Behavioural Processes最新文献_第10页

Anxiogenic and anxiolytic modulators differentially affect thigmotaxis and thrashing behavior in adult zebrafish during habituation to the open field test 焦虑性和焦虑性调节剂对成年斑马鱼在野外适应过程中的趋动性和拍打行为有不同的影响

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105199

João V. Borba , Cássio M. Resmim , Barbara D. Fontana , Hevelyn S. Moraes , Mariana L. Müller , Laura Blanco , Angela E. Uchoa , Matthew O. Parker , Denis B. Rosemberg

The Open Field Test (OFT) is a valuable paradigm to study the effects of distinct anxiety-like states on exploratory dynamics. Zebrafish responds to anxiogenic and anxiolytic protocols in the OFT, but the influence of such manipulations on the habituation process is still unclear. Here, we aimed to elucidate how distinct anxiety modulators influence thigmotaxis over time and thrashing behavior. For this, adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were submitted to the morphine (1.5 mg/L) withdrawal protocol (MOR) and acute conspecific alarm substance (CAS) at 3.5 mL/L for 5 min as anxiogenic exposures. For anxiolytic treatments, we selected acute ethanol (ETOH) at 0.5 % (v/v) for 1 h and acute fluoxetine (FLU) at 100 µg/L for 15 min. Then, fish were individually transferred to a 10-min OFT trial, with posterior analysis of behavioral activity. While MOR responses comprised hyperactivity, higher thigmotaxis, and increased thrashing, CAS showed heightened total immobility. ETOH exposure decreased time spent and distance traveled in the periphery, thrashing behavior, and locomotion. FLU group spent less time in the periphery, showing decreased thigmotaxis and thrashing. Pearson analyses contributed to elucidate how endpoint data correlate to each other, reinforcing the distinct responses observed. Overall, our study reinforces the differential effects evoked by anxiogenic and anxiolytic protocols regarding thigmotaxis. Moreover, our results suggest that thrashing behavior configures a valuable tool to improve behavioral analyses in the OFT, contributing to further in-depth investigations related to distinct anxiety-like states.

开放场测试（OFT）是研究不同焦虑样状态对探索动力学影响的一个有价值的范式。在OFT中，斑马鱼对致焦虑和抗焦虑方案有反应，但这种操作对习惯过程的影响尚不清楚。在这里，我们的目的是阐明不同的焦虑调节剂如何随着时间的推移影响移动性和殴打行为。为此，将成年斑马鱼（Danio rerio）作为焦虑源暴露于吗啡（1.5 mg/L）戒断方案（MOR）和急性同特异性报警物质（CAS） 3.5 mL/L，持续5 min。对于抗焦虑治疗，我们选择急性乙醇（ETOH）浓度为0.5 % (v/v)，持续1 h，急性氟西汀（FLU）浓度为100 µg/L，持续15 min。然后，将鱼单独转移到10分钟的OFT试验中，并对行为活动进行后验分析。虽然MOR反应包括多动、更高的移动性和增加的抖动，但CAS表现出更高的完全不动。ETOH暴露减少了外围活动的时间和距离、打闹行为和运动。流感组在周围停留的时间较短，表现出趋动性和搏动性下降。皮尔逊分析有助于阐明终点数据如何相互关联，加强观察到的不同反应。总的来说，我们的研究强调了焦虑性和抗焦虑性方案在趋近性方面所引起的差异效应。此外，我们的研究结果表明，痛打行为是一种有价值的工具，可以改善OFT中的行为分析，有助于进一步深入研究不同的焦虑样状态。

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引用次数: 0

The investigation of sexual and interspecies disparities in spatial learning and memory across two rodent species 两种啮齿类动物空间学习记忆的性别差异和种间差异研究

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105190

Meilin Zhu, Jing Wang, Yifeng Zhang, Jiqi Lu

Spatial learning and memory are critical for animal survival, enabling adaptation to changing and unpredictable environments. These abilities enhance competitiveness and fitness by supporting navigation, resource acquisition, and predator avoidance. Understanding how spatial learning and memory vary among species with different living conditions can provide insights into the evolutionary pressures shaping these skills. In this study, we examine learning and memory abilities from an ecological perspective by comparing Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandti) with Kunming mice (Mus musculus) using complex maze tests. Brandt’s voles exhibited significantly shorter total task time (TTT) and fewer number of errors (NEI) compared to Kunming mice, highlighting superior spatial learning ability. Short-term memory (STMR) results revealed no significant differences between species as well as sex. For long-term memory (LTMR), Brandt’s voles demonstrated consistently better retention across all time points, reflected in lower TTT and NEI. While short-term forgetting rates (STFR) were comparable between species, long-term forgetting rates (LTFR) indicated that Kunming mice exhibited higher rates of memory loss over extended periods than Brandt’s voles, with male mice exhibiting higher rates of memory decline than females. Overall, the findings suggest that Brandt’s voles possess enhanced spatial learning and long-term memory capacities, likely reflecting adaptations to their living condition. This study contributes to our understanding of species- and sex-related differences in spatial learning and memory, providing evidence for the ecological basis of these cognitive traits in response to environmental challenges.

空间学习和记忆对动物生存至关重要，使其能够适应不断变化和不可预测的环境。这些能力通过支持导航、获取资源和躲避捕食者来增强竞争力和适应性。了解空间学习和记忆在不同生活条件下的物种之间是如何变化的，可以帮助我们深入了解形成这些技能的进化压力。在这项研究中，我们从生态学的角度考察了勃兰特田鼠（Lasiopodomys brandti）和昆明小鼠（Mus musus）的学习和记忆能力。与昆明小鼠相比，勃兰特田鼠的总任务时间（TTT）显著缩短，错误数（NEI）显著减少，空间学习能力显著提高。短期记忆（STMR）结果显示，物种和性别之间没有显著差异。对于长期记忆（LTMR），勃兰特的田鼠在所有时间点上都表现出更好的记忆力，反映在较低的TTT和NEI上。虽然短期遗忘率（STFR）在物种之间具有可比性，但长期遗忘率（LTFR）表明昆明小鼠在较长时间内表现出比勃兰特田鼠更高的记忆丧失率，雄性小鼠表现出比雌性小鼠更高的记忆衰退率。总的来说，研究结果表明，勃兰特田鼠具有增强的空间学习和长期记忆能力，这可能反映了它们对生活条件的适应。该研究有助于我们理解空间学习和记忆的物种和性别差异，为这些认知特征在应对环境挑战时的生态基础提供证据。

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引用次数: 0

Variation in natural color influences mate choice in a fiddler crab (Leptuca leptodactyla) 自然颜色的变化影响招潮蟹（Leptuca leptodactyla）的配偶选择。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105188

Beatriz Aparecida de Souza, Daniel Marques Almeida Pessoa

In several species, natural variation in visible and ultraviolet (UV) light reflectance has been linked to individual reproductive quality. However, when evaluating the value of UV information, most studies employ experimental treatments that completely block UV light reflection, therefore disregarding individual variation in natural coloration. For instance, we already know that female fiddler crabs might refuse males whose claws are devoid of natural UV light reflectance (i.e., by covering them with sunscreen), yet it is still unclear how the natural variation in male fiddler crab claw coloration affects female mate choice. Here, we examine this question and hypothesize that female fiddler crabs can use natural male color variation as a parameter for partner selection. To investigate the preference of female fiddler crabs we set up an experimental arena in a mangrove area and presented female Leptuca leptodactyla (n = 100) with pairs (n = 100) of conspecific males. After registering a female’s choice, we quantified the natural reflectance (i.e., color) from the enlarged claw of each male, by using a spectrometer, and extracted their colorimetric parameters (i.e., brightness, saturation and hue). Our results showed that females significantly favored males displaying higher brightness and lower green saturation. We discuss the possibility that brightness and saturation are redundant properties of the examined trait, both conveying information about male individual quality to females.

在一些物种中，可见光和紫外线（UV）反射率的自然变化与个体的生殖质量有关。然而，在评估紫外线信息的价值时，大多数研究采用完全阻挡紫外线反射的实验处理，因此忽略了自然颜色的个体差异。例如，我们已经知道雌性招潮蟹可能会拒绝那些爪子没有自然紫外线反射能力的雄性（例如，用防晒霜覆盖它们），但雄性招潮蟹爪子颜色的自然变化如何影响雌性的配偶选择仍然不清楚。在这里，我们研究了这个问题，并假设雌性招潮蟹可以使用雄性的自然颜色变化作为选择伴侣的参数。为了研究招潮蟹对雌性的偏好，我们在红树区内设置了一个实验场所，将雌性招潮蟹（n = 100）与同种雄性招潮蟹配对（n = 100）。在记录了雌性的选择后，我们用光谱仪量化了每只雄性的放大爪子的自然反射率（即颜色），并提取了它们的比色参数（即亮度、饱和度和色调）。我们的研究结果表明，雌性明显偏爱高亮度和低绿色饱和度的雄性。我们讨论了亮度和饱和度是被检测性状的冗余属性的可能性，它们都向雌性传递有关雄性个体质量的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Evidence of AAB, ABA, and ABC renewal procedures for instrumental response in elementary school children 小学儿童工具性反应的AAB、ABA和ABC更新程序的证据

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105191

Rosalia Baiamonte , A. Matías Gámez

The reappearance of undesirable behaviours in educational settings, even after applying extinction techniques, remains a persistent challenge for educators. One mechanism that explains this phenomenon is the renewal effect, which has been well-documented in studies with adult humans and other animals, but still underexplored in children. This study investigated the effects of applying AAB renewal procedures (Experiment 1) and ABA and ABC renewal procedures (Experiment 2) through an instrumental learning task in primary school children. The results revealed that, consistent with previous findings, a context change between the extinction and test phases contributes to the return of previously extinguished behaviour. These findings provide an innovative perspective to carry out experiments aimed at evaluating strategies to mitigate response recovery effects, thereby facilitating the subsequent designing of more effective educational interventions to prevent relapse.

教育环境中不良行为的再现，即使在应用了消除技术之后，仍然是教育工作者面临的一个持续的挑战。解释这一现象的一种机制是更新效应，在对成年人和其他动物的研究中已经有了充分的记录，但对儿童的研究还不够充分。本研究通过一项工具性学习任务，考察了运用AAB更新程序（实验1）和ABA和ABC更新程序（实验2）对小学生学习的影响。结果显示，与之前的发现一致，在灭绝和测试阶段之间的环境变化有助于先前消失的行为的回归。这些发现为开展旨在评估缓解反应恢复效应策略的实验提供了一个创新的视角，从而促进后续设计更有效的教育干预措施以防止复发。

引用次数: 0

Responsiveness to sound temporal features at realistic signal presentation rates in a temperate austral forest frog, Batrachyla leptopus (Batrachylidae) 温带南方森林蛙在真实信号呈现率下对声音时间特征的响应

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105178

Mario Penna , Rigoberto Solís , Felipe N. Moreno-Gómez

Evoked vocal responses of male frogs are quite selective for temporal features contained in conspecific calls. However, responses to sound features not contained in natural vocalizations can also elicit evoked calling, indicating a relative broadness of acoustic recognition spaces. Former studies have shown that Batrachyla leptopus, a frog from the South American temperate forest, responds with calls of potential aggressive content to synthetic stimuli containing elements of such signals and also to novel signal features. The current study explores the vocal responsiveness to signals of diverse temporal structure under realistic conditions of stimulus broadcast, employing presentation rates observed in alternating interactions between pairs of males. The results show that aggressive patterns of response, measured as increased call duration, are specially consistent in exposures to stimuli of novel design, not related to natural vocalizations. These results stress the relevance of hidden recognition preferences, pre-existent perceptual biases and related processes to account for the extant acoustic responsiveness of sound communicating animals, contributing to assess the relevance of aggressive signaling patterns for the evolution of sound communication in anurans

雄蛙的诱发声反应对同种鸣叫的时间特征具有相当的选择性。然而，对自然发声中不包含的声音特征的响应也可以引起诱发呼叫，这表明声音识别空间相对广阔。以前的研究表明，一种来自南美温带森林的蛙类Batrachyla leptopus，对含有这些信号元素的合成刺激和新的信号特征做出反应，发出潜在攻击性内容的叫声。本研究利用观察到的雄性对间交替互动的呈现率，探讨了在刺激广播的现实条件下，声音对不同时间结构信号的反应。结果表明，攻击性的反应模式，以叫声持续时间的增加来衡量，在暴露于新设计的刺激时特别一致，与自然发声无关。这些结果强调了隐藏的识别偏好、预先存在的感知偏差和相关过程与声音交流动物现有的声音反应的相关性，有助于评估攻击信号模式与无脊椎动物声音交流进化的相关性

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引用次数: 0

The elusive nature of forward blocking effect on running-based taste aversion learning in laboratory rats 实验大鼠以奔跑为基础的味觉厌恶学习的前向阻断效应的难以捉摸性。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105187

Sadahiko Nakajima, Iho Hasegawa, Maria Nakao, Ai Tanaka, Madoka Abe, Mengwei Li

It is well documented that rats learn to avoid a taste solution consumed immediately before voluntary running in activity wheels, which represents a form of Pavlovian aversive conditioning based on the taste-running association. Although various behavioral phenomena observed in typical Pavlovian preparations, such as fear conditioning, have also been demonstrated in this setup, evidence of the associative blocking effect is limited. The present study aimed to demonstrate this effect, and the first experiment provided some positive evidence. Conditioning rats with serial presentations of two taste solutions followed by an opportunity to run (A → B → running) resulted in reduced aversion to taste A if the rats had prior experience of running after consuming B (B → running), suggesting that the previously established B-running association blocked the A-running association. However, subsequent experiments failed to yield statistically reliable results, raising questions about the robustness of the blocking effect on running-based taste aversion learning.

有充分的证据表明，老鼠学会避免在自愿跑步之前立即食用的味道溶液，这代表了一种基于味觉-跑步关联的巴甫洛夫厌恶条件反射。虽然在典型的巴甫洛夫准备中观察到的各种行为现象，如恐惧条件反射，也在这种设置中得到了证明，但联想阻断效应的证据是有限的。本研究旨在证明这一效应，第一个实验提供了一些积极的证据。对连续呈现两种味道的大鼠进行条件反射（A→B→跑步），如果大鼠在食用B （B→跑步）后有跑步的经验，则大鼠对A味道的厌恶程度降低，这表明先前建立的B-跑步关联阻碍了A-跑步关联。然而，随后的实验未能产生统计上可靠的结果，这就提出了关于阻塞效应在基于跑步的味觉厌恶学习中的稳健性的问题。

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引用次数: 0

Same-sex love triangles in female monkeys: Intra-sexual mate competition between female Japanese macaques for female sexual partners 雌性猴子的同性三角恋：雌性日本猕猴对雌性性伴侣的性内竞争。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105186

Noëlle Gunst , Jean-Baptiste Leca , Paul L. Vasey

While most reports of intra-sexual mate selection occur in the reproductive context of heterosexual interactions, this study aims to explore the behavioral mechanisms and evolutionary significance of a few rare cases of intra-sexual competition during triadic female homosexual relationships in a non-human primate species. Focusing on a population of Japanese macaques known for their routine female homosexual activity, we provide the first detailed quantitative description of three instances of female homosexual triads. These triads are characterized as the spatio-temporal overlap between two dyadic but non-exclusive female homosexual relationships, with the pivot female switching her sexual attention towards a new mate, while her initial sexual partner persists in sexually soliciting the pivot female and tries to chase the female competitor away. We documented the intra-sexual competition that may result from differing levels of sexual attraction among three female protagonists involved in each triad. We presented morphological, behavioral, and socio-demographic evidence in support of the sexual nature of such interactions, which is consistent with the “bisexual preference hypothesis”. We speculated on the proximate causes of this unusual phenomenon.

虽然大多数关于性内配偶选择的报道都发生在异性交往的生殖背景下，但本研究旨在探讨一种非人灵长类动物中三位一体雌性同性恋关系中少数罕见的性内竞争的行为机制及其进化意义。以日本猕猴为研究对象，我们首次对三种雌性同性恋三合会进行了详细的定量描述。这些三位一体的特征是两种二元但非排他性的女性同性恋关系在时空上的重叠，支点女性将她的性注意力转移到新的伴侣身上，而她最初的性伴侣坚持向支点女性进行性要求，并试图赶走女性竞争者。我们记录了性别内的竞争，这可能是由三个女性主角之间不同程度的性吸引力所导致的。我们提出了形态学、行为学和社会人口学的证据来支持这种互动的性本质，这与“双性恋偏好假说”是一致的。我们推测这一不寻常现象的近因。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of wind on movement behaviour in Arctic grizzly bears 风对北极灰熊运动行为的影响。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-03-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105177

Julia L. Self , Ron R. Togunov , Mark A. Edwards , Andrew E. Derocher

Odours are emitted from organic matter and can contain important information about an animal’s surroundings, including the presence and location of other organisms. Wind acts as a conduit of olfactory information, affecting the spread and direction of odour dispersal across terrestrial landscapes. To increase the likelihood of detecting an odour molecule, individuals may exhibit anemotaxis – orientation bias to wind during movement – where the theoretical optimal olfactory search strategy is to move crosswind. We tested for biased movement relative to wind in Arctic grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) during the spring hypophagic period in the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada using modelled winds and satellite-linked telemetry data (n = 12,430 locations) from 40 Arctic grizzly bears monitored between 2003 and 2010. Our results show that orientation relative to wind varied with movement rate, a proxy for active search effort. During steps where bears had high movement rates (> 90th percentile), bears predominantly oriented crosswind. We also found a positive relationship between movement rate and crosswind orientation: as bears moved faster, they increased their crosswind component of orientation. These results suggest an adaptive pattern of movement in response to wind, where bears oriented relative to the wind in a way that increased the likelihood of odour detection during active search. We suggest that future studies could include wind data in habitat selection and foraging models to examine its influence on habitat selection and use.

气味是由有机物散发出来的，可以包含动物周围环境的重要信息，包括其他生物的存在和位置。风作为嗅觉信息的管道，影响着气味在陆地上的传播和方向。为了增加探测到气味分子的可能性，个体可能会表现出趋风性——在运动过程中对风的方向偏好——理论上最优的嗅觉搜索策略是移动侧风。在加拿大西北地区麦肯齐三角洲的春季食性期，我们使用模拟风和卫星连接的遥测数据（n = 12,430个地点）测试了北极灰熊（Ursus arctos）相对于风的偏向运动。这些数据来自2003年至2010年监测的40只北极灰熊。我们的结果表明，相对于风的方向随着移动速度而变化，这是主动搜索努力的一个代理。在熊有高移动率（bbb90百分位数）的步骤中，熊主要面向侧风。我们还发现移动速度和侧风方向之间存在正相关关系：当熊移动得更快时，它们的侧风方向成分也会增加。这些结果表明，熊对风的反应是一种适应性的运动模式，在这种模式下，熊相对于风的方向增加了在主动搜索过程中发现气味的可能性。我们建议未来的研究可以将风数据纳入栖息地选择和觅食模型，以研究其对栖息地选择和利用的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of a timeout contingency on the development of resurgence: An exploratory study with rats 超时偶然性对大鼠复苏发展的影响：一项探索性研究。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105175

Carlos J. Flores , L. Rebeca Mateos , Kenneth D. Madrigal , Cinthia M. Hernandez , Julian C. Velasquez

This experiment assessed the effects of a timeout (TO) contingency for target responding during treatment, on the development of resurgence. Rats were exposed to a two-component multiple schedule (VI 30-s VI 30-s) across three phases. In the first phase, target lever presses were reinforced in both components. During the second phase, alternative lever presses were reinforced while target responses were either placed on extinction in one component or followed by a 30-s TO in the other. In the final test phase, when alternative responding was also placed on extinction, greater resurgence of the target response was observed in the extinction component compared to the TO component. These findings suggest that timeout may be an effective procedure for mitigating resurgence. Further research is warranted to examine how variables such as timeout duration and reinforcement frequency influence its aversiveness and effectiveness in reducing resurgence.

本实验评估了治疗过程中目标反应超时（TO）应急措施对复发的影响。大鼠在三个阶段中暴露于双组分多重时间表（VI 30-s VI 30-s）。在第一阶段，目标压杆在两个部分中都得到强化。在第二阶段，大鼠的替代性按压杠杆行为得到强化，而目标反应在其中一个阶段被消退，或在另一个阶段被持续 30 秒。在最后的测试阶段，当替代反应也被置于消隐状态时，在消隐状态下观察到的目标反应的恢复程度要比在 TO 状态下观察到的目标反应的恢复程度高。这些研究结果表明，超时可能是减轻目标反应恢复的有效方法。还需要进一步研究超时持续时间和强化频率等变量如何影响超时的厌恶性和减少复发的有效性。

引用次数: 0

A standardised ethogram for the Psittaciformes Psittaciformes的标准化正线图。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105172

Layane Yamila Viol , Érica da Silva Bachetti , Luciana Barçante , Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo

The standardisation of ethograms offers behavioural researchers many practical advantages. They make it possible to describe behavioural repertoires and their occurrence in different contexts accurately. As there is no standardised ethogram for Psittaciformes in the scientific literature, this study aimed to create one by compiling information from scientific articles to facilitate and standardise the naming and description of the group's behaviours, allowing for future comparisons between studies. Bibliographic searches for ethograms were carried out on the Scopus and Web of Science platforms, and the selected papers were evaluated to identify the terminology used for the behaviours and their description. The standardised ethogram for Psittaciformes was finalised with 102 behaviours, divided into 11 behavioural categories. The category with the highest number of behaviours was activity. Only 21 species of the order were covered, most from the Psittacidae family, representing 5 % of the 421 described species. Of the articles containing ethograms, 76 % of the authors created them rather than using those already published in the scientific literature. These results collectively indicate the importance of having a standardised ethogram for the Order, as this would facilitate future studies for the group. The standardised ethogram was built in the present study to facilitate behavioural researchers with more precise definitions of all the behaviours and to help unify and compare behavioural research on Psittaciformes.

行为图的标准化为行为研究者提供了许多实用的优势。它们使得准确地描述行为特征及其在不同环境中的出现成为可能。由于科学文献中没有鹦鹉形目动物的标准化族谱，本研究旨在通过收集科学文章中的信息来创建一个族谱，以促进和标准化该群体行为的命名和描述，从而允许未来研究之间的比较。在Scopus和Web of Science平台上对行为图进行书目检索，并对选定的论文进行评估，以确定用于行为及其描述的术语。最终确定了鹦鹉形目动物的标准化谱，包括102种行为，分为11种行为类别。行为最多的类别是活动。仅覆盖了该目的21种，大多数来自鹦鹉科，占420个已描述物种的5%。在含有直方图的文章中，76%的作者创造了直方图，而不是使用已经在科学文献中发表的直方图。这些结果共同表明了为骑士团建立标准化族谱的重要性，因为这将有助于今后对骑士团进行研究。在本研究中建立标准化的族谱是为了方便行为研究人员对所有行为进行更精确的定义，并有助于统一和比较鹦鹉形目动物的行为研究。

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引用次数: 0