者才能成功地将和谐模式推广到新的实例中,这表明感知和语音自然性在学习中起作用。
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引用次数: 34
Does phonology play a role when skilled readers read high-frequency words? Evidence from ERPs 当熟练的读者阅读高频词汇时,音系是否起作用?erp的证据
Pub Date : 2012-09-18 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2011.603932
R. L. Newman, D. Jared, Corinne A. Haigh
We used event-related brain potentials to clarify the role of phonology in activating the meanings of high-frequency words during skilled silent reading. Target homophones (meet) in sentences such as The students arranged to meet in the library to study were replaced on some trials by either a high-frequency homophone mate (meat) or a spelling control word (mean). Differences between homophone errors and spelling controls were observed, both in the N400 component and in earlier time windows, suggesting that phonology continues to play a role in activating word meanings even for highly practiced words. A manipulation of the frequency of the correct target word provided evidence concerning the nature of the processing involved.
我们使用事件相关脑电位来阐明语音在熟练默读中激活高频词的意义中的作用。在一些实验中,安排在图书馆见面学习的学生被高频同音词伴侣(meat)或拼写控制词(mean)取代。在N400成分和更早的时间窗口中,我们观察到同音错误和拼写控制之间的差异,这表明语音在激活单词意义方面继续发挥作用,即使是对高度练习的单词。对正确目标词频率的操纵提供了有关所涉及的处理性质的证据。
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引用次数: 24
Between anaphora and deixis … The resolution of the demonstrative noun phrase “that N” 指代与指示之间的关系——指示名词短语“that N”的解析
Pub Date : 2012-09-18 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2011.606668
M. Fossard, A. Garnham, H. Cowles
Three experiments examined the hypothesis that the demonstrative noun phrase (NP) that N, as an anadeictic expression, preferentially refers to the less salient referent in a discourse representation when used anaphorically, whereas the anaphoric pronoun he or she preferentially refers to the highly-focused referent. The findings, from a sentence completion task and two reading time experiments that used gender to create ambiguous and unambiguous coreference, reveal that the demonstrative NP specifically orients processing toward a less salient referent when there is no gender cue discriminating between different possible referents. These findings show the importance of taking into account the discourse function of the anaphor itself and its influence on the process of searching for the referent.
三个实验检验了指示名词短语(NP),即N作为一个回指代词,在回指时优先指代语篇表征中不太突出的指称物,而回指代词他或她优先指代高度集中的指称物。在一个句子完成任务和两个阅读时间实验中,研究结果表明,当不同可能的指称物之间没有性别线索歧视时,示范性NP特异性地将加工导向一个不太突出的指称物。这些发现表明,考虑到隐喻本身的话语功能及其对指称物搜索过程的影响是非常重要的。
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引用次数: 16
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Language and cognitive processes
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