Language and cognitive processes最新文献

英文中文

The architecture of speech production and the role of the phoneme in speech processing. 语音产生的结构和语音处理中音素的作用。

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2013.834370

Gregory Hickok

Speech production has been studied within a number of traditions including linguistics, psycholinguistics, motor control, neuropsychology and neuroscience. These traditions have had limited interaction, ostensibly because they target different levels of speech production or different dimensions such as representation, processing or implementation. However, closer examination of reveals a substantial convergence of ideas across the traditions and recent proposals have suggested that an integrated approach may help move the field forward. The present article reviews one such attempt at integration, the state feedback control (SFC) model and its descendent, the hierarchical SFC model. Also considered is how phoneme-level representations might fit in the context of the model.

语言产生已经在许多传统中进行了研究，包括语言学、心理语言学、运动控制、神经心理学和神经科学。这些传统的相互作用有限，表面上是因为它们针对的是不同层次的语音产生或不同的维度，如表示、处理或实现。然而，更仔细的研究表明，传统和最近的建议表明，一个综合的方法可能有助于推动该领域的发展。本文回顾了这样一种整合的尝试，状态反馈控制模型和它的后代，层次状态反馈控制模型。还考虑了音素级表示如何适合模型的上下文中。

引用次数: 151

Toward an Integrated Psycholinguistic, Neurolinguistic, Sensorimotor Framework for Speech Production. 语言产生的综合心理语言学、神经语言学、感觉运动框架。

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2013.852907

Gregory Hickok

There is no disagreement that an integrated model to understanding speech production is an important research goal. In order to achieve that goal, we have to re-examine our assumptions in light of data and theoretical constructs from other traditions. We also have to recognize that early stages of an integrated model will sacrifice some within-tradition explanatory power for broader, cross-discipline explanatory power.

引用次数: 63

Standing alone with prosodic help. 在韵律的帮助下独自站立。

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2013.828095

Lyn Frazier, Charles Clifton, Katy Carlson, Jesse A Harris

Two partially independent issues are addressed in two auditory rating studies: under what circumstances is a sub-string of a sentence identified as a stand-alone sentence, and under what circumstances do globally ill-formed but 'locally coherent' analyses (Tabor, Galantucci, & Richardson., 2004) emerge? A new type of locally coherent structure is established in Experiment 1, where a that-less complement clause is at least temporarily analyzed as a stand-alone sentence when it corresponds to a prosodic phrase. In Experiment 2, reduced relative clause structures like those in Tabor et al. were investigated. As in Experiment 1, the root sentence (mis-)analyses emerged most frequently when the locally coherent clause corresponded to a prosodic phrase. However, a substantial number of locally coherent analyses emerged even without prosodic help, especially in examples with for-datives (which do not grammatically permit a reduced relative clause structure for some speakers). Overall, the results suggest that prosodic grouping of constituents encourages analysis of a sub-string as a root sentence, and raise the question of whether all local coherence structures involve analysis of an utterance-final sub-string as a root sentence.

两项听觉评级研究解决了两个部分独立的问题:在什么情况下句子的子串被识别为独立的句子，以及在什么情况下进行全局病态但“局部连贯”的分析(Tabor, Galantucci， & Richardson)。， 2004)出现?实验1建立了一种新的局部连贯结构，当一个that-less补语从句与韵律短语相对应时，至少暂时将其作为一个独立的句子进行分析。在实验2中，我们研究了Tabor等人的简化关系从句结构。在实验1中，当局部连贯子句对应于韵律短语时，词根句(错)分析出现的频率最高。然而，即使没有韵律的帮助，也出现了大量的局部连贯分析，特别是在有for-格的例子中(对一些说话者来说，这在语法上不允许简化关系从句结构)。总体而言，研究结果表明，韵律成分分组有助于将子串作为根句进行分析，并提出了是否所有局部连贯结构都涉及将词尾子串作为根句进行分析的问题。

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引用次数: 0

List of Reviewers 2013 2013年评审人员名单

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.28985/jsc.v2i2.70

M. Mateo-March

引用次数: 1

Morphological structure in the Arabic mental lexicon: Parallels between standard and dialectal Arabic. 阿拉伯语心理词汇中的形态结构:标准阿拉伯语与方言阿拉伯语的相似之处。

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2013-12-01 Epub Date: 2012-10-31 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.719629

Sami Boudelaa, William D Marslen-Wilson

The Arabic language is acquired by its native speakers both as a regional spoken Arabic dialect, acquired in early childhood as a first language, and as the more formal variety known as Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), typically acquired later in childhood. These varieties of Arabic show a range of linguistic similarities and differences. Since previous psycholinguistic research in Arabic has primarily used MSA, it remains to be established whether the same cognitive properties hold for the dialects. Here we focus on the morphological level, and ask whether roots and word patterns play similar or different roles in MSA and in the regional dialect known as Southern Tunisian Arabic (STA). In two intra-modal auditory-auditory priming experiments, we found similar results with strong priming effects for roots and patterns in both varieties. Despite differences in the timing and nature of the acquisition of MSA and STA, root and word pattern priming was clearly distinguishable from form-based and semantic-based priming in both varieties. The implication of these results for theories of Arabic diglossia and theories of morphological processing are discussed.

阿拉伯语是由其母语者习得的，作为一种地区性的阿拉伯语方言，在童年早期作为第一语言习得，以及作为更正式的现代标准阿拉伯语(MSA)，通常在童年后期习得。阿拉伯文的这些变体表现出一系列语言上的异同。由于先前的阿拉伯语心理语言学研究主要使用MSA，因此方言是否具有相同的认知特性仍有待确定。在这里，我们关注形态学层面，并询问词根和词型在MSA和被称为突尼斯南部阿拉伯语(STA)的地区方言中是否起着相似或不同的作用。在两个模态内听觉-听觉启动实验中，我们发现了相似的结果，两个品种的根和图案都有很强的启动效应。尽管MSA和STA习得的时间和性质有所不同，但两种类型的词根和词模式启动与基于形式和语义的启动明显不同。讨论了这些结果对阿拉伯语分类学理论和形态处理理论的启示。

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引用次数: 53

Speaker emotion can affect ambiguity production 说话者的情绪会影响歧义的产生

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2013-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.755555

V. Kempe, Melissa Rookes, Laura Swarbrigg

Does speaker emotion affect degree of ambiguity in referring expressions? We used referential communication tasks preceded by mood induction to examine whether positive emotional valence may be linked to ambiguity of referring expressions. In Experiment 1, participants had to identify sequences of objects with homophonic labels (e.g., the animal bat, a baseball bat) for hypothetical addressees. This required modification of the homophones. Happy speakers were less likely to modify the second homophone to repair a temporary ambiguity (i.e., they were less likely to say … first cover the bat, then cover the baseball bat …). In Experiment 2, participants had to identify one of two identical objects in an object array, which required a modifying relative clause (the shark that's underneath the shoe). Happy speakers omitted the modifying relative clause twice as often as neutral speakers (e.g., by saying Put the shark underneath the sheep), thereby rendering the entire utterance ambiguous in the context of two sharks. The findings suggest that one consequence of positive mood appears to be more ambiguity in speech. This effect is hypothesised to be due to a less effortful processing style favouring an egocentric bias impacting perspective taking or monitoring of alignment of utterances with an addressee's perspective.

说话者的情绪是否影响指称表达的歧义程度?本研究采用情绪诱导前的参照交际任务来考察积极情绪效价是否与参照表达的模糊性有关。在实验1中，参与者必须识别带有谐音标签的物体序列(例如，动物蝙蝠，棒球棒)作为假设的收件人。这需要修改同音异义字。快乐的说话者不太可能修改第二个同音字来修复暂时的歧义(例如，他们不太可能说……首先盖住球棒，然后盖住棒球棒……)。在实验2中，参与者必须在对象数组中识别两个相同对象中的一个，这需要一个修饰关系从句(在鞋子下面的鲨鱼)。快乐的说话者省略修饰关系从句的频率是中立的说话者的两倍(例如，说把鲨鱼放在羊下面)，从而使整个话语在两条鲨鱼的上下文中变得模棱两可。研究结果表明，积极情绪的一个结果似乎是说话更加模棱两可。这种效应被认为是由于一种不那么费力的处理方式，有利于自我中心偏见，影响了观点的采取或监测话语与收信人观点的一致性。

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引用次数: 19

Verb argument structure predicts implicit causality: The advantages of finer-grained semantics 动词参数结构预测隐式因果关系:细粒度语义的优势

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2013-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.689305

Joshua K. Hartshorne, J. Snedeker

While the referent of a nonreflexive pronoun clearly depends on context, the nature of these contextual restrictions is controversial. The present study seeks to characterise one representation that guides pronoun resolution. Our focus is an effect known as “implicit causality”. In causal dependant clauses, the preferred referent of a pronoun varies systematically with the verb in the main clause (contrast Sally frightened Mary because she … with Sally feared Mary because she…). A number of researchers have tried to explain and predict such biases with reference to semantic classes of verbs. However, such studies have focused on a small number of specially selected verbs. In Experiment 1, we find that existing taxonomies perform near chance at predicting pronoun-resolution bias on a large set of representative verbs. However, a more fine-grained taxonomy recently proposed in the linguistics literature does significantly better. In Experiment 2, we tested all 264 verbs in two of the narrowly defined verb classes from this new taxonomy, finding that pronoun-resolution biases were categorically different. These findings suggest that the semantic structure of verbs tightly constrains the interpretation of pronouns in causal sentences, raising challenges for theories which posit that implicit causality biases reflect world knowledge or arbitrary lexical features.

虽然非反身代词的指称物显然取决于上下文，但这些上下文限制的性质是有争议的。本研究试图描述一种指导代词分辨的表征。我们关注的是一种被称为“隐性因果关系”的效应。在因果从属从句中，代词的首选指称物会随着主句中的动词而系统地变化(对比Sally frightened Mary because she…和Sally fears Mary because she…)。许多研究人员试图用动词的语义类别来解释和预测这种偏见。然而，这些研究主要集中在少数专门挑选的动词上。在实验1中，我们发现现有的分类法在预测大量代表性动词的代词解析偏差方面表现得很接近。然而，最近在语言学文献中提出的一种更细粒度的分类法做得更好。在实验2中，我们测试了这个新分类法中两个狭义定义的动词类中的所有264个动词，发现代词解析偏差在类别上是不同的。这些发现表明，动词的语义结构严格限制了因果句中代词的解释，这对那些认为内隐因果偏差反映了世界知识或任意词汇特征的理论提出了挑战。

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引用次数: 73

Evidence for automatic accessing of constructional meaning: Jabberwocky sentences prime associated verbs 构式意义自动获取的证据:胡言乱语句启动关联动词

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2013-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.717632

Matt A. Johnson, A. Goldberg

A central question within psycholinguistics is where sentences get their meaning. While it has been shown that phrasal constructions are readily associated with specific meanings, it remains unclear whether this meaning is accessed automatically, in the sense of being accessed quickly, and without reflection or explicit instruction. In this study, participants performed a lexical decision task on individual target words which were preceded by abstract skeletal constructions devoid of any meaningful open-class items. For example, an instance of a ditransitive prime was, He daxed her the norp. Three target words corresponded to the hypothesised meaning of each construction; that is, semantically congruent words for the English ditransitive were give, handed, and transferred. We found significant priming effects for congruent over incongruent target words, both for associated targets (which occur regularly within the construction: e.g., give and handed), and to a lesser extent, for target words that are semantically related to the construction but which rarely occur in the construction (e.g., transferred for the ditransitive).

心理语言学的一个核心问题是句子的意义从何而来。虽然已经证明短语结构很容易与特定的含义联系起来，但目前还不清楚这个含义是否是自动获取的，即在快速获取的意义上，没有经过反思或明确的指示。在这项研究中，参与者对单个目标词进行词汇决策任务，这些词之前是抽象的骨架结构，没有任何有意义的开放类项目。例如，一个及物质数的例子是，He daxed her the norp。三个目标词对应每个构式的假设意义;也就是说，语义上一致的英语异物词被给予、传递和转移。我们发现，对于一致的目标词，启动效应显著高于不一致的目标词，无论是对相关目标词(在结构中经常出现，例如，give和hand)，还是在较小程度上，对语义上与结构相关但很少出现在结构中的目标词(例如，为异及物而转移)。

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引用次数: 54

It's on the tip of my fingers: Co-speech gestures during lexical retrieval in different social contexts 它就在我的指尖上:不同社会背景下词汇检索中的同语手势

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2013-11-12 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.698289

J. Holler, Kylie Turner, Trudy Varcianna

The Lexical Retrieval Hypothesis proposes that gestures function at the level of speech production, aiding in the retrieval of lexical items from the mental lexicon. However, empirical evidence for this account is mixed, and some critics argue that a more likely function of gestures during lexical retrieval is a communicative one. The present study was designed to test these predictions against each other by keeping lexical retrieval difficulty constant while varying social context. Participants' gestures were analysed during tip of the tongue experiences when communicating with a partner face-to-face (FTF), while being separated by a screen, or on their own by speaking into a voice recorder. The results show that participants in the FTF context produced significantly more representational gestures than participants in the solitary condition. This suggests that, even in the specific context of lexical retrieval difficulties, representational gestures appear to play predominantly a communicative role.

词汇检索假说认为手势在言语产生层面起作用，有助于从心理词汇中检索词汇项目。然而，这一说法的经验证据参差不齐，一些批评者认为，手势在词汇检索过程中更可能具有交际功能。本研究旨在通过在不同的社会背景下保持词汇检索难度不变来检验这些预测。研究人员分析了参与者在与伴侣面对面交流(FTF)、被屏幕隔开、或自己对着录音机说话时的舌尖动作。结果表明，FTF情境下的参与者比单独情境下的参与者产生了更多的代表性手势。这表明，即使在词汇检索困难的特定背景下，表征手势似乎也起着主要的交际作用。

引用次数: 17

Cognate and word class ambiguity effects in noun and verb processing 名词和动词加工中的同源歧义和词类歧义效应

Language and cognitive processes

Pub Date : 2013-10-22 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2012.718353

S. Bultena, T. Dijkstra, Janet G. van Hell

This study examined how noun and verb processing in bilingual visual word recognition are affected by within and between-language overlap. We investigated how word class ambiguous noun and verb cognates are processed by bilinguals, to see if co-activation of overlapping word forms between languages benefits from additional overlap within a language, and whether this effect is sensitive to the grammatical category of a word. Although effects of form overlap are ubiquitous in studies on nouns, little is known about such effects in verbs. In two experiments, Dutch–English bilinguals performed lexical decision tasks in L2 in which cognate status and word class ambiguity were manipulated in nouns and verbs. Responses to verb targets in both experiments showed facilitatory effects of both types of overlap. In contrast, noun targets in both experiments showed only a cognate effect, but no ambiguity effect. We argue that the difference between verbs and nouns arises because verb representations are more complex than those of nouns. As a consequence, verb processing benefits more from within-language form overlap than noun processing.

本研究考察了双语视觉词识别中名词和动词加工受语言内重叠和语言间重叠的影响。我们研究了双语者如何处理词类歧义的名词和动词同源词，以了解语言之间重叠词形的共同激活是否受益于语言内的额外重叠，以及这种影响是否对单词的语法类别敏感。虽然形式重叠效应在名词研究中普遍存在，但对动词的形式重叠效应却知之甚少。在两个实验中，荷英双语者在二语词汇决策任务中操纵名词和动词的同源状态和词类歧义。在两个实验中，对动词目标的反应都显示了两种类型重叠的促进作用。相比之下，两个实验中的名词目标都只有同源效应，没有歧义效应。我们认为动词和名词之间的差异是因为动词的表征比名词的更为复杂。因此，动词加工比名词加工更能从语言内部形式重叠中获益。

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