Behavioural Processes最新文献_第2页

Impact of tourism on bird behavior: A comparison of flight initiation distance between birds in areas of tourist and non-tourist attraction 旅游对鸟类行为的影响：旅游景区与非旅游景区鸟类起飞距离的比较

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105140

Shuang Yang , Wei Liang

Tourism, as an important manifestation of urbanization, is becoming increasingly popular. Although it offers numerous advantages for the local community, it also exerts a multifaceted impact on local wildlife. Previous research on the effects of tourism has mainly focused on protected areas or tourist spots, rarely considering the surrounding non-tourist attraction areas. Therefore, exploring the behavioral differences of wildlife in response to different levels of human disturbance in areas of tourist and non-tourist attraction will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of tourism activities on animals. This study compared the differences in the flight initiation distance (FID) of Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) between areas of tourist attraction (Xijiang Miao Village and Zhaoxing Dong Village) and non-tourist attraction (surrounding villages) in Guizhou Province, southwestern China. We found that Eurasian tree sparrows in areas of tourist attraction exhibited shorter FIDs than those in areas of non-tourist attraction, suggesting that Eurasian tree sparrows inhabiting areas with higher levels of human disturbance demonstrate a greater ability to adapt to anthropogenic disturbance. Moreover, the FID of Eurasian tree sparrows was less influenced by flock size than by tourist attraction category. It highlights the notable impact of human activities on wildlife, contributing to the scientific management and protection of birds in urban environments.

旅游业作为城市化的重要表现形式，越来越受到人们的欢迎。虽然它为当地社区提供了许多好处，但它也对当地野生动物产生了多方面的影响。以往关于旅游效应的研究主要集中在保护区或旅游景点，很少考虑周边的非旅游吸引区。因此，探讨旅游景区和非旅游景区野生动物在不同程度人为干扰下的行为差异，将有助于更全面地了解旅游活动对动物的影响。本研究比较了贵州省旅游景区（西江庙村和肇星洞村）与非旅游景区（周边村庄）间欧亚树麻雀（Passer montanus）的飞起距离（FID）差异。研究发现，生活在旅游景区的欧亚树雀比生活在非旅游景区的欧亚树雀表现出更短的FIDs，表明生活在人为干扰程度较高地区的欧亚树雀对人为干扰的适应能力更强。此外，欧亚树雀的FID受种群规模的影响较小，而受旅游景点类别的影响较小。它突出了人类活动对野生动物的显著影响，有助于科学管理和保护城市环境中的鸟类。

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引用次数: 0

The temporal copulatory patterns of female rat sexual behavior 雌性大鼠性行为的时间交配模式。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105148

John C. Oyem, Roy Heijkoop, Eelke M.S. Snoeren

Female sexual behavior is a naturally rewarding activity that plays an important role in reproduction and species survival. For female rats, regulating the timing of sexual interactions is essential for optimizing mating satisfaction and enhancing the physiological conditions needed for successful fertilization. So far, traditional research on female sexual behavior has relied on a limited set of behavioral parameters, which has certain shortcomings. To address this, our study aimed to develop a more detailed behavioral framework for assessing temporal copulatory patterns in female rats. We compared fully receptive females and less-receptive females, while also investigating the effects of (R)-(+)-8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT_1A receptor agonist known for its inhibitory impact on female sexual behavior. Additionally, we examined how sexual experience and pacing conditions influence these copulatory patterns. Our results revealed that female rats engage in structured patterns of sexual bouts and time-outs, with higher receptivity leading to more sexual bouts and shorter time-outs. This suggests that sexual bouts can be viewed as an indicator of copulatory speed, while time-outs reflect motivation to continue mating. Sexual experience did not enhance sexual performance but did result in females receiving more copulatory events from males. Lastly, we found that the conditions under which mating occurs (paced vs. non-paced) may not significantly impact copulatory behavior in fully-receptive females, but could be more relevant for less-receptive females. Despite this, paced mating conditions remain preferable for studying female sexual behavior.

雌性的性行为是一种自然的奖励活动，在繁殖和物种生存中起着重要作用。对于雌性大鼠来说，调节交配时间对于优化交配满意度和提高成功受精所需的生理条件至关重要。迄今为止，对女性性行为的传统研究依赖于一组有限的行为参数，存在一定的不足。为了解决这个问题，我们的研究旨在开发一个更详细的行为框架来评估雌性大鼠的时间交配模式。我们比较了完全接受性的雌性和不接受性的雌性，同时也研究了(R)-(+)-8- oh - dpat的作用，这是一种5-HT1A受体激动剂，以其对雌性性行为的抑制作用而知名。此外，我们还研究了性经验和节奏条件如何影响这些交配模式。我们的研究结果表明，雌性大鼠参与了性发作和暂停的结构化模式，更高的接受性导致更多的性发作和更短的暂停。这表明，性回合可以被视为交配速度的一个指标，而暂停则反映了继续交配的动机。性经验并没有提高性表现，但确实导致雌性从雄性那里得到更多的交配机会。最后，我们发现交配发生的条件（有节奏的和无节奏的）可能对完全接受交配的雌性的交配行为没有显著影响，但对低接受交配的雌性可能更相关。尽管如此，有节奏的交配条件仍然是研究女性性行为的首选条件。

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引用次数: 0

The influence of guided tours on the welfare of white-handed gibbons and capuchin monkeys at Maia Zoo 导游对马亚动物园白掌长臂猿和卷尾猴福利的影响。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105150

Catarina Cunha , Sofia N. Wasterlain

Zoo animals are regularly exposed to a plethora of sensorial stimuli beyond their control, which can adversely impact their behaviour and welfare, including unfamiliar faces, excessive noise and intrusive visitor interaction. Zoos have implemented various measures, such as enrichments and regulation of visitor behaviour, to mitigate these effects. However, guided tours have not been used to simultaneously control visitor behaviour and maintain animal welfare. In this study, we investigated how visitors influence the behaviour of two non-human primate species: white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) and capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella), by observing primate behaviour and visitor noise and behaviour under guided and self-guided tour conditions. The main focus was to assess visitor impact on animal welfare and investigate whether guided tours helped regulate visitors’ unwanted noise and behaviour. Observational data on several behaviours were obtained through instantaneous sampling intervals lasting 15-minutes each. Results indicate that in the gibbons’ enclosure, guided tours, compared to self-guided tours, were associated with lower noise levels (mean reduction of 3.0 dB) and reduced self-grooming frequencies. Conversely, capuchin monkeys exhibited similar behavioural responses between tour types, likely influenced by the presence of an infant born during the study. Although results varied, they suggest guided tours might be associated to reduced visitor noise and may provide a familiar presence for the animals, due to the presence of a guide, which could potentially influence welfare outcomes. However, evidence of enhanced welfare remains inconclusive. Furthermore, integrating guided tours as educational and conservation initiatives could effectively engage visitors and ensure zoo animal welfare.

动物园的动物经常暴露在它们无法控制的大量感官刺激中，这可能对它们的行为和福利产生不利影响，包括不熟悉的面孔、过度的噪音和侵扰性的游客互动。动物园已经实施了各种措施，如丰富和规范游客的行为，以减轻这些影响。然而，导游并没有被用来同时控制游客的行为和维护动物的福利。本研究通过观察两种非人类灵长类动物——白掌长臂猿（Hylobates lar）和卷尾猴（Sapajus apella）在导游和自导导游条件下的灵长类动物行为以及游客的噪音和行为，研究了游客对它们行为的影响。主要目的是评估游客对动物福利的影响，并调查导游是否有助于控制游客不必要的噪音和行为。通过每次15分钟的瞬时采样间隔获得若干行为的观察数据。结果表明，在长臂猿的圈地中，与自游相比，有导游的游览具有较低的噪音水平（平均降低3.0dB）和较低的自我梳理频率。相反，卷尾猴在不同的旅行类型中表现出相似的行为反应，可能受到研究期间出生的婴儿的影响。尽管结果各不相同，但他们认为，导游可能会减少游客的噪音，并可能为动物提供一种熟悉的存在，因为导游的存在可能会影响福利结果。然而，福利增加的证据仍然没有定论。此外，将导游作为教育和保护措施，可以有效地吸引游客，确保动物园动物的福利。

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引用次数: 0

Neophobia and exploration behavior in urban gulls: The Kelp Gulls (Larus dominicanus) as a study case 城市海鸥的新事物恐惧症与探索行为：以海带鸥为研究对象。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105147

M. Candelaria Biagiotti Barchiesi, German O. Garcia, Melina V. Castano, Laura M. Biondi

Neophobia and exploratory behavior are personality traits through which organisms evaluate and respond to environment changes by adjusting their behavior. The Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) is a generalist seabird that consumes a wide variety of prey. Neophobia levels and exploratory behavior in novel circumstances were analyzed in urban adult (n = 13) and immature (n = 15) Kelp Gulls captured in the landfill of Mar del Plata city. These personality traits were not significantly affected by the age of the bird. Longer feeding latencies were observed in presence of novel objects, and neophobia levels were higher in the presence of a transparent box. The exploratory events were brief and influenced by the physical properties of the objects; gulls favored complex and yellow objects. Higher neophobia levels were associated with a longer time to start the exploration and spending less time investigating the objects. Exposure to an urban environment can modulate the novelty response, partially explaining lack of difference in neophobia levels and exploratory behavior between ages, as well as the apparent absence of intrinsic attraction to unfamiliar objects when not associated with a food source. Furthermore, in relation to complex objects, unfamiliar objects likely offer richer information, driving gulls' exploratory preference.

新事物恐惧症和探索行为是生物体通过调整自己的行为来评估和应对环境变化的人格特征。海带鸥（Larus dominicanus）是一种多面手海鸟，捕食各种各样的猎物。分析了在马德普拉塔市垃圾填埋场捕获的城市成鸟（n=13）和幼鸟（n=15）的新事物恐惧症水平和新环境下的探索行为。这些性格特征不受鸟龄的显著影响。在有新奇物体的情况下，观察到更长的进食潜伏期，在有透明盒子的情况下，新事物恐惧症的水平更高。探索活动很短暂，而且受物体物理性质的影响；海鸥喜欢复杂的黄色物体。新事物恐惧症水平越高，开始探索的时间越长，研究物体的时间越少。暴露在城市环境中可以调节新奇反应，部分解释了不同年龄的人对新事物的恐惧程度和探索行为没有差异，以及当与食物来源无关时对不熟悉的物体明显缺乏内在吸引力。此外，相对于复杂的物体，不熟悉的物体可能提供更丰富的信息，驱动海鸥的探索偏好。

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引用次数: 0

Behavioral evidence that repetitive responses in a free-movement pattern Y-maze are associated with ageing-related deficit in working memory

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105152

Edward S. Redhead , Jude Rolfe-Tarrant , Antony Wood , Matthew O. Parker

Visuospatial working memory (VSWM) is crucial for navigating complex environments and is known to decline with ageing. The Free-Movement Pattern (FMP) Y-maze, used in animal studies, provides a robust paradigm for assessing VSWM via analyses of individual differences in repeated alternating sequences of left (L) and right (R) responses (LRLR, etc.), the predominant search pattern in many species. Previous human studies have used a honeycomb-shaped maze, designed for continuous search and trajectory-based navigation, and have shown ageing-related decline in performance of alternating responses. To date, there has been no examination of responses in the closed Y-maze in humans, faithfully replicating the discrete arm entry conditions of animal experiments. Experiment 1 replicated results observed in the honeycomb Y-maze: younger participants (18–40 years) displayed higher levels of alternating turns (LRLR/RLRL), while older participants (70 + years) exhibited predominantly sequential repetitive responses (i.e. LLLL/RRRR). Experiment 2 demonstrated that alternations reflect VSWM. Specifically, there was a significant correlation between proportion of alternating responses and higher scores on the digital Corsi test, a validated measure of VSWM. When alternating responses were reinforced in Experiment 3, older participants still alternated less and repeated more than younger participants. These findings suggest that age-related declines in VSWM underpin the repetitive search patterns observed in older adults. By faithfully replicating the conditions of animal studies, the closed FMP Y-maze offers a simple, scalable tool for assessing VSWM in humans. Its design is particularly suited for gamification, enhancing motivation, reducing stress, and personalizing interventions to improve performance in older populations.

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引用次数: 0

Higher noise levels increase activity during the day and change the nocturnal habits of zoo-housed crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous)

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105136

Josiane S. Marques , Angelica S. Vasconcellos , Cibele Biondo

The presence of visitors in zoos is commonly associated with higher noise levels, which have been correlated with increases in animals’ aggressive and stereotyped behaviours. We tested the effect of noise on the behaviour of six crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) - nocturnal canids - housed in four zoos in the São Paulo State countryside in Brazil in 2017. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) the presence of visitors increases the levels of noise; (2) higher noise levels affect the behaviour of the animals. We recorded the duration of the animals’ behaviours and the levels of noise (LAeq and LApeak) on days without visitors (Mondays) and with visitors (Saturdays and Sundays), as well as the duration of behaviours on the nights following these days. On days with higher noise levels, we recorded a higher duration of foraging and maintenance behaviours (e.g., yawning, sneezing, defecating, urinating, vocalising, stretching paws, and shaking body), and a lower duration of exploration. During the nights after days with high noise levels, there was a decrease in the duration of vigilance. Such changes in the behaviour of a nocturnal species point to a reversal of its natural habits, i.e., increasing activity during the day and reducing it at night. These effects are possibly connected to acoustic stress, which may reduce welfare, and suggest the need for better noise control in zoos.

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引用次数: 0

Training primates to forage in virtual 3D environments 训练灵长类动物在虚拟3D环境中觅食。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105126

Emma Suvi McEwen , Matthias Allritz , Josep Call , Sarah E. Koopman , Emilie Rapport Munro , Cristóbal J. Bottero Cantuarias , Charles R. Menzel , Francine L. Dolins , Karline R.L. Janmaat , Kenneth Schweller

Virtual environment software is increasingly being employed as a non-invasive method in primate cognition research. Familiar and novel stimuli can be presented in new ways, opening the door to studying aspects of cognition in captivity which previously may not have been feasible. Despite the increased complexity of visual input compared to more traditional computerised studies, several groups of captive primates have now been trained to navigate virtual three-dimensional environments. Here, we outline a method for training primates to use a computerised virtual foraging task presented on a touchscreen. We document how to tailor this method to groups facing different training challenges. We present data from three groups: touchscreen-experienced chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), touchscreen-naïve orang-utans (Pongo abelii), and chimpanzees tested in a group setting. Subjects from all groups mastered basic navigation challenges with relative ease (some in as little as 16 days), setting them up for systematic studies of primate cognition within virtual environments. The training method we present is flexible, yet structured, and we encourage other researchers to adapt it to implement virtual environment research with more individuals and across more species.

虚拟环境软件作为一种非侵入性的方法越来越多地被用于灵长类动物认知研究。熟悉和新颖的刺激可以以新的方式呈现，为研究圈养认知的各个方面打开了大门，这在以前可能是不可行的。尽管与传统的计算机化研究相比，视觉输入的复杂性增加了，但几组圈养的灵长类动物现在已经经过训练，可以在虚拟的三维环境中导航。在这里，我们概述了一种训练灵长类动物使用触摸屏上显示的计算机虚拟觅食任务的方法。我们记录了如何为面临不同训练挑战的群体量身定制这种方法。我们提供了来自三组的数据：有触屏经验的黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）， touchscreen-naïve猩猩（Pongo abelii），以及在群体环境中测试的黑猩猩。所有小组的受试者都相对轻松地掌握了基本的导航挑战（有些人只用了16天），为虚拟环境中灵长类动物认知的系统研究奠定了基础。我们提出的训练方法是灵活的，但结构化的，我们鼓励其他研究人员采用它来实现更多个体和更多物种的虚拟环境研究。

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引用次数: 0

Individual variation in activity budgets of a stable population of killer whales in managed care across a year 管理式护理中一年中虎鲸稳定种群活动预算的个体变化。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105135

Heather M. Manitzas Hill , Manon Themelin , Kathleen M. Dudzinski , Michael Felice , Todd Robeck

Activity budget investigations are necessary to understand how individuals within a group manage their daily activities, thus providing insights into the social dynamics of a species. Our objective was to explore and describe the behavioral activities within a group of managed care killer whales. From 261 hours of coded surface video collected from April 2022 to January 2023, we scan-sampled day-time hours to examine eight behavioral categories exhibited by 8–9 killer whales bimonthly. Minimal sex differences were found within each behavioral category across month and hour block. Females exhibited significantly more attention to trainers and rubbing on the environment than males. Individual variability was documented for all behavioral categories. The youngest male showed the most (43 % of scans) proximity and social interactions with conspecifics whereas all adults, both females and males, showed similar levels of social behavior. Three adult females and one adult male spent about a third of all scans observing their trainer(s) as they moved around the habitat. This observational behavior has been described in other delphinids as anticipatory behavior indicating a willingness to participate in future interactions with their trainers whether food rewards were available or not, and has been confirmed to represent a state of positive well-being. All killer whales actively engaged with peers and their environment in about 40 % of the documented scans. These findings are similar in degree to that observed in various other delphinid populations and support the interpretation that this killer whale group is in receive of positive welfare, displaying normal levels of social and individual behaviors for this species. Our results add to the growing body of knowledge about how killer whales manage their actions, both with conspecifics and their environment, across different social settings given their surroundings.

活动预算调查对于了解群体中的个体如何管理其日常活动很有必要，从而为物种的社会动态提供洞察力。我们的目标是探索和描述一群管理照料虎鲸的行为活动。从 2022 年 4 月至 2023 年 1 月收集的 261 小时编码水面视频中，我们对白天时间进行了扫描取样，研究了 8-9 头虎鲸每两个月表现出的八种行为类别。在每个行为类别中，不同月份和时间段的性别差异最小。与雄性虎鲸相比，雌性虎鲸表现出更多的关注训练者和摩擦环境的行为。所有行为类别都存在个体差异。最年幼的雄性表现出最多的（43%的扫描）与同类的接近和社交互动，而所有成年雌性和雄性都表现出相似水平的社交行为。三只成年雌性和一只成年雄性在栖息地周围移动时，约有三分之一的扫描时间在观察其训练者。这种观察行为在其他三角鳍类动物中被描述为预期行为，表明无论是否有食物奖励，它们都愿意参与未来与训练者的互动。在大约 40% 的扫描记录中，所有虎鲸都积极与同伴和环境互动。这些发现在程度上与在其他各种海豚种群中观察到的结果相似，并支持这样的解释，即虎鲸群体处于积极的福利状态，表现出该物种正常水平的社会和个体行为。我们的研究结果为虎鲸在不同的社会环境中如何管理自己的行为（包括与同类的行为和与环境的行为）的知识库增添了新的内容。

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引用次数: 0

Chicks make stochastic decisions based on gain rates of different time constants 雏鸡根据不同时间常数的增益率做出随机决定。

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105134

Yukiko Ogura , Ai Kawamori , Toshiya Matsushima

The marginal value theorem (MVT) predicts that optimal foragers leave a patch when the instantaneous gain rate decreases to the average long-term gain rate. However, various animals systematically deviate from this optimum by staying too long or overharvesting relative to this optimum. We hypothesised that animals do not represent their optimal stay time but instead determine their departure point probabilistically. To test this hypothesis, we conducted behavioural experiments and modelling using chicks. The chicks ran on a treadmill with feeders on both sides, and their travel time to the feeder was experimentally controlled. As predicted by the MVT, the chicks stayed longer at the feeder when forced to run more. However, they stayed even longer than predicted by the MVT. Therefore, we constructed and compared stochastic decision-making models with the MVT-based model. The stochastic models explained the chicks’ behaviour better than the MVT-based model. These results suggest that chicks leave probabilistically based on their immediate foraging history rather than representing an optimal stay time.

根据边际值定理（MVT）预测，当瞬时增益率下降到平均长期增益率时，最优采集者会离开一块土地。然而，各种动物由于停留时间过长或相对于这一最佳值的过度收获而系统性地偏离了这一最佳值。我们假设动物并不代表它们的最佳停留时间，而是概率地决定它们的出发点。为了验证这一假设，我们用小鸡进行了行为实验和建模。雏鸡在跑步机上奔跑，两侧都有喂食器，它们到喂食器的旅行时间是实验控制的。正如MVT所预测的那样，当小鸡被迫跑得更多时，它们在喂食器上停留的时间更长。然而，它们停留的时间比MVT预测的还要长。因此，我们构建了随机决策模型，并将其与基于mvt的模型进行了比较。随机模型比基于mvt的模型更能解释雏鸟的行为。这些结果表明，雏鸟离开的概率是基于它们最近的觅食历史，而不是代表一个最佳的停留时间。

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引用次数: 0

Sex-based differences, diurnal and seasonal trends in thermoregulatory behaviour of nesting Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) 筑巢彩鹳（Mycteria leucocephala）体温调节行为的性别差异、昼夜变化和季节变化趋势

IF 1.3 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105115

Paritosh Ahmed, Abdul Jamil Urfi

To cope with heat stress, storks wet their legs by excreting on them, known as urohidrosis, and perform wing-spreading in which the wings are half extended in the form of an inverted triangle. While several studies have highlighted the role of urohidrosis as an important cooling mechanism and suggested a possible thermoregulatory function of wing-spreading, sex-based comparisons and trends of these behaviours throughout the breeding season remain unexplored. Here we explore thermoregulation in a wild population of Painted Storks (Mycteria leucocephala) nesting in the National Zoological Park, Delhi, India, through the non-invasive videography technique. Temperature, humidity and wind speed significantly influenced both urohidrosis and wing-spreading behaviours. Male storks exhibited higher rates of urohidrosis and spend more time wing-spreading compared to females. Seasonal and diurnal differences were observed with more urohidrosis and wing-spreading during the hottest hours of the day and early part of the nesting season in August-September. The rate of both behaviours declined as the nesting season progressed till November when ambient temperatures dropped.

为应对热应激，鹳鸟通过排泄物弄湿腿部（称为尿湿症），并进行展翅行为，即翅膀半展成倒三角形。虽然一些研究强调了尿湿是一种重要的降温机制，并提出了展翅可能具有的体温调节功能，但这些行为在整个繁殖季节的性别比较和趋势仍未得到探讨。在此，我们通过非侵入式摄像技术探讨了在印度德里国家动物公园筑巢的画眉鹳（Mycteria leucocephala）野生种群的体温调节情况。温度、湿度和风速对尿失禁和展翅行为都有显著影响。与雌性鹳相比，雄性鹳患尿道炎的比例更高，展翅时间更长。观察到的季节和昼夜差异表明，在一天中最热的时间段和8-9月筑巢季节的早期，尿湿和展翅行为较多。随着筑巢季节的到来，这两种行为的发生率有所下降，直到 11 月环境温度下降时才有所减少。

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引用次数: 0