Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105134
Yukiko Ogura , Ai Kawamori , Toshiya Matsushima
The marginal value theorem (MVT) predicts that optimal foragers leave a patch when the instantaneous gain rate decreases to the average long-term gain rate. However, various animals systematically deviate from this optimum by staying too long or overharvesting relative to this optimum. We hypothesised that animals do not represent their optimal stay time but instead determine their departure point probabilistically. To test this hypothesis, we conducted behavioural experiments and modelling using chicks. The chicks ran on a treadmill with feeders on both sides, and their travel time to the feeder was experimentally controlled. As predicted by the MVT, the chicks stayed longer at the feeder when forced to run more. However, they stayed even longer than predicted by the MVT. Therefore, we constructed and compared stochastic decision-making models with the MVT-based model. The stochastic models explained the chicks’ behaviour better than the MVT-based model. These results suggest that chicks leave probabilistically based on their immediate foraging history rather than representing an optimal stay time.
{"title":"Chicks make stochastic decisions based on gain rates of different time constants","authors":"Yukiko Ogura , Ai Kawamori , Toshiya Matsushima","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The marginal value theorem (MVT) predicts that optimal foragers leave a patch when the instantaneous gain rate decreases to the average long-term gain rate. However, various animals systematically deviate from this optimum by staying too long or overharvesting relative to this optimum. We hypothesised that animals do not represent their optimal stay time but instead determine their departure point probabilistically. To test this hypothesis, we conducted behavioural experiments and modelling using chicks. The chicks ran on a treadmill with feeders on both sides, and their travel time to the feeder was experimentally controlled. As predicted by the MVT, the chicks stayed longer at the feeder when forced to run more. However, they stayed even longer than predicted by the MVT. Therefore, we constructed and compared stochastic decision-making models with the MVT-based model. The stochastic models explained the chicks’ behaviour better than the MVT-based model. These results suggest that chicks leave probabilistically based on their immediate foraging history rather than representing an optimal stay time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 105134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142871005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105115
Paritosh Ahmed, Abdul Jamil Urfi
To cope with heat stress, storks wet their legs by excreting on them, known as urohidrosis, and perform wing-spreading in which the wings are half extended in the form of an inverted triangle. While several studies have highlighted the role of urohidrosis as an important cooling mechanism and suggested a possible thermoregulatory function of wing-spreading, sex-based comparisons and trends of these behaviours throughout the breeding season remain unexplored. Here we explore thermoregulation in a wild population of Painted Storks (Mycteria leucocephala) nesting in the National Zoological Park, Delhi, India, through the non-invasive videography technique. Temperature, humidity and wind speed significantly influenced both urohidrosis and wing-spreading behaviours. Male storks exhibited higher rates of urohidrosis and spend more time wing-spreading compared to females. Seasonal and diurnal differences were observed with more urohidrosis and wing-spreading during the hottest hours of the day and early part of the nesting season in August-September. The rate of both behaviours declined as the nesting season progressed till November when ambient temperatures dropped.
{"title":"Sex-based differences, diurnal and seasonal trends in thermoregulatory behaviour of nesting Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)","authors":"Paritosh Ahmed, Abdul Jamil Urfi","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To cope with heat stress, storks wet their legs by excreting on them, known as urohidrosis, and perform wing-spreading in which the wings are half extended in the form of an inverted triangle. While several studies have highlighted the role of urohidrosis as an important cooling mechanism and suggested a possible thermoregulatory function of wing-spreading, sex-based comparisons and trends of these behaviours throughout the breeding season remain unexplored. Here we explore thermoregulation in a wild population of Painted Storks (<em>Mycteria leucocephala</em>) nesting in the National Zoological Park, Delhi, India, through the non-invasive videography technique. Temperature, humidity and wind speed significantly influenced both urohidrosis and wing-spreading behaviours. Male storks exhibited higher rates of urohidrosis and spend more time wing-spreading compared to females. Seasonal and diurnal differences were observed with more urohidrosis and wing-spreading during the hottest hours of the day and early part of the nesting season in August-September. The rate of both behaviours declined as the nesting season progressed till November when ambient temperatures dropped.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105124
Julia Laura Pompeu de Abreu, Vinícius de Avelar São-Pedro
Aposematism is a widespread defense mechanism in animals. Anuran amphibians are known for their extensive repertoire of defenses, especially in the adult stage. Color-based mechanisms are particularly common in this group, although their use during the larval stage is still understudied. The hypothesis of aposematism in tadpoles has been suggested for several species that present conspicuous coloration and unpalatability. Tadpoles of some bufonid toads have been considered aposematic for decades, as they have a conspicuous black color, are unpalatable, and form aggregations that make them even more visible. However, few empirical studies have tested aposematism in these larvae against visually oriented predators, such as birds. In this paper, we tested whether the uniform black coloration acts as an aposematic signal in anuran larvae. The research was conducted through field predation experiments using artificial replicas of tadpoles of different colors (brown, gray, and black). The survival of black replicas was significantly higher than that of control groups, supporting the aposematism hypothesis. Given that the replicas varied only in color, we conclude that the differential attacks among treatments were carried out by visually oriented predators, probably birds, that had learned to recognize and avoid black tadpoles.
{"title":"Experimental evidence of aposematic signal in black tadpoles","authors":"Julia Laura Pompeu de Abreu, Vinícius de Avelar São-Pedro","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aposematism is a widespread defense mechanism in animals. Anuran amphibians are known for their extensive repertoire of defenses, especially in the adult stage. Color-based mechanisms are particularly common in this group, although their use during the larval stage is still understudied. The hypothesis of aposematism in tadpoles has been suggested for several species that present conspicuous coloration and unpalatability. Tadpoles of some bufonid toads have been considered aposematic for decades, as they have a conspicuous black color, are unpalatable, and form aggregations that make them even more visible. However, few empirical studies have tested aposematism in these larvae against visually oriented predators, such as birds. In this paper, we tested whether the uniform black coloration acts as an aposematic signal in anuran larvae. The research was conducted through field predation experiments using artificial replicas of tadpoles of different colors (brown, gray, and black). The survival of black replicas was significantly higher than that of control groups, supporting the aposematism hypothesis. Given that the replicas varied only in color, we conclude that the differential attacks among treatments were carried out by visually oriented predators, probably birds, that had learned to recognize and avoid black tadpoles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142725353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105111
Shota Okabe , Yuki Takayanagi , Ryosuke O. Tachibana , Ayumu Inutsuka , Masahide Yoshida , Tatsushi Onaka
Rodent ultrasonic vocalisations can be used to assess social behaviour and have attracted increasing attention. Rats emit 50-kHz and 22-kHz calls during appetitive and aversive states, respectively. These calls induce behavioural and neural responses in the receiver by transmitting the internal states of the rats, thus serving communicative functions. Recently, we discovered that female Lewis rats emit 31-kHz calls under social isolation and inequality conditions; however, the biological significance of 31-kHz calls remains unknown. In the present study, we conducted three playback experiments to examine the behavioural effects of 31-kHz calls. In the first experiment, Lewis female rats were exposed to four types of sound: 22-kHz, 50-kHz, 31-kHz calls, and environmental noise. As a result, rats stayed significantly longer in the area with a sound-producing speaker, regardless of the sound type, than in the silent speaker area. The duration spent around the sound-producing speaker was particularly extended during the 50-kHz or 31-kHz call playback, compared to the environmental noise or 22-kHz call playback. In the second experiment, rats were exposed to refined versions of sound stimuli that were synthesised to preserve prominent frequency components while removing background noise from original calls. Rats significantly preferred to stay around the speaker for the synthesised 50-kHz and 31-kHz sounds, but not for the synthesised 22-kHz sound. However, in the third experiment, additional 31-kHz sound synthesised from calls emitted by a different rat did not elicit a significant preference for the source side. These results suggest that the rats paid attention to the 31-kHz call, although it is plausible that acoustic variability in the 31-kHz USV may affect their approach behaviour.
{"title":"Behavioural response of female Lewis rats toward 31-kHz ultrasonic calls","authors":"Shota Okabe , Yuki Takayanagi , Ryosuke O. Tachibana , Ayumu Inutsuka , Masahide Yoshida , Tatsushi Onaka","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rodent ultrasonic vocalisations can be used to assess social behaviour and have attracted increasing attention. Rats emit 50-kHz and 22-kHz calls during appetitive and aversive states, respectively. These calls induce behavioural and neural responses in the receiver by transmitting the internal states of the rats, thus serving communicative functions. Recently, we discovered that female Lewis rats emit 31-kHz calls under social isolation and inequality conditions; however, the biological significance of 31-kHz calls remains unknown. In the present study, we conducted three playback experiments to examine the behavioural effects of 31-kHz calls. In the first experiment, Lewis female rats were exposed to four types of sound: 22-kHz, 50-kHz, 31-kHz calls, and environmental noise. As a result, rats stayed significantly longer in the area with a sound-producing speaker, regardless of the sound type, than in the silent speaker area. The duration spent around the sound-producing speaker was particularly extended during the 50-kHz or 31-kHz call playback, compared to the environmental noise or 22-kHz call playback. In the second experiment, rats were exposed to refined versions of sound stimuli that were synthesised to preserve prominent frequency components while removing background noise from original calls. Rats significantly preferred to stay around the speaker for the synthesised 50-kHz and 31-kHz sounds, but not for the synthesised 22-kHz sound. However, in the third experiment, additional 31-kHz sound synthesised from calls emitted by a different rat did not elicit a significant preference for the source side. These results suggest that the rats paid attention to the 31-kHz call, although it is plausible that acoustic variability in the 31-kHz USV may affect their approach behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142340283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105123
Joshua E. Wolf, Melissa Larsen
Crustaceans are increasingly used as research subjects in experiments investigating learning in invertebrates. While many of these species may be useful models it is essential to document the presence or absence of behavioral laterality, especially considering the long-held belief that functional lateralization was unique to humans or other vertebrate species. Neglecting this fundamental step weakens the applicability of results and may unnecessarily complicate experimental design. Amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) may be a useful invertebrate for studying simple discriminations or escape behavior, but research on their potential behavioral laterality is absent. The current study investigated whether amphipods demonstrate a left-right bias when navigating an aquatic T-maze by placing them in the maze and recording their choices across multiple trials. Our results suggested that amphipods do not show a strong left-right bias during initial navigation of an aquatic T-maze. These findings may encourage other researchers to test invertebrates for behavioral laterality, utilize amphipods in studies of simple forms of learning, and potentially simplify future experimental design.
在研究无脊椎动物学习能力的实验中，甲壳类动物越来越多地被用作研究对象。虽然这些物种中有许多可能是有用的模型，但记录行为侧向性的存在与否至关重要，特别是考虑到长期以来人们一直认为功能侧向性是人类或其他脊椎动物物种所独有的。忽略这一基本步骤会削弱结果的适用性，并可能不必要地使实验设计复杂化。片脚类动物（Gammarus pseudolimnaeus）可能是研究简单辨别或逃逸行为的一种有用的无脊椎动物，但对其潜在的行为侧向性却缺乏研究。本研究通过将片脚类动物置于迷宫中并记录它们在多次试验中的选择，研究了片脚类动物在水生 T 型迷宫中导航时是否表现出左右偏向。我们的研究结果表明，片脚类动物在水生 T 型迷宫的初始导航过程中不会表现出强烈的左右偏向。这些发现可能会鼓励其他研究人员测试无脊椎动物的行为侧向性，利用片脚类动物研究简单的学习形式，并有可能简化未来的实验设计。
{"title":"Amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) do not demonstrate a left-right preference in a 3-D printed aquatic T-maze","authors":"Joshua E. Wolf, Melissa Larsen","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crustaceans are increasingly used as research subjects in experiments investigating learning in invertebrates. While many of these species may be useful models it is essential to document the presence or absence of behavioral laterality, especially considering the long-held belief that functional lateralization was unique to humans or other vertebrate species. Neglecting this fundamental step weakens the applicability of results and may unnecessarily complicate experimental design. Amphipods (<em>Gammarus pseudolimnaeus)</em> may be a useful invertebrate for studying simple discriminations or escape behavior, but research on their potential behavioral laterality is absent. The current study investigated whether amphipods demonstrate a left-right bias when navigating an aquatic T-maze by placing them in the maze and recording their choices across multiple trials. Our results suggested that amphipods do not show a strong left-right bias during initial navigation of an aquatic T-maze. These findings may encourage other researchers to test invertebrates for behavioral laterality, utilize amphipods in studies of simple forms of learning, and potentially simplify future experimental design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105113
Bert Thys , Rianne Pinxten , Marcel Eens
Birds have evolved a variety of antipredator strategies, which have been extensively studied during day-time. Yet, how diurnal birds directly respond to nocturnal predation threats remains largely elusive, despite that predation risk can be high during both night- and day-time. One form of antipredator behaviour found in several tit species when confronted with a predator at the nest is the hissing display. As for many forms of antipredator behaviour, studies on hissing displays have so far focussed on the day-time. Here, we exposed cavity-nesting free-living female great tits (Parus major) to simulated predator intrusions inside their nest box during both night- and day-time. We showed that 28 % of females uttered at least one hissing call during night-time, while the occurrence of hissing calls was higher during day-time (84 %). Hissing females at night, compared to non-hissing females, produced more hissing calls during day-time, providing evidence for individual cross-context consistency. Night-time hissing behaviour did not predict lay date, clutch size, breeding or nest success, indicating the absence of consequences in terms of current reproduction. Together, we reveal the hitherto undescribed occurrence of hissing displays at night in a cavity-nesting bird, while simultaneously strengthening the evidence for the existence of hissing behavioural types.
{"title":"Individual consistency of hissing displays across night and day in a free-living female songbird","authors":"Bert Thys , Rianne Pinxten , Marcel Eens","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Birds have evolved a variety of antipredator strategies, which have been extensively studied during day-time. Yet, how diurnal birds directly respond to nocturnal predation threats remains largely elusive, despite that predation risk can be high during both night- and day-time. One form of antipredator behaviour found in several tit species when confronted with a predator at the nest is the hissing display. As for many forms of antipredator behaviour, studies on hissing displays have so far focussed on the day-time. Here, we exposed cavity-nesting free-living female great tits (<em>Parus major</em>) to simulated predator intrusions inside their nest box during both night- and day-time. We showed that 28 % of females uttered at least one hissing call during night-time, while the occurrence of hissing calls was higher during day-time (84 %). Hissing females at night, compared to non-hissing females, produced more hissing calls during day-time, providing evidence for individual cross-context consistency. Night-time hissing behaviour did not predict lay date, clutch size, breeding or nest success, indicating the absence of consequences in terms of current reproduction. Together, we reveal the hitherto undescribed occurrence of hissing displays at night in a cavity-nesting bird, while simultaneously strengthening the evidence for the existence of hissing behavioural types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 105113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142493875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105116
Stephanie Gomes-Ng , Kaung Thant Maung , Sarah Cowie
Research with nonhuman animals and children suggests reinforcer control is prospective; that is, behaviour is organised according to the likely future, as extrapolated from past experience. The present experiment extended this work to adult choice, and also explored the effects of individual differences in past, present, and future time-orientation on reinforcer control. Participants (N = 163) responded in a concurrent schedule in which the probability of a reinforcer at the same location as the previous reinforcer varied across conditions. Choice tracked these probabilities, albeit imperfectly, indicating that reinforcers controlled behaviour prospectively. Deviations in choice from reinforcer probabilities were well-captured by a quantitative model assuming that such deviations arise because reinforcers are misallocated to the wrong alternative and because of biases towards one alternative. This replicates previous findings in pigeons and children, hence demonstrating the cross-species generality and developmental continuity of prospective reinforcer control. Individual differences in time orientation appeared not to influence reinforcer control, although further work is needed to explore the conditions under which time orientation modulates prospective reinforcer control.
{"title":"Prospective control by reinforcers in human choice: Misallocation and bias, but not time orientation, influences reinforcer control","authors":"Stephanie Gomes-Ng , Kaung Thant Maung , Sarah Cowie","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research with nonhuman animals and children suggests reinforcer control is <em>prospective</em>; that is, behaviour is organised according to the likely future, as extrapolated from past experience. The present experiment extended this work to adult choice, and also explored the effects of individual differences in past, present, and future time-orientation on reinforcer control. Participants (<em>N</em> = 163) responded in a concurrent schedule in which the probability of a reinforcer at the same location as the previous reinforcer varied across conditions. Choice tracked these probabilities, albeit imperfectly, indicating that reinforcers controlled behaviour prospectively. Deviations in choice from reinforcer probabilities were well-captured by a quantitative model assuming that such deviations arise because reinforcers are <em>misallocated</em> to the wrong alternative and because of <em>biases</em> towards one alternative. This replicates previous findings in pigeons and children, hence demonstrating the cross-species generality and developmental continuity of prospective reinforcer control. Individual differences in time orientation appeared not to influence reinforcer control, although further work is needed to explore the conditions under which time orientation modulates prospective reinforcer control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 105116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Population density in experimental animals is a crucial factor in maintaining the wellbeing of the organisms. Inadequate housing conditions can compromise the validity and reliability of research results, making comparisons between studies difficult. In sociable species such as zebrafish (Danio rerio), which are housed in groups, overcrowding or undercrowding represents a variable that needs to be considered. In this study, we evaluated the effects of housing at different densities for different exposure times on the anxiety response measured in the Plus Maze with Ramp test in zebrafish. The subjects (144) were divided into three large groups according to the housing time (1, 7, and 30 days). Each group was divided into six subgroups based on the density of the fish (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 fish/liter, n = 8) and housed in a 4-liter aquarium. After the housing conditions, each animal was tested individually in the PMR. Time and housing density altered the exploratory behavior of zebrafish. Increased housing time reduced the time spent in the ramp arms, with groups kept for 30 days spending less time in this compartment. Density increased the time spent in the flat arms in groups with 2 and 6 fish/liter and, conversely, reduced the exploration of the ramp arms. Isolation, on the other hand, increased the exploration of the ramp arms, indicating an anxiolytic effect. In this study, we demonstrate that housing conditions can act as low-intensity chronic stressors that alter anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish when tested in the PMR protocol.
{"title":"Effects of housing density on anxiety-like behavior of zebrafish in the plus maze with ramp","authors":"Rodrigo Pessoa , Carla Motta , Elen Araujo-Pessoa , Amauri Gouveia","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Population density in experimental animals is a crucial factor in maintaining the wellbeing of the organisms. Inadequate housing conditions can compromise the validity and reliability of research results, making comparisons between studies difficult. In sociable species such as zebrafish (Danio rerio), which are housed in groups, overcrowding or undercrowding represents a variable that needs to be considered. In this study, we evaluated the effects of housing at different densities for different exposure times on the anxiety response measured in the Plus Maze with Ramp test in zebrafish. The subjects (144) were divided into three large groups according to the housing time (1, 7, and 30 days). Each group was divided into six subgroups based on the density of the fish (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 fish/liter, n = 8) and housed in a 4-liter aquarium. After the housing conditions, each animal was tested individually in the PMR. Time and housing density altered the exploratory behavior of zebrafish. Increased housing time reduced the time spent in the ramp arms, with groups kept for 30 days spending less time in this compartment. Density increased the time spent in the flat arms in groups with 2 and 6 fish/liter and, conversely, reduced the exploration of the ramp arms. Isolation, on the other hand, increased the exploration of the ramp arms, indicating an anxiolytic effect. In this study, we demonstrate that housing conditions can act as low-intensity chronic stressors that alter anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish when tested in the PMR protocol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 105114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105109
Fei Ying Lu , Xiang Liu , Hai Feng Su , Shuo Hong Wang
Collective animal behavior occurs in groups and swarms at almost every biological scale, from single-celled organisms to the largest animals on Earth. The intriguing mysteries behind these group behaviors have attracted many scholars, and while it is known that models can reproduce qualitative features of such complex behaviors, this requires data from real animals to demonstrate, and obtaining data on the exact features of these groups is tricky. In this paper, we propose the Hidden Markov Unscented Tracker (HMUT), which combines the state prediction capability of HMM and the high-precision nonlinear processing capability of UKF. This prediction-driven tracking mechanism enables HMUT to quickly adjust tracking strategies when facing sudden changes in target motion direction or rapid changes in speed, reducing the risk of tracking loss. Videos of fruit fly swarm movement in an enclosed environment are captured using stereo cameras. For the captured fruit fly images, the thresholded AKAZE algorithm is first used to detect the positions of individual fruit flies in the images, and the motion of the fruit flies is modeled using a multidimensional hidden Markov model (HMM). Tracking is then performed using the Unscented Kalman Filter algorithm to obtain the flight trajectories of the fruit flies in two camera views. Finally, 3D reconstruction of the trajectories in both views is achieved through polar coordinate constraints, resulting in 3D motion data of the fruit flies. Additionally, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are evaluated by simulating fruit fly swarm movement using the Boids algorithm. Finally, based on the tracked fruit fly flight data, behavioral characteristics of the fruit flies are analyzed from two perspectives. The first is a statistical analysis of the differences between the two behaviors. The second dimension involves clustering trajectory similarity using the DTW method based on fruit fly flight trajectories, further analyzing the similarity within clusters and differences between clusters.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of tracking and behavioral patterns between wild-type and genetically modified fruit flies using computer vision and statistical methods","authors":"Fei Ying Lu , Xiang Liu , Hai Feng Su , Shuo Hong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Collective animal behavior occurs in groups and swarms at almost every biological scale, from single-celled organisms to the largest animals on Earth. The intriguing mysteries behind these group behaviors have attracted many scholars, and while it is known that models can reproduce qualitative features of such complex behaviors, this requires data from real animals to demonstrate, and obtaining data on the exact features of these groups is tricky. In this paper, we propose the Hidden Markov Unscented Tracker (HMUT), which combines the state prediction capability of HMM and the high-precision nonlinear processing capability of UKF. This prediction-driven tracking mechanism enables HMUT to quickly adjust tracking strategies when facing sudden changes in target motion direction or rapid changes in speed, reducing the risk of tracking loss. Videos of fruit fly swarm movement in an enclosed environment are captured using stereo cameras. For the captured fruit fly images, the thresholded AKAZE algorithm is first used to detect the positions of individual fruit flies in the images, and the motion of the fruit flies is modeled using a multidimensional hidden Markov model (HMM). Tracking is then performed using the Unscented Kalman Filter algorithm to obtain the flight trajectories of the fruit flies in two camera views. Finally, 3D reconstruction of the trajectories in both views is achieved through polar coordinate constraints, resulting in 3D motion data of the fruit flies. Additionally, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are evaluated by simulating fruit fly swarm movement using the Boids algorithm. Finally, based on the tracked fruit fly flight data, behavioral characteristics of the fruit flies are analyzed from two perspectives. The first is a statistical analysis of the differences between the two behaviors. The second dimension involves clustering trajectory similarity using the DTW method based on fruit fly flight trajectories, further analyzing the similarity within clusters and differences between clusters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 105109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142340284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105112
Kelsey Panfil , Travis R. Smith , Lexe West , Cathryn Haas , Kimberly Kirkpatrick
Impulsive choice, defined as choices of a smaller-sooner reward over a larger-later reward, can be reduced by time-based interventions that expose rats to delayed rewards. These interventions improve temporal processing concurrent with reducing impulsive choice. Exposure to delayed reinforcement has produced improvements in self-control after 30 sessions of intervention exposure (Renda et al., 2021). Experiment 1 of the present study used a pre-/post-test design to investigate a range of intervention exposures (6, 15, 30, and 45 sessions), including shorter exposures that have not previously been examined. Peak-interval timing was also assessed to determine whether different intervention exposures would improve temporal processing. All intervention exposures, including the abbreviated intervention, reduced impulsive choice, and improved temporal processing. Experiment 2 showed that the 6-session intervention improved self-control relative to a no-delay control, further strengthening the proposal that an abbreviated intervention may be sufficient to reduce impulsive choice. Moreover, improvements in peak-interval timing were observed in groups receiving a pre-intervention impulsive choice assessment, suggesting that exposure to the impulsive choice task may improve temporal processing.
{"title":"Abbreviated fixed-interval interventions promote self-control in rats","authors":"Kelsey Panfil , Travis R. Smith , Lexe West , Cathryn Haas , Kimberly Kirkpatrick","doi":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Impulsive choice, defined as choices of a smaller-sooner reward over a larger-later reward, can be reduced by time-based interventions that expose rats to delayed rewards. These interventions improve temporal processing concurrent with reducing impulsive choice. Exposure to delayed reinforcement has produced improvements in self-control after 30 sessions of intervention exposure (Renda et al., 2021). Experiment 1 of the present study used a pre-/post-test design to investigate a range of intervention exposures (6, 15, 30, and 45 sessions), including shorter exposures that have not previously been examined. Peak-interval timing was also assessed to determine whether different intervention exposures would improve temporal processing. All intervention exposures, including the abbreviated intervention, reduced impulsive choice, and improved temporal processing. Experiment 2 showed that the 6-session intervention improved self-control relative to a no-delay control, further strengthening the proposal that an abbreviated intervention may be sufficient to reduce impulsive choice. Moreover, improvements in peak-interval timing were observed in groups receiving a pre-intervention impulsive choice assessment, suggesting that exposure to the impulsive choice task may improve temporal processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8746,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Processes","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 105112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142405975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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