Behavioural Processes最新文献_第7页

Predation risk in two Patagonian Liolaemus lizards: Similar escape behaviour in different environmental contexts 两种巴塔哥尼亚Liolaemus蜥蜴的捕食风险：不同环境下相似的逃跑行为。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105235

Martín Cristian Castillo , Félix Benjamín Cruz , Oscar Aníbal Stellatelli , Candela Victorel , Mauro Iván Bonavita , Gabriela Perotti , Débora Lina Moreno Azócar

Prey species may assess the risk of being preyed upon and consequently decide adequate antipredator behaviours that increase their probability of survival. Predation risk is expected to increase with predation pressure, and conversely, to decrease with habitat complexity. Additionally, the colour pattern of the prey may also influence predation risk and conspicuous animals may experience higher risk than cryptic ones. Here we studied escape behaviour of Liolaemus kolengh and L. zullyae, two Patagonian lizard species occurring in habitats with different complexity and abundance of predators. Additionally, they exhibit sexual dichromatism with colourful males and cryptic females. We predicted that both species would show similar escape behaviour, with males showing more intense responses than females. In the field, we simulated predation events and registered flight initiation distance (FID) and refuge distance (RD), two escape behaviour variables related to predation risk in lizards. As expected, both species showed similar FID and RD, which may be explained by the combination of high abundance of predators-high complexity at the habitat of L. zullyae, and low abundance of predators-low complexity at the site of L. kolengh, but also by similar availability and use of rocks as refuges by the species. Intra-specifically, sex influenced FID of L. kolengh lizards only when perching on bare ground, with females allowing closer approaches than males, probably related to a lower detectability against this background. We suggest that environmental variables, microhabitat use and intrinsic characteristics, such as coloration and sex may interact to influence predation risk and escape behaviour.

被捕食的物种可能会评估被捕食的风险，从而决定适当的反捕食行为，以增加它们的生存几率。捕食风险随着捕食压力的增加而增加，相反，随着栖息地复杂性的增加而降低。此外，猎物的颜色图案也可能影响捕食风险，显眼的动物可能比隐蔽的动物经历更高的风险。本文研究了两种巴塔哥尼亚蜥蜴（Liolaemus kolengh）和L. zullyae的逃跑行为，这两种蜥蜴生活在不同复杂程度和捕食者丰度的栖息地。此外，它们还表现出性别上的二色性，有色彩鲜艳的雄性和神秘的雌性。我们预测这两个物种会表现出相似的逃避行为，雄性比雌性表现出更强烈的反应。在野外，我们模拟了蜥蜴的捕食事件，并记录了与捕食风险相关的两个逃跑行为变量——飞行起始距离（FID）和避难距离（RD）。正如预期的那样，两种物种的FID和RD相似，这可能是由于在L. zullyae栖息地捕食者的高丰度-高复杂性和L. kolengh栖息地捕食者的低丰度-低复杂性的结合，以及物种对岩石的可利用性和利用程度相似。在特异性内，性别仅在栖息在裸露地面时影响L. kolengh蜥蜴的FID，雌性比雄性更接近，可能与在这种背景下较低的可探测性有关。我们认为，环境变量、微生境的使用和内在特征（如颜色和性别）可能相互作用，影响捕食风险和逃跑行为。

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引用次数: 0

Conspecific presence affects foraging decisions of insular and mainland Aegean wall lizards (Podarcis erhardii) 同种存在影响岛屿和大陆爱琴海壁蜥的觅食决策。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105234

Ioanna Gavriilidi , Cristina Aanei , Clara Vinyeta-Cortada , Panayiotis Pafilis , Raoul Van Damme

Conspecifics often constitute a valuable source of information. For instance, animals are often attracted to a foraging site by the presence of conspecifics, a phenomenon known as ‘local enhancement’. Theory predicts that animals should engage in local enhancement only when associated benefits (efficient resource detection) outweigh the costs (increased interference competition), a trade off that depends on environmental context. Insular and mainland habitats differ in key ecological factors, such as predation pressure, competition, and food availability, which likely affect how animals use social cues while foraging. Here, we compared the local enhancement behaviour of Aegean wall lizards from three small islets, two larger islands, and two mainland sites in Greece. In the wild, lizards were offered food near a transparent container that either held a conspecific (social trials) or was empty (control). We then compared whether and how fast individuals would (1) emerge near, (2) approach, and (3) start eating the food, between social and control situations, and among habitats (mainland, island, or islet). We also looked at whether the presence of conspecifics – confined, or free-roaming when multiple lizards were attracted – provoked interference competition. Conspecific cues influenced foraging decisions in a complex manner. The presence of confined conspecifics had only minor effects, but other free roaming conspecifics accelerated or inhibited foraging activities, depending on their type (emerging, approaching, eating). Insular lizards also engaged in more aggressive interactions than mainland ones. Our results indicate that the costs and benefits of local enhancement may vary geographically, but they are inconclusive due to methodological limitations. Further research is needed to identify the environmental conditions favouring the evolution of local enhancement and social cognition.

具体情况往往构成有价值的信息来源。例如，动物经常被同种生物吸引到觅食地点，这种现象被称为“局部增强”。理论预测，只有当相关收益（有效的资源探测）超过成本（增加干扰竞争）时，动物才会参与局部增强，这种权衡取决于环境背景。岛屿和大陆栖息地在关键生态因素上有所不同，比如捕食压力、竞争和食物供应，这可能会影响动物在觅食时如何使用社会线索。在这里，我们比较了来自希腊三个小岛、两个较大岛屿和两个大陆地点的爱琴海壁虎的局部增强行为。在野外，蜥蜴在一个透明的容器附近获得食物，这个容器要么装有同种动物（社会试验），要么是空的（对照组）。然后，我们比较了个体是否会(1)出现在附近，(2)接近，(3)开始吃食物，在社会和控制情况下，以及在栖息地（大陆，岛屿或小岛）之间。我们还研究了同种蜥蜴的存在——当吸引了多只蜥蜴时，被限制的或自由漫游的——是否会引发干扰竞争。同种线索以复杂的方式影响觅食决策。禁闭同种虫的存在对其影响较小，但其他自由漫游同种虫则根据其类型（出现、接近、进食）加速或抑制其觅食活动。岛屿上的蜥蜴也比大陆上的蜥蜴更具攻击性。我们的研究结果表明，局部增强的成本和收益可能在地理上有所不同，但由于方法的限制，它们是不确定的。需要进一步的研究来确定有利于局部增强和社会认知进化的环境条件。

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引用次数: 0

Movement path as an ethological lens into interval timing 运动路径作为一种行为学镜头进入间隔计时

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105233

Fuat Balcı , Varsovia Hernandez , Ahmet Hoşer , Alejandro León

Interval timing behavior is traditionally investigated in operant chambers based on the very focal responses of the subjects (e.g., head entry to the magazine, lever press). These measures are blind to the movement trajectory of the animals and capture only a tiny segment and sometimes an idiosyncratic component of the animal's behavior. In other words, the state of the temporal expectancy is not observable at every time point in the trial. On the other hand, in nature, temporal expectancies guide actions in a much more complex fashion. For instance, an animal might approach a food patch at different degrees as a function of the expected time of food availability (e.g., nectar collection behavior). The current study aimed to investigate interval timing in a more naturalistic fashion by analyzing the movement trajectory of rats in fixed time (FT-30s) vs. variable time (VT-30s) schedules in modified open field equipment. We observed a temporally patterned movement in FT but not a VT schedule. In the FT schedule, rats moved away from the reward grid after consuming the presented water and were farthest from it at around 15 s, after which they started to approach the reward grid again. There was no such temporal patterning of movement trajectory in the VT schedule. Temporal control in the FT schedule was stronger when water was delivered close to the wall compared to when it was delivered close to the center of the open field. Our results show that movement trajectory may reflect instantaneous temporal expectancy.

间隔计时行为传统上是在操作室中研究的，基于受试者的非常集中的反应（例如，头部进入杂志，杠杆按压）。这些测量对动物的运动轨迹是盲目的，只捕捉到动物行为的一小部分，有时甚至是一个特殊的组成部分。换句话说，时间期望的状态不是在试验的每个时间点都能观察到的。另一方面，在本质上，时间期望以一种复杂得多的方式指导行为。例如，动物可能会以不同的程度接近食物斑块，这是食物可用性预期时间的函数（例如，花蜜采集行为）。本研究旨在通过分析大鼠在固定时间（FT-30s）和可变时间（VT-30s）计划下的运动轨迹，以更自然的方式研究间隔时间。我们观察到FT的时间模式运动，而不是VT时间表。在FT计划中，老鼠在喝完提供的水后离开奖励网格，在15 秒左右离奖励网格最远，之后它们开始再次接近奖励网格。在VT时间表中没有这种运动轨迹的时间模式。当水在靠近墙的地方输送时，比在靠近空地中心的地方输送时，FT计划中的时间控制更强。我们的研究结果表明，运动轨迹可能反映瞬时时间预期。

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引用次数: 0

Housing-dependent variation in goal-tracking behavior predicts use of a spatial strategy in a dual-solution Morris water maze task 目标跟踪行为的住房依赖变异预测了双解莫里斯水迷宫任务中空间策略的使用

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105232

Daniel E. Kochli, Amelia G. Bonsib, Julia E. Totis, Andrea R. Petersen, Caroline V. Drupka, Megan K. Somers, Emilee C. Cramer, Justus T. Williams

Pavlovian Lever Autoshaping (PLA) is a common method for assessing individual differences in addiction vulnerability, while the Morris water maze (MWM) dual solution task may hold promise as a complimentary behavioral assay. In this procedure, brief lever insertion predicts delivery of a food pellet, non-contingent upon behavior. Sign-trackers preferentially interact with the lever, while goal-trackers preferentially interact with the foodcup. To enhance motivation, rats commonly undergo mild food restriction requiring isolation housing—stressful living conditions for a social species. The present work examines the contribution of housing conditions to performance in PLA and a MWM dual solution task. Male and female rats are assigned to one of three housing conditions at weaning: Enriched (four rats per large cage with enrichment objects), Single (singly-housed standard cage with no enrichment), and Raised Enriched (raised under Enriched conditions, but transitioned to Single conditions at eight weeks). Housing conditions influence PLA performance in a sex-dependent manner. Overall, enriched rats engage in more goal-directed behavior while Single and Raised Enriched rats engage in more cue-directed behavior; this pattern is driven by male rats. Additionally, goal-trackers favor a flexible “place” strategy in the MWM. Results suggest that measures of individual differences in goal- vs. cue-directed behavior are highly sensitive to housing conditions; this sensitivity is greater in males.

巴甫洛夫杠杆自动成形（PLA）是评估成瘾脆弱性个体差异的常用方法，而莫里斯水迷宫（MWM）双解任务可能有望作为一种互补的行为分析。在这个过程中，短暂的杠杆插入预测食物颗粒的交付，而不取决于行为。签名跟踪器优先与杠杆交互，而目标跟踪器优先与食物杯交互。为了增强动力，大鼠通常会接受轻微的食物限制，这需要隔离的住房——对于一个群居物种来说，这是一种压力很大的生活条件。本研究考察了住房条件对PLA和MWM双解任务绩效的贡献。雄性和雌性大鼠在断奶时被分配到三种饲养条件中的一种：强化饲养（每个大笼子有浓缩物），单人饲养（单个标准笼子，没有浓缩）和强化饲养（在强化条件下饲养，但在八周后过渡到单人饲养条件）。住房条件以性别依赖的方式影响PLA性能。总体而言，富集的大鼠表现出更多的目标导向行为，而单一和提高富集的大鼠表现出更多的线索导向行为；这种模式是由雄性老鼠驱动的。此外，目标跟踪器在MWM中支持灵活的“位置”策略。结果表明，目标导向行为与线索导向行为的个体差异测量对住房条件高度敏感；这种敏感性在男性中更为明显。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of probabilistic win-paired-cues on loss trials on risky choice in rats 概率赢对提示对大鼠风险选择失败试验的影响

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105231

Connor M. Lambert, Karen G. Anderson

Gambling Disorder affects 1.4 % of the global adult population and can result in detriments to physical, mental, and financial well-being. Electronic gambling machines may be more addictive than other forms of gambling. Electronic gambling machines present a series of audiovisual stimuli concurrently with winning and some losing outcomes. Previous research in human and non-human animals has found increased levels of risky choice when audiovisual stimuli are presented with wins compared to their absence. The present study was arranged to evaluate how a visual stimulus paired with winning outcomes, and presented on some losing outcomes, would influence risky choice in rats using a probability-discounting paradigm. A choice between a smaller, certain outcome and a larger, uncertain outcome (with changing probabilities) was presented. A visual cue was always presented with winning outcomes and was systematically implemented on a proportion of outcomes where a choice was made for the uncertain alternative, but no food reinforcement was delivered. Increases in risky choice were found when the win-associated stimulus was presented on half of all losing outcomes, relative to when it was omitted. Increases in risky choice were observable when choice was between relatively equal value choices and when the value of the smaller, certain alternative was only slightly higher than that of the larger, uncertain alternative. Risky choices were also more likely following a losing trial with the presentation of the win-paired cue than following a win or a loss without the win-paired cue. Implications in electronic gambling machines are discussed.

赌博障碍影响了全球成人人口的1.4% %，并可能对身体、精神和财务健康造成损害。电子赌博机可能比其他形式的赌博更容易上瘾。电子赌博机提供一系列视听刺激，同时伴有输赢结果。先前对人类和非人类动物的研究发现，当视听刺激出现时，与没有出现时相比，它们的风险选择水平更高。本研究的目的是利用概率贴现范式来评估视觉刺激与获胜结果的配对，以及对一些失败结果的呈现如何影响大鼠的风险选择。在一个较小的、确定的结果和一个较大的、不确定的结果（具有变化的概率）之间进行选择。视觉线索总是呈现获胜结果，并系统地执行一定比例的结果，即选择不确定的替代方案，但没有提供食物强化。研究发现，当输赢相关刺激出现在所有输赢结果的一半上时，风险选择的增加，相对于不出现输赢相关刺激的情况。当在价值相对相等的选择之间进行选择时，当较小的、确定的选择的价值仅略高于较大的、不确定的选择的价值时，风险选择的增加是可以观察到的。与没有提示的输赢试验相比，在输赢试验中出现双赢提示后，受试者更有可能做出冒险的选择。讨论了电子赌博机的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding (and appreciating) behavioral complexity of zebrafish novel tank assays 理解（和欣赏）斑马鱼的行为复杂性的新水箱试验。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105230

Nikita I. Golushko , Daniil Matrynov , David S. Galstyan , Kirill V. Apukhtin , Murilo S. de Abreu , Longen Yang , Adam Michael Stewart , Allan V. Kalueff

Zebrafish are rapidly becoming an important model organism in neurobehavioral research. The novel tank diving test is commonly used for assessing locomotor, anxiety-related and other behaviors in adult zebrafish. Assessing characteristic neophobic bottom preference, erratic movements and freezing/immobility behavior, the test represents a fast, easy-to-perform, single-trial novelty-based assay sensitive to pharmacological, genetic and environmental manipulations. Here, we critically evaluate key behavioral parameters in the novel tank test, and multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect the assessment of fish behavioral phenotypes, including habituation, homebase, social behaviors, stress responses, novelty/familiarity and personality traits. We also discuss the value of this assay for modeling a broad spectrum of brain phenomena, including generalized anxiety, fear, panic-like, post-traumatic stress- and depression-like behavior. Overall, the emerging behavioral complexity of the novel tank test extends beyond the traditional dichotomic conflict between fear and exploration, likely reflecting multiple overlapping neurobehavioral domains in zebrafish.

斑马鱼正迅速成为神经行为研究的重要模式生物。新型的水箱潜水试验被广泛用于评估成年斑马鱼的运动、焦虑等行为。基于特征的新恐惧症底部偏好，不稳定的运动和冻结/不动行为，该测试代表了一种快速，易于执行，单次试验新颖的检测，对药理学，遗传和环境操作敏感。在此，我们批判性地评估了新型鱼缸试验中的关键行为参数，以及影响鱼类行为表型评估的多种内在和外在因素，包括习惯化、本垒、社会行为、应激反应、新奇/熟悉度和人格特征。我们还讨论了该分析对广谱脑现象建模的价值，包括广泛性焦虑、恐惧、恐慌样、创伤后应激和抑郁样行为。总的来说，新水箱测试的行为复杂性超越了传统的恐惧和探索之间的二分冲突，可能反映了斑马鱼的多个重叠的神经行为领域。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental analysis of choice behavior in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) 日本鳗（Anguilla japonica）选择行为的实验分析。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105227

Shigeru Watanabe

The choice behavior of Japanese eels was analyzed using a generalized matching law. The eels were trained to select between two pipes in a water pool apparatus. Upon entering a pipe, the subjects received reinforcement in the form of a fixed stay duration, which varied from 10 to 2 min, resulting in different reinforcement magnitudes. The application of the generalized matching law successfully predicted the eels' choices and revealed a tendency toward undermatching. Notably, this experiment introduced three novel elements: 1) a new species under study, 2) a novel form of reinforcement, and 3) a discrete trial training method rather than traditional free operant training. These findings broaden the scope of the applicability of the generalized matching law, illustrating its relevance across different species, reinforcement modalities, and training methodologies, thus suggesting universality in the phenomenon of undermatching.

利用广义匹配律分析了日本鳗鲡的选择行为。这些鳗鱼被训练在水池装置中的两根管子之间进行选择。在进入管道后，受试者接受固定停留时间的强化，停留时间从10到2min不等，从而产生不同的强化幅度。应用广义匹配律成功地预测了鳗鱼的选择，并揭示了不匹配的趋势。值得注意的是，该实验引入了三个新元素：1)一个新的研究物种；2)一种新的强化形式；3)一种离散试验训练方法，而不是传统的自由操作训练。这些发现扩大了广义匹配定律的适用性范围，说明了它在不同物种、强化方式和训练方法之间的相关性，从而表明了不匹配现象的普遍性。

引用次数: 0

The function of antennation as courtship in bean beetles 触角在豆甲虫求偶时的功能

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105229

Frances S. Rice , Lia Romanotto , Sylvie Paddon-Jones, Flavia Barbosa

During mating, male bean beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus) engage in antennation, a behavior where they rapidly tap the female’s back immediately before intromission. Behavioral observations suggest that antennation may function as courtship in this species, but this has not yet been empirically tested. Here we sought to determine the function of antennation by investigating whether females prefer higher antennation intensity. We tested this by measuring and comparing mating behaviors of females who mated with either control males or males where one antenna had been ablated. By ablating one of the male’s antennae, we were able to manipulate the female’s perception of antennation intensity. We found that when females mated with a single male, the ablation treatment had no effect on the female preference behaviors we measured (latency to copulate, kicking behavior, and clutch size). However, when females were allowed to mate twice, once with a control and once with a manipulated male, we found that females laid more eggs when they mated with a control male. Overall, we found that females show a preference for more intense antennation behavior by increasing their clutch size when they mate multiply. This supports the hypothesis that antennation functions as courtship in this species.

在交配期间，雄性豆甲虫（Callosobruchus maculatus）会进行触须，在进入之前，它们会迅速拍一下雌性的背部。行为观察表明，触角可能在这个物种中起到求爱的作用，但这还没有经过实证检验。在这里，我们试图通过调查雌性是否喜欢更高的触角强度来确定触角的功能。我们通过测量和比较雌性与对照雄性或一只天线被切除的雄性交配的交配行为来测试这一点。通过切除雄性的一根触角，我们能够操纵雌性对触角强度的感知。我们发现，当雌性与单个雄性交配时，消融治疗对我们测量的雌性偏好行为（交配潜伏期、踢腿行为和窝卵数量）没有影响。然而，当雌性被允许交配两次时，一次与对照雄性交配，一次与被操纵的雄性交配，我们发现雌性在与对照雄性交配时产下更多的卵。总的来说，我们发现雌性在交配繁殖时通过增加窝的数量来表现出对更强烈的触角行为的偏好。这支持了该物种的触角功能是求爱的假设。

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引用次数: 0

Long-term variability in the song of the thrush nightingale (Luscinia luscinia) and its relations to the territorial behavior of males 画眉夜莺（Luscinia Luscinia）歌声的长期变异性及其与雄性领土行为的关系

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105228

Vladimir Ivanitskii , Julia Bezrukova , Anastasia Grebenkova , Maria Mikhylova , Aleksey Opaev , Andrei Vlasov , Irina Marova

Researchers have paid a lot of attention to the temporal variability of birdsong. Data obtained during long-term observations are of particular interest in this context. In this article, we present evidences of the long-term dynamics of the thrush nightingale singing in the Kursk region (Russia) over a period of almost half a century. The average size of individual repertoires remained relatively stable throughout the entire observation period, despite an almost twofold increase in the total size of the population's repertoire. Over 40 years (1975 – 2014), the population repertoire of song types has changed completely. For five years (2014–2018), the repertoire remained relatively stable, while in the next six years (2018–2023) there was a complete change again. Thus, the evolution of the population repertoires of the song types over time includes both periods of relative stability and periods of rapid changes up to a complete change in the composition of the dialect in just a few years. In playback experiments, we tested male response to changes in song over time to ascertain how song evolution has affected signal efficacy in male–male competition. There were no obvious differences in the response of territorial males to the playback of songs recorded in 1975 and 2023. We hypothesize that the perception of thrush nightingales is well adapted to the numerous and relatively rapid changes in the local dialect, so their response to playback does not significantly depend on the specific recording presented.

研究人员对鸟类鸣叫的时间变异性给予了很大的关注。在这方面，在长期观测中获得的数据特别令人感兴趣。在这篇文章中，我们提出了近半个世纪以来库尔斯克地区（俄罗斯）画眉夜莺歌唱的长期动态证据。在整个观察期间，个体曲目的平均规模保持相对稳定，尽管人口曲目的总规模增加了近两倍。在过去的40年里（1975年至2014年），人们对歌曲类型的保留曲目发生了完全的变化。在2014-2018年的五年中，剧目保持相对稳定，而在接下来的六年（2018-2023年）中，剧目又发生了彻底的变化。因此，随着时间的推移，歌曲类型的人口曲目的演变既包括相对稳定的时期，也包括快速变化的时期，直到方言组成在短短几年内发生完全变化。在回放实验中，我们测试了雄性对歌曲变化的反应，以确定歌曲进化如何影响雄性竞争中的信号效率。领地雄性对1975年和2023年录制的歌曲播放的反应无明显差异。我们假设画鸫夜莺的感知很好地适应了当地方言的大量和相对快速的变化，因此它们对回放的反应并不明显依赖于所呈现的特定录音。

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引用次数: 0

Territorial defense is ineffective at protecting eggs from predation in the endangered Leon Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon bovinus) 领土防御在保护濒临灭绝的利昂泉幼鱼的卵免受捕食方面是无效的。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105219

Jennifer L. Snekser , John K. Leiser , Natalie A. van Breukelen , Murray Itzkowitz

In an experimental field study, we examined the effectiveness of territorial defense by male Leon Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon bovinus) in safeguarding eggs from predation. Both Pecos gambusia (Gambusia nobilis) and small C. bovinus intrude into territories to forage and will follow spawning pairs to eat newly deposited eggs. To test whether attacking and chasing these intruders would reduce the number of eggs that territorial males lost to predation, we excluded large males from different portions of their territories but still allowed the smaller fish to access those areas. Males lost many of their eggs to predators, but a similar number and proportion of eggs were lost to predation whether males could or could not defend those portions of the territory. We speculate that the haphazard distribution of egg laying by females may play a more important role than territorial defense in mitigating egg predation and discuss broader concerns of egg predation and habitat loss as threats to the survival of this endangered species.

在野外实验研究中，我们研究了雄性利昂春幼鱼（Cyprinodon bovinus）保护卵免遭捕食的领土防御效果。大羚羊（gambusia nobilis）和小牛牛都侵入领地觅食，并会跟随产卵对吃新产卵的蛋。为了测试攻击和追逐这些入侵者是否会减少领地雄性因捕食而失去的卵的数量，我们将大型雄性排除在其领地的不同部分之外，但仍然允许较小的鱼类进入这些区域。雄性失去了许多卵给捕食者，但无论雄性是否能保护这些领土，被捕食者失去的卵的数量和比例都是相似的。我们推测雌性产卵的随意分布可能比领土防御在减少卵捕食方面发挥更重要的作用，并讨论了卵捕食和栖息地丧失对这种濒危物种生存的威胁。

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引用次数: 0