Behavioural Processes最新文献_第6页

Blue light preconditioning as a novel strategy for reducing transport stress in zebrafish 蓝光预处理作为减轻斑马鱼运输应激的新策略。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105260

Longfei Huo , Xiaojing Miao , Xuran Zhang , Yi Ren , Qiqi Fu , Jiali Yang , Muqing Liu

In recent years, zebrafish have become increasingly important in experimental sciences, with transportation being a critical step in their use. However, the vibrations during transportation often induce stress responses in the fish, impairing their physiological functions and even leading to death. As a key environmental modulator, light conditions have been shown to significantly affect the physiological state of fish. In this study, we developed a novel experimental setup integrating an adjustable light source and vibration simulation system to replicate transportation conditions and explore the optimal strategies to alleviate fish stress. First, we tested the wavelength preferences of zebrafish in both static and vibrating environments, finding that zebrafish exhibited a significant preference for 455 nm blue light. Subsequently, under consistent light power and illuminance, we measured the impact of different wavelengths of light on zebrafish anxiety behaviors over a two-month period. Further simulated transportation experiments showed that long-term (2 h daily for 14 days) exposure to blue light (455 nm) effectively reduced anxiety-related behaviors in the simulated transportation environment, while short-term exposure to blue light during transportation alone did not alleviate stress. This study confirms the effectiveness of specific blue light (455 nm) in reducing stress responses induced by vibration and provides key insights into optimizing zebrafish transportation protocols, with a particular emphasis on the necessity of light adaptation prior to transport.

近年来，斑马鱼在实验科学中变得越来越重要，运输是利用斑马鱼的关键步骤。然而，运输过程中的振动往往会引起鱼的应激反应，损害它们的生理功能，甚至导致死亡。作为一种关键的环境调节剂，光条件对鱼类的生理状态有显著影响。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种新的实验装置，集成了可调光源和振动模拟系统，以复制运输条件，并探索缓解鱼类压力的最佳策略。首先，我们测试了斑马鱼在静态和振动环境下的波长偏好，发现斑马鱼对455nm的蓝光表现出明显的偏好。随后，在一致的光功率和照度下，我们在两个月的时间里测量了不同波长的光对斑马鱼焦虑行为的影响。进一步的模拟运输实验表明，长时间（每天2小时，持续14天）暴露于蓝光（455nm）可有效减少模拟运输环境中的焦虑相关行为，而在运输过程中短暂暴露于蓝光并不能缓解压力。该研究证实了特定蓝光（455nm）在减少振动引起的应激反应方面的有效性，并为优化斑马鱼运输方案提供了关键见解，特别强调了运输前光适应的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Behavioural variation in the invasive cellar spider Pholcus manueli (Araneae: Pholcidae) 入侵地穴蛛（蜘蛛目：地穴蛛科）的行为变异。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105259

Alexander R. Salazar , Ann. L. Rypstra

Behaviours such as boldness and exploration are highly plastic and as such, we expect differences between populations, especially for invasive species. In particular, populations at the leading edge of an invasion front may display differences in these behaviours relative to long established core populations as they are often key to their dispersal and invasion success. Likewise, in species with sexual dimorphism, the importance of these behaviours to invasion success may differ for males and females. Here we report on an invasive cellar spider, Pholcus manueli (Araneae: Pholcidae), that is expanding westward across the United States. We investigated whether boldness in response to simulated predator cues (physical and airborne disturbances) and exploration of a novel environment varied across P. manueli’s invasive range and between males and females. We found significant differences in the reaction to the simulated predator cues, but not in exploration. Although there was variation between the leading edge and core, the greatest differences lay between males and females from core populations when exposed to a puff of air. We additionally investigated whether females would be less selective of a potential mate at the leading edge. We found marginal support for this and uncovered interesting details regarding P. manueli’s mating system, wherein smaller females were more likely to mate than large ones. Overall, we found boldness and mating behaviour differences between the leading edge and core, but our data suggest greater differences lay between the sexes.

大胆和探索等行为是高度可塑的，因此，我们预计种群之间存在差异，特别是对于入侵物种。特别是，相对于长期建立的核心种群，处于入侵前沿的种群可能在这些行为上表现出差异，因为它们往往是它们扩散和入侵成功的关键。同样，在两性异形的物种中，这些行为对入侵成功的重要性对于雄性和雌性来说可能是不同的。在这里，我们报告了一种入侵的地窖蜘蛛，Pholcus manueli（蜘蛛目：蜘蛛科），它正在向西扩展穿过美国。我们调查了雄性和雌性对模拟捕食者线索（物理和空气干扰）的反应和对新环境的探索是否在不同的入侵范围内和雄性和雌性之间有所不同。我们发现对模拟捕食者线索的反应有显著差异，但在探索方面没有。虽然前缘和核心之间存在差异，但最大的差异存在于暴露于一股空气中的核心种群的雄性和雌性之间。我们还研究了雌性是否会对处于前沿的潜在配偶不那么挑剔。我们发现了对这一观点的边缘性支持，并发现了关于马努埃利种交配系统的有趣细节，其中体型较小的雌性比体型较大的雌性更有可能交配。总的来说，我们发现前沿和核心之间的大胆和交配行为存在差异，但我们的数据表明，性别之间的差异更大。

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引用次数: 0

Rats can spontaneously discriminate different rhythms: An investigation using an automated habituation-dishabituation paradigm 大鼠可以自发地区分不同的节奏：一项使用自动习惯-不习惯范式的调查

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105257

Reo Wada , Takaki Tomatsuri , Kosuke Yoshida , Shiomi Hakataya , Genta Toya , Kazuo Okanoya , Hiroki Koda

Vocal production learning has been thought to be necessary for rhythmic cognition. However, recent studies have shown that rats, a non-vocal production learning species, are capable of discriminating rhythms and synchronizing to rhythm. Here, we investigated whether rats can spontaneously discriminate between different rhythms by using three types of rhythmic sound stimuli that differ only in the ratio of time intervals. In the experiment, we tested 30 rats by using a newly developed automated habituation-dishabituation paradigm implemented with the recent cutting-edge real-time animal tracking technology. The sound stimulus was automatically switched to a different type of rhythmic time interval ratio depending on the tracked animal's movement activity. For all rhythm orders, sound type switching increased the distance travelled by the rats, suggesting that rats can discriminate between rhythms that differ only in the ratio of time intervals. These results indicate that non-vocal production learning species may also be able to recognize the periodic temporal structure of rhythms.

声乐生产学习被认为是节奏认知的必要条件。然而，最近的研究表明，大鼠是一种非声音生产学习物种，能够区分节奏并与节奏同步。在这里，我们研究了大鼠是否可以自发地通过使用三种类型的有节奏的声音刺激来区分不同的节奏，这些声音刺激只在时间间隔的比例上不同。在实验中，我们对30只大鼠进行了测试，使用最新尖端的实时动物跟踪技术实现了新开发的自动化习惯-不习惯范式。根据被跟踪动物的运动活动，声音刺激会自动切换到不同类型的有节奏的时间间隔比率。对于所有的节奏顺序，声音类型转换增加了大鼠移动的距离，这表明大鼠只能在时间间隔的比例上区分不同的节奏。这些结果表明，非声音生产学习物种也可能能够识别节奏的周期性时间结构。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding fear generalization in adult zebrafish in predator-based assays 在基于捕食者的分析中理解成年斑马鱼的恐惧泛化。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105256

Jiayou Jiang , Jiyi Wang , Daniil D. Martynov , Nikita I. Golushko , Yixin Qin , Yunqian Zhang , Chonguang Zhao , Chaoming Wang , Yucheng Liu , Haoyu Feng , Huiling Cai , Kai He , Shulei He , Ruiyu Li , David S. Galstyan , Longen Yang , Murilo S. de Abreu , Allan V. Kalueff

Critical for behavioral adaptations to various natural threats, fear and its generalization have been extensively studied in mammals, including rodents and primates. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents a promising model organism for studying neurobiological bases of emotions and cognitions. Although fear generalization is critical for organismal survival, it remains poorly understood in zebrafish. To address this problem, here we applied a natural predator (Indian leaf fish, Nandus nandus) exposure in various contexts to systematically probe zebrafish behavioral strategies following this vital threat. Overall, our experiments show that zebrafish remember past exposure to a live predator and can generalize this information by avoiding both current and prior locations of the predator in the exposure tank. Collectively, this confirms that zebrafish are capable of generalizing predator fear, and employ advanced cognitive processes (similar to those observed in mammals) in their behavioral strategies when exposed to vital threats.

在哺乳动物（包括啮齿动物和灵长类动物）中，恐惧及其普遍化对适应各种自然威胁的行为至关重要。斑马鱼（Danio rerio）是研究情绪和认知的神经生物学基础的有前途的模式生物。尽管恐惧泛化对生物体的生存至关重要，但对斑马鱼的恐惧泛化仍然知之甚少。为了解决这个问题，我们在不同的环境中使用天然捕食者（印度叶鱼，Nandus Nandus）暴露来系统地探索斑马鱼在这种重要威胁后的行为策略。总的来说，我们的实验表明，斑马鱼记得过去接触过一个活生生的捕食者，并且可以通过避开暴露池中捕食者现在和以前的位置来概括这些信息。总的来说，这证实了斑马鱼有能力概括对捕食者的恐惧，并在面对重大威胁时采用复杂的认知过程（类似于在哺乳动物中观察到的）来制定行为策略。

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引用次数: 0

Quantification of sea turtle swimming patterns using a standardized arena to minimize effort in welfare assessment 使用标准化竞技场对海龟的游泳模式进行量化，以尽量减少福利评估的工作量

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105200

Naoto K. Inoue

Welfare assessment of captive sea turtles has become increasingly important as the need for lifelong care grows. The most valuable indicator of sea turtle welfare is behavioral assessment, as it is non-invasive and more cost-effective than other methods such as physical, nutritional, and environmental assessments. In particular, a higher proportion and longer duration of specific swimming patterns indicate negative sea turtle welfare. However, welfare assessment has been hampered by the efforts required to standardize behavioral criteria across observers and to monitor the environmental factors that influence behavior. To alleviate these efforts, a novel framework to automatically quantify sea turtle swimming within an environmentally standardized arena is proposed in this study. Applying this framework to hatchlings showed its ability to detect individual differences in swimming patterns. Some individuals, with a higher proportion and longer duration of specific swimming patterns, showed signs of poor nutritional or physical condition. These results suggest that accumulating quantitative data through this framework could facilitate the development of individual-level welfare assessment criteria.

随着对终身护理需求的增长，圈养海龟的福利评估变得越来越重要。行为评估是海龟福利最有价值的指标，因为它是无创的，比其他方法（如身体，营养和环境评估）更具成本效益。特别是，特定游泳模式的比例较高和持续时间较长表明海龟的福利为负。然而，福利评估由于需要努力使观察者的行为标准标准化和监测影响行为的环境因素而受到阻碍。为了减轻这些努力，本研究提出了一个新的框架来自动量化海龟在环境标准化舞台上的游泳。将这一框架应用于孵化的幼崽，显示了它探测游泳模式个体差异的能力。某些特定游泳模式的比例较高、持续时间较长的个体，表现出营养或身体状况不佳的迹象。这些结果表明，通过这一框架积累定量数据有助于制定个人层面的福利评估标准。

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引用次数: 0

The effectiveness of Go/Nogo dual-task is modulated by SOA and Go/Nogo ratio Go/Nogo双任务的有效性受SOA和Go/Nogo比率的调节

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105255

Xiaoman Wang, Guiqin Ren, Heming Gao, Mingming Qi

The Go/Nogo dual-task consists of two sequentially presented tasks, i.e., the Go/Nogo task and the probe task. In this task, the Go/Nogo effect can be reflected by the probe Go/Nogo effect (i.e., RT_Nogo-probe – RT_Go-probe). This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Go/Nogo dual-task paradigm by adopting different stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and Go/Nogo ratios. In Experiment 1, two short SOAs (600 ms and 800 ms) and two long SOAs (1300 ms and 1600 ms) were adopted. The results found that the magnitude of the probe Go/Nogo effect was reduced as increasing SOAs. In Experiment 2, two kinds of Go/Nogo ratios (3:1 and 1:1) and two kinds of SOAs (800 ms and 1200 ms) were adopted. The results revealed that the magnitude of the probe Go/Nogo effect was increased in the ratio 3:1 condition than in the ratio 1:1 condition, and was reduced in short SOA than in long SOA conditions. These results demonstrate that the Go/Nogo dual-task effectively detects response inhibition, especially when SOA is short and Nogo trials are infrequent.

Go/Nogo双任务由两个顺序呈现的任务组成，即Go/Nogo任务和探测任务。在本任务中，Go/Nogo效应可以通过探针Go/Nogo效应（即RTNogo-probe - RTGo-probe）来体现。本研究旨在通过采用不同的刺激发生异步（SOA）和Go/Nogo比率来考察Go/Nogo双任务范式的有效性。在实验1中，采用两个短soa（600 ms和800 ms）和两个长soa（1300 ms和1600 ms）。结果发现，随着SOAs的增加，探针Go/Nogo效应的大小减小。实验2采用两种Go/Nogo比（3:1和1:1）和两种soa（800 ms和1200 ms）。结果表明，在比例为3:1的条件下，探针Go/Nogo效应的大小比1:1的条件下增加，在短SOA条件下比长SOA条件下减小。这些结果表明Go/Nogo双任务可以有效地检测响应抑制，特别是当SOA很短且Nogo试验不频繁时。

引用次数: 0

Almost there: Learning to navigate approximately with a grid map 差不多了：学习用网格地图进行导航

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105245

Joe Morford , Patrick Lewin , Paris Jaggers , Joe Wynn , Tim Guilford , Oliver Padget

Grid map navigation, in which animals use intersecting environmental gradients to judge the spatial relationship between their location and their goal, has been proposed to account for impressive navigational abilities across various taxa. However, the precise mechanisms by which animals navigate using environmental gradients are obscure: first, how do animals extrapolate the spatial distribution of gradients, and second, how do they combine spatial information from multiple gradients? Various models of the extrapolation and combination of spatial gradients have been proposed, but the ontogeny of these mechanisms is little considered. Animals might be predisposed to utilise particular navigational strategies, with these fixed through development; alternatively, mechanisms might arise and change through learning. To investigate this, we trained artificial neural networks, as simple computational learning models, to navigate in virtual bicoordinate grid environments, and tested their outputs against previously proposed models. We found neural networks initially adopted ‘the approximate model’: determining their displacement in each gradient independently and summing these to approximate goalward directions. This supports the suggestion that this model represents a relatively simple mechanism to adopt in complex environments. However, by the end of training, neural networks no longer conformed to the model predictions, hence adopting this mechanism for a limited period only. Thus, the predictions of these models might be met only in certain developmental stages as animals learn. Conversely, the neural networks extrapolated gradients differently depending on the environment. These results facilitate more nuanced predictions of how animal navigation might develop through learning. These predictions should be tested as large tracking datasets of animal movements accumulate.

在网格地图导航中，动物使用交叉的环境梯度来判断它们的位置和目标之间的空间关系，已经被提出来解释在不同分类群中令人印象深刻的导航能力。然而，动物利用环境梯度进行导航的确切机制尚不清楚：首先，动物如何推断梯度的空间分布，其次，它们如何结合来自多个梯度的空间信息？空间梯度外推和组合的各种模型已经被提出，但这些机制的个体发生很少被考虑。动物可能倾向于使用特定的导航策略，这些策略在发育过程中是固定的；或者，机制可能通过学习而产生和改变。为了研究这一点，我们训练了人工神经网络，作为简单的计算学习模型，在虚拟双坐标网格环境中导航，并根据先前提出的模型测试了它们的输出。我们发现神经网络最初采用了“近似模型”：独立确定它们在每个梯度中的位移，并将它们相加以近似的目标方向。这支持了这个模型代表了在复杂环境中采用的相对简单的机制的建议。然而，到训练结束时，神经网络不再符合模型预测，因此只能在有限的时间内采用这种机制。因此，这些模型的预测可能只在动物学习的某些发育阶段才能实现。相反，神经网络根据环境的不同推断出不同的梯度。这些结果有助于更细致地预测动物的导航能力是如何通过学习发展的。随着大量动物运动追踪数据的积累，这些预测应该得到检验。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating indicators of intentionality, flexibility, and goal-association in domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) facial signals 评估家猫（Felis silvestris catus）面部信号的意向性、灵活性和目标关联指标

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105244

Samantha Dickey , Jayden Garrett , Lauren Scott , Robert W. Miller , Brittany N. Florkiewicz

Although domesticated cats are often perceived as solitary creatures, they display considerable socio-ecological variability in comparison to their wildcat relatives. This diversity has led cats to develop a variety of facial signals to navigate different environments, as well as several communicative mechanisms, including rapid facial mimicry. The extent to which cats have developed complex communication mechanisms remains uncertain. Specifically, it is not clear if cats can produce facial signals intentionally, flexibly, and in a manner that is associated with specific goals in response to their varied environments. The aim of our current study is to evaluate whether cat facial signals demonstrate indicators of intentional, flexible, and goal-directed use. We assessed these three properties using 9 different variables as described in the research literature, along with the average number of variables (out of 9) associated with their facial signals. We also examined whether there are differences in the production of intentional, flexible, and goal-oriented facial signals based on social context (affiliative vs. non-affiliative), as previous studies suggest that these mechanisms are more closely linked to competitive situations. Our results indicate that the facial signals of domestic cats often reflect variables related to goal-oriented behavior. Furthermore, domestic cats are more likely to exhibit certain variables tied to intentional and flexible communication in non-affiliative contexts. However, generally speaking, the facial signals of domesticated cats rarely display variables associated with intentional and flexible communication. This is likely due to their unique social behavior and organization. Our research enhances the understanding of how distinct socio-ecologies influence the evolution of facial signaling and socio-communicative mechanisms, as well as the potential impact of domestication on the interaction strategies of companion animals.

虽然家猫通常被认为是独居动物，但与野猫亲戚相比，它们表现出相当大的社会生态变异性。这种多样性导致猫发展出各种面部信号来导航不同的环境，以及几种交流机制，包括快速面部模仿。猫在多大程度上发展出复杂的交流机制仍不确定。具体来说，目前尚不清楚猫是否能够有意识地、灵活地、以一种与特定目标相关的方式产生面部信号，以应对不同的环境。我们当前研究的目的是评估猫的面部信号是否表现出有意的、灵活的和目标导向的使用指标。我们使用研究文献中描述的9个不同的变量，以及与面部信号相关的变量的平均数量，来评估这三个属性。我们还研究了基于社会背景（隶属与非隶属）的有意识的、灵活的和目标导向的面部信号的产生是否存在差异，因为之前的研究表明，这些机制与竞争情境更密切相关。我们的研究结果表明，家猫的面部信号经常反映与目标导向行为相关的变量。此外，家猫更有可能在非附属环境中表现出与有意和灵活的交流有关的某些变量。然而，一般来说，家养猫的面部信号很少显示与有意和灵活的交流相关的变量。这可能是由于它们独特的社会行为和组织。我们的研究增强了对不同社会生态如何影响面部信号和社会交际机制进化的理解，以及驯化对伴侣动物互动策略的潜在影响。

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引用次数: 0

Social dynamics and behavior of zoo-housed red-footed tortoises at different housing densities 不同圈养密度下动物园红足龟的社会动态和行为

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105242

Shannon L. O’Brien, Addie Diaz, Katherine A. Cronin

Within zoos, it is common for animals that are considered solitary to be housed with conspecifics. This may be due to a variety of factors such as spatial constraints within zoos, difficulties associated with transferring animals, breeding goals, and/or other management challenges. However, the welfare implications of housing solitary animals with conspecifics are not well understood. This opportunistic study examined the impact of different housing densities (two versus four individuals) on red-footed tortoise social dynamics and behavior. Agonistic behaviors, primarily mounting, were significantly higher when four tortoises were present. Additionally, the tortoises utilized more of their enclosure when four tortoises were present. Social network analyses revealed that the tortoises had a dominance hierarchy, with high asymmetry and unidirectionality between tortoise dyads. Further, social inactivity decreased when only two tortoises were present. Collectively, the results of this study provide valuable information about the relationship between housing density and behavior in these tortoises, which can inform future study design and management strategies at other institutions that house reptiles socially.

在动物园里，被认为是孤独的动物通常与同类动物住在一起。这可能是由于动物园的空间限制、动物转移的困难、繁殖目标和/或其他管理挑战等多种因素造成的。然而，与同类动物一起独居的动物的福利含义还没有得到很好的理解。本研究考察了不同住房密度（2个或4个个体）对红足龟社会动态和行为的影响。当有四只陆龟时，它们的竞争行为（主要是攀爬）显著增加。此外，当有四只象龟在场时，象龟利用了更多的圈地。社会网络分析表明，陆龟具有优势等级，龟对之间具有高度的不对称性和单向性。此外，当只有两只乌龟在场时，社会活动减少了。总的来说，本研究的结果为这些龟的住房密度和行为之间的关系提供了有价值的信息，这可以为其他社会饲养爬行动物的机构的未来研究设计和管理策略提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of timeout punishment of an alternative response on the target response resurgence 替代反应的超时惩罚对目标反应回弹的影响

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105240

Ana Paula Vanderley-Cardoso, Paulo Sergio Dillon Soares-Filho, Diana Milena Cortés-Patiño

Resurgence of a target response is typically induced by worsening the alternative reinforcement conditions by extinction procedures and only a few studies have examined the effects of alternative devaluation procedures, such as timeout. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of punishing an alternative response with a timeout on the resurgence of a target response. Six rats were exposed to four experimental conditions sequentially. In Phase 1 the target response was trained (VI 10 s); In Phase 2, the target response was extinguished while an alternative response was reinforced (VI 10 s); In Phase 3, the alternative response continued to be reinforced but a 50 s timeout could be produced with a probability of .5 and the target response continued in extinction; and in Phase 4, the alternative response was extinguished. Timeout suppressed the alternative response and induced a resurgence for all subjects. To most of the subjects (4 out of 6), extinction produced a greater resurgence than timeout. The present study provides evidence that timeout can induce resurgence and highlights the need for future research to examine how variations in global and local reinforcement rates, as well as stimulus changes independent of reinforcement rate, may influence resurgence.

目标反应的复苏通常是由消失程序使替代强化条件恶化引起的，只有少数研究调查了替代贬值程序（如超时）的影响。本研究旨在评估用超时惩罚替代反应对目标反应重现的影响。将6只大鼠依次置于4种实验条件下。在第一阶段，目标反应被训练（VI 10 s）；在第2阶段，目标反应消失，而替代反应得到加强（VI 10 s）；在第3阶段，备选反应继续加强，但以0.5的概率产生50 s的超时，目标反应继续消失；在第四阶段，备选反应被熄灭了。超时抑制了替代反应，并诱发了所有受试者的复苏。对大多数研究对象（6人中有4人）来说，灭绝比暂停产生了更大的复苏。本研究提供了超时可以诱发死灰复燃的证据，并强调了未来研究的必要性，以检验全球和局部强化率的变化以及独立于强化率的刺激变化如何影响死灰复燃。

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引用次数: 0