Behavioural Processes最新文献_第3页

Influence of RFID tags on Melipona quadrifasciata behavior: Effects on locomotion and food choice 射频识别标签对四趾鼠行为的影响：对运动和食物选择的影响。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105310

Rebeca Emanuelle da Silva Castor , Rafaela Tadei , Paulo de Souza , Elaine Cristina Mathias da Silva , Rogério Hartung Toppa

The use of technology as a tool for evaluating insect behavior provides significant advantages to researchers, as it increases the amount of collected data, reduces observer bias, and minimizes the time and effort required for direct field observations. However, when incorporating technology into research methodologies, it is crucial to ensure that the tool does not alter the natural behavior of the studied individuals. In recent years, the use of radiofrequency electronic identification (RFID) to monitor bees has increased significantly. Yet, little is known about its potential effects on bee behavior, mainly in stingless bees. To assess the influence of electronic tags, we evaluated locomotion parameters and foraging choices by comparing feeders with and without the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata under laboratory conditions using video tracking. Whereas the presence of electronic tags did not affect the food choice as measured by the frequency of bee visits to contaminated versus uncontaminated food sources, it did influence locomotion. Tagged bees exhibited reduced average speed, lower rotation frequency, shorter distances traveled, and altered arena exploration patterns. These behavioral modifications observed in laboratory conditions highlight important considerations for applying RFID technology in field studies monitoring bee behavior.

使用技术作为评估昆虫行为的工具为研究人员提供了显著的优势，因为它增加了收集的数据量，减少了观察者的偏见，并最大限度地减少了直接现场观察所需的时间和精力。然而，当将技术纳入研究方法时，确保该工具不会改变被研究个体的自然行为是至关重要的。近年来，使用射频电子识别（RFID）来监测蜜蜂的情况显著增加。然而，人们对它对蜜蜂行为的潜在影响知之甚少，主要是对无刺蜜蜂。为了评估电子标签对无刺蜜蜂的影响，在实验室条件下，通过视频跟踪，通过比较使用和不使用新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉的取食者，评估了无刺蜜蜂的运动参数和觅食选择。虽然电子标签的存在并不影响蜜蜂对食物的选择，但它确实影响了蜜蜂的运动，这是通过蜜蜂访问受污染和未受污染食物来源的频率来衡量的。被标记的蜜蜂表现出平均速度降低、旋转频率降低、旅行距离缩短和竞技场探索模式改变。在实验室条件下观察到的这些行为改变突出了将RFID技术应用于现场研究监测蜜蜂行为的重要考虑因素。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of familiarity and sex on social learning in a group living fish 熟悉度和性别对群体活鱼社会学习的影响

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105307

Grace Ogundeji , Elias Latchem , Sigal Balshine

Social learning, learning via observation and imitation, is an ability that can help animals adapt to their environment. Current research indicates that familiarity between the demonstrator and learner increases the likelihood that animals engage in social learning. Sex differences in philopatry can result in the more philopatric sex having a higher degree of familiarity with its groupmates than the dispersing sex. The aim of this study was to test how familiarity and sex affect social learning in the matrilineal, group-living cichlid species, Neolamprologus pulcher. A foraging assay was used to test the probability and speed of social learning in N. pulcher, and whether these were influenced by familiarity with the demonstrator, the demonstrator’s sex, or the observer’s sex. We found that familiarity did not have a clear effect on N. pulcher learning. Although demonstrator sex had no impact on learning, female N. pulcher learned faster than their male counterparts. As one of the first experimental studies to examine the factors influencing social learning in social cichlid fish, here we build upon the existing body of literature on fish learning and explore how information spreads in groups. Such knowledge can shed light on the behaviours, as well as the dynamics, and transmission of cultural traits in cichlids and other animals, contributing to the growing understanding of decision-making and the cognition underlying cooperation in other taxa.

社会性学习，即通过观察和模仿来学习，是一种帮助动物适应环境的能力。目前的研究表明，示范者和学习者之间的熟悉度增加了动物参与社会学习的可能性。博爱性的性别差异会导致博爱性强的性别比分散性强的性别对群体成员的熟悉程度更高。本研究的目的是测试熟悉度和性别如何影响母系群体生活的稚鱼物种Neolamprologus pulcher的社会学习。研究人员使用觅食实验来测试N. pulcher的社会学习概率和速度，以及这些是否受到对演示者、演示者性别或观察者性别的熟悉程度的影响。我们发现熟悉度对N. pulcher学习没有明显的影响。尽管示范性别对学习没有影响，但雌性N. pulcher比雄性学习得更快。作为首批研究影响社会性慈鲷社会学习的因素的实验研究之一，我们在现有的关于鱼类学习的文献基础上，探索信息如何在群体中传播。这些知识有助于揭示稚鱼和其他动物的行为、动态和文化特征的传播，有助于加深对其他类群中合作背后的决策和认知的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Plasticity in sex roles and female competition in Neotropical dung roller beetles 新热带屎壳郎性别角色的可塑性和雌性竞争。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105306

Maria J. Albo , Patricia González-Vainer

Numerous studies show that sex roles can be plastic, and different eco-evolutionary scenarios yield sexual selection also acting on females. Plastic sex roles can occur in response to environmental cues, such as when food and mate resources are limited. In dung roller beetles, the encounter of sexes occurs at the food source; males are commonly reported cutting, forming balls and attracting females. Intrasexual competition has been particularly associated with fights for mate acquisition among males, while females heavily invest in parental care. Here, we test the hypothesis that females have high motivation to compete for balls and mates due to the striking relevance of gaining fertilizations before nesting. This competition is expected to be more intense when the operational sex ratio is biased, affecting behaviors related to ball acquisition (ball production and fights for ball possession) and access to mates (male-female pair formation, courtship and mating). We used the Neotropical dung roller beetle Canthon bispinus and exposed males and females to two experimental groups differing in the operational sex ratio: Female and Male Bias group. We examined the proportion of successful trials for females and males. We found that males were very active in food search in both groups, while fighting with each other in the Male Bias group. In contrast, females became highly competitive, actively engaging in ball rolling and fights in the Female Bias group. Our findings revealed an elevated competition for mates at the food source and that sexual selection may also operate on females in dung roller beetles.

大量研究表明，性别角色可以是可塑的，不同的生态进化情景也会产生对雌性的性选择。可塑性角色可能是对环境因素的反应，比如当食物和配偶资源有限时。在粪辊甲虫中，两性的相遇发生在食物来源；据报道，雄性通常会切割，形成球并吸引雌性。雌雄之间的竞争尤其与雄性之间的配偶争夺有关，而雌性则在亲代照顾方面投入了大量资金。在这里，我们测试了这样一个假设，即雌性有很高的动力去竞争球和配偶，因为在筑巢前获得受精的显著相关性。当有效性别比例存在偏差时，这种竞争预计会更加激烈，影响到与球获取（球生产和争夺球权）和获得配偶（雄性-雌性配对、求爱和交配）相关的行为。我们以新热带粪辊甲虫Canthon bispinus为研究对象，将雄性和雌性分别置于不同性别比例的实验组：雌性和雄性偏置组。我们检查了女性和男性试验成功的比例。我们发现两组的雄性在寻找食物方面都非常活跃，而在雄性偏见组中则相互争斗。相比之下，女性变得非常有竞争力，在女性偏见组中积极参与滚球和打架。我们的研究结果揭示了在食物来源上对配偶的竞争加剧，性选择也可能在粪辊甲虫的雌性身上起作用。

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引用次数: 0

Behavioural plasticity in a solitary foraging ant: Effect of experience and food distribution 单独觅食蚂蚁的行为可塑性：经验和食物分布的影响。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105305

Maria Eduarda Lima Vieira , Stéphane Chameron , Heiko G. Rödel , Arrilton Araújo , Nicolas Châline

To deal with the unpredictability of available food resources, animals must adjust their behaviour to optimise foraging efficiency. Various mechanisms influence food acquisition behaviour, and our knowledge of their combined impact on foraging efficiency often remains limited. In this study, we conducted laboratory experiments with seven colonies of the solitary foraging ant Dinoponera quadriceps. We observed the behaviour of foragers in an experimental set-up where ten food items were provided either in aggregated or dispersed distributions. Individual participation was voluntary (i.e., ants were free to enter or not the experimental arena), allowing us to assess internal processes like motivation for foraging. We recorded, across repeated trials, foraging activity and exploratory behaviour as proxies for foraging motivation, and success as a measure of efficiency. We found that foragers were highly efficient (retrieving food in 77.38 % of the trips), especially when exploiting aggregated and abundant food resources. Individual foraging success increased with higher exploration, which was more intense in environments displaying larger numbers of dispersed prey items. Individual activity was higher with more experience and in smaller colonies with fewer foragers. On the other hand, success declined when more conspecific foragers were present. Furthermore, foragers and colonies exhibited low but consistent differences in levels of activity, exploration, and success rates. These findings provide a comprehensive view of how different factors combine to give rise to complex behaviours such as foraging. Additionally, they emphasise the importance of individual traits for effective task performance within social groups, an understudied topic.

为了应对可用食物资源的不可预测性，动物必须调整它们的行为以优化觅食效率。各种机制影响食物获取行为，我们对它们对觅食效率的综合影响的了解往往仍然有限。在本研究中，我们对7个独居觅食蚁群进行了室内实验。我们在一个实验装置中观察了觅食者的行为，其中十种食物以聚集或分散的方式提供。个体参与是自愿的（也就是说，蚂蚁可以自由进入或不进入实验舞台），这使我们能够评估内部过程，如觅食动机。通过反复试验，我们记录了觅食活动和探索行为作为觅食动机的代理，并将成功作为效率的衡量标准。我们发现，觅食者的效率很高（77.38%的行程获得食物），特别是在利用聚集和丰富的食物资源时。个体的觅食成功率随着探索次数的增加而增加，在具有大量分散猎物的环境中，这种探索更加激烈。经验越丰富，觅食者越少的小群体，个体活动越活跃。另一方面，当有更多同种觅食者存在时，成功率下降。此外，觅食者和蚁群在活动水平、探索水平和成功率方面表现出低但一致的差异。这些发现提供了一个全面的观点，说明不同的因素如何结合起来产生复杂的行为，如觅食。此外，他们还强调了个人特质对社会群体中有效任务表现的重要性，这是一个尚未得到充分研究的话题。

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引用次数: 0

A psychological model of the cognitive processes regulating exploratory behavior in animals 调节动物探索行为的认知过程的心理学模型

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105303

Wojciech Pisula

This article proposes a conceptual model of animal exploratory behavior that integrates principles from modular cognition and affordance theory. Recognizing a gap between empirical data and theoretical frameworks in comparative psychology, the model aims to clarify how animals process environmental stimuli and engage in information-seeking behaviors. It distinguishes between fixed action patterns, novelty-driven exploration, and affordance-seeking, highlighting the cognitive mechanisms underlying each. Central to the model is a system that integrates modules, such as key-stimulus detection, novelty detection, and affordance analysis, each functioning as an autonomous yet interconnected unit. These modules mediate behavioral responses through sequential decision making influenced by internal drives and environmental affordances. The paper emphasizes the model’s empirical testability and relevance across species, linking behavioral flexibility to evolutionary adaptation and environmental complexity. By integrating sensory, cognitive, and motivational components, the model contributes to understanding how animals adaptively regulate exploratory actions. This approach supports the development of experimentally verifiable hypotheses and bridges cognitive, ecological, and ethological perspectives. Moreover, the model provides a robust framework for comparative and general psychology, offering insights into the evolution and architecture of cognition across species.

本文提出了一种综合了模块化认知和功能提供理论原理的动物探索行为概念模型。该模型认识到比较心理学中经验数据和理论框架之间的差距，旨在阐明动物如何处理环境刺激并参与信息寻求行为。它区分了固定的行为模式、新奇驱动的探索和寻找能力，强调了每种行为背后的认知机制。该模型的核心是一个集成模块的系统，如键刺激检测、新颖性检测和功能分析，每个模块都作为一个自主但相互关联的单元运行。这些模块通过受内部驱动和环境支持影响的顺序决策调节行为反应。本文强调了该模型的经验可测试性和跨物种相关性，将行为灵活性与进化适应和环境复杂性联系起来。通过整合感觉、认知和动机成分，该模型有助于理解动物如何适应性地调节探索行为。这种方法支持实验验证假设的发展，并将认知、生态学和行为学的观点联系起来。此外，该模型为比较心理学和一般心理学提供了一个强大的框架，为跨物种认知的进化和结构提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Chronic social defeat stress induces context avoidance in mice 慢性社会失败应激诱导小鼠情境回避。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105304

Diego Cardozo Mascarenhas , Jeimmy Marion Penagos-Gil , Nathalia Santos-Costa , Ricardo Luiz Nunes-de-Souza

The scrutiny of social anxiety symptoms is necessary to overcome the obstacles encountered when managing this condition. Thus, it is important to study a new behavioral repertoire elicited by chronic social defeat stress (SDS), a social stressor, applied in a place conditioned fear protocol. In this study, we sought to develop a protocol that induced context avoidance after chronic SDS. Accordingly, the mice were re-exposed to an interaction apparatus (IA) to which they had been previously habituated. Between habituation and re-exposure phases, the mice were subjected to aggressive (stressed) or non-aggressive (control) encounters performed either in the IA (Exp. 1) or in a different apparatus (named social interaction box [SIB] – Exp. 2). To behaviorally assess this protocol, the mice were recorded based on spatiotemporal measures (frequency of entry and time spent in the home cage, tunnel, and surface [where the encounter took place] of the IA) and complementary measures (e.g., frequency of stretch-attend posture [SAP], rearing, and grooming). The results showed that defeated animals spent less time in the surface of the IA during the re-exposure phase as compared to the control group (Exp.1) or to conspecifics defeated elsewhere (Exp.2). In addition, these animals also presented increased number of risk assessment behavior (higher frequency of SAP) during the re-exposure phase, in comparison with its control group and mice defeated in the SIB. This shows an unprecedented place-dependent SDS-induced context avoidance. Taken together, the present study offers a relatively simple protocol capable of eliciting context avoidance induced by chronic SDS. It accounts for a novel behavioral repertoire that might be further explored within the scope of social affective disorders.

仔细检查社交焦虑症状是必要的，以克服在处理这种情况时遇到的障碍。因此，研究慢性社会失败应激（SDS）这种社会应激源在场所条件恐惧实验中诱发的新行为机制具有重要意义。在这项研究中，我们试图开发一种方案，诱导慢性SDS后情境回避。因此，小鼠再次暴露于它们以前习惯的相互作用装置（IA）中。在习惯化和再暴露阶段之间，小鼠在IA（实验1）或不同的装置（称为社会互动箱[SIB] -实验2）中遭受攻击性（应激）或非攻击性（控制）遭遇。为了对该方案进行行为评估，研究人员对小鼠进行了时空测量（进入家养笼子、隧道和表面[遇到IA的地方]的频率和时间）和补充测量（例如，伸展-照料姿势[SAP]的频率，饲养和梳理）。结果表明，与对照组（Exp.1）或在其他地方击败的同种动物（Exp.2）相比，失败的动物在再暴露阶段在IA表面停留的时间更短。此外，与对照组和SIB失败小鼠相比，这些动物在再暴露阶段也表现出更多的风险评估行为（SAP频率更高）。这显示了一种前所未有的位置依赖sds诱导的上下文回避。综上所述，本研究提供了一个相对简单的方案，能够引发慢性SDS诱导的情境回避。它解释了一种可能在社会情感障碍范围内进一步探索的新的行为曲目。

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引用次数: 0

Resurgence of negatively reinforced behavior in rats 大鼠负强化行为的复苏。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105302

Joshua B. Hiltz , Timothy A. Shahan

Resurgence is an increase in a previously reinforced and subsequently extinguished target behavior following a worsening of conditions for a more recently reinforced alternative behavior. Despite extensive research on resurgence, there have been no demonstrations of the phenomenon with a negatively reinforced behavior in an animal model. This gap is notable because avoidance and escape behaviors are among the most prevalent functions of severe problem behavior in clinical settings. The present study provided the first demonstration of resurgence of a negatively reinforced behavior, specifically resurgence of avoidance, in an animal model. In Phase 1, target-lever presses of rats could avoid signaled shock. In Phase 2, the target lever was placed on extinction and signaled shock could then be avoided via an alternative lever. In Phase 3, both levers were placed on extinction while the warning signal and shock continued to occur. Resurgence was observed in all subjects with several rats exhibiting a persistent, robust effect. These findings establish an experimental animal model of resurgence of negatively reinforced behavior, extend basic research on relapse beyond positive reinforcement, and provide a foundation for evaluating strategies to mitigate resurgence of avoidance and escape in clinically relevant contexts.

死灰复燃是指在最近被强化的替代行为的条件恶化后，先前被强化并随后被消灭的目标行为的增加。尽管对死灰复燃进行了广泛的研究，但在动物模型中没有证据表明这种现象具有负面强化行为。这一差距是值得注意的，因为回避和逃避行为是临床环境中最普遍的严重问题行为。本研究首次在动物模型中证明了消极强化行为的复苏，特别是回避的复苏。在第一阶段，大鼠的靶杆按压可以避免信号性休克。在第二阶段，目标杠杆被置于熄灭状态，然后信号表明可以通过替代杠杆避免电击。在第三阶段，当警告信号和电击继续发生时，两个杠杆都处于熄灭状态。在所有受试者中都观察到死灰复燃，有几只大鼠表现出持久、强劲的效果。这些发现建立了负强化行为复发的实验动物模型，扩展了正强化之外复发的基础研究，并为临床相关情境下评估缓解逃避和逃避复发的策略提供了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Playing or fighting? Home cage dynamics in crowding or social instability paradigms contribute to stress and reproductive impairments in adult female Wistar rats 玩还是打？拥挤或社会不稳定范式下的家笼动态对成年雌性Wistar大鼠应激和生殖障碍的影响

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105301

Marilou Poitras , Élodie A. Ouellette , Sergio M. Pellis , Hélène Plamondon

Play fighting represents a key behavioral component in group-housed rats, yet its contribution to the outcomes of social stress paradigms remains unassessed. This study characterized play fighting behaviors over time in two social stress conditions involving crowding. We also evaluated whether play style was associated with changes in stress and reproductive signalling.

Methodology

56 adult female Wistar rats were exposed to 21 days of high density housing (HDH; 8/cage, stable groups) or social instability (SIS; alternating days of isolation and HDH, unstable groups). Home-cage behaviors and corticosterone were determined at discrete timepoints throughout the protocol exposure. Rats (12/stress group) were categorized as high (HP) or low (LP) players to examine how play profiles influenced stress response and reproductive impairments.

Results

In both groups, player profiles remained stable throughout the housing period. SIS rats performed more nape contacts and pins than HDH rats, but showed shorter pin length. HP-SIS rats had significantly heavier adrenal glands than LP-SIS rats and HP-HDH rats, and spent more days in estrus compared to HP-HDH. Corticosterone secretion profiles were differentiated by an immediate rise in HDH rats compared to delayed increase observed in the SIS group, although player types showed no further associations.

Conclusions

In unstable social environments such as SIS, short, frequent pins may reflect recurrent attempts to establish social hierarchies, with high-playing SIS rats showing increased adrenal weights relative to low-playing and HDH counterparts. These findings support the hypothesis that play behaviors serve distinct purposes depending on the social context.

游戏打斗是群养大鼠的一个关键行为组成部分，但它对社会压力范式结果的贡献仍未得到评估。这项研究描述了在两种涉及拥挤的社会压力条件下，随着时间的推移，游戏中的打斗行为。我们还评估了游戏风格是否与压力和生殖信号的变化有关。方法：将56只成年雌性Wistar大鼠暴露于21天的高密度居住环境（HDH， 8只/笼，稳定组）或社会不稳定环境（SIS，隔离和HDH交替进行，不稳定组）。在整个方案暴露过程中，在离散时间点测定家庭笼行为和皮质酮。大鼠（12/压力组）被分为高（HP）或低（LP）玩家，以研究游戏概况如何影响应激反应和生殖障碍。结果：在这两组中，玩家资料在整个住房期间保持稳定。与HDH大鼠相比，SIS大鼠进行更多的颈背接触和钉针，但钉针长度较短。HP-SIS大鼠的肾上腺明显比LP-SIS大鼠和HP-HDH大鼠重，发情时间比HP-HDH大鼠长。与SIS组观察到的延迟性增加相比，HDH组大鼠的CORT分泌情况立即增加，尽管玩家类型没有进一步的关联。结论：在不稳定的社会环境中，如SIS，短而频繁的pins可能反映了反复尝试建立社会等级，高玩SIS大鼠的肾上腺重量相对于低玩和HDH大鼠增加。这些发现支持了一个假设，即游戏行为根据社会背景有不同的目的。

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引用次数: 0

T-maze navigation by juvenile wolf spiders provides evidence for learning 小狼蛛的t型迷宫导航为学习提供了证据。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105300

Hailey C. Shannon , Ann L. Rypstra

Mobile animals must effectively navigate through their environments to locate resources and avoid threats. In this study we designed a protocol to examine navigation in cursorial spiders and tested it on the wolf spider Tigrosa helluo . Using a modified T-maze, we explored the ability of T. helluo spiderlings (N = 15) to successfully locate a hide and avoid aversive stimuli of heat and light produced from heat lamps. The hide was paired with either a gray or black-and-white background pattern to explore potential use of visual stimuli to navigate. The novel paradigm deployed here involved pairing the hide with the non-preferred pattern. Spiderlings underwent 50 trials in the maze over five consecutive days and demonstrated significant improvement in hide entering latency and reliability both within and across days. Performance plateaued after the second day, with some differences in performance between clutches. Examination of spiderlings’ first side entries (choices) and entry into the terminal portions of the arms (decisions) suggested that they were not associating the patterns with the presence of the hide, but highlighted changes in choice and decision behaviors over time. When choices and decisions mismatched, however, spiderlings more often made a wrong choice−correct decision combination than the reverse, hinting that some evaluation was indeed occurring once inside an arm. Whereas our results suggest that the spiderlings learned to navigate to the hide better over time, further investigations are needed to determine the mechanism(s) they may be employing to do so.

移动的动物必须有效地在它们的环境中导航，以定位资源并避免威胁。在这项研究中，我们设计了一种协议来检查游标蜘蛛的导航，并在狼蛛Tigrosa helluo （Walckenaer, 1837）上进行了测试。利用改进的t型迷宫，我们探索了T. helluo蜘蛛（N=15）成功找到藏身之处并避开热灯产生的热和光的厌恶刺激的能力。研究人员将这些皮与灰色或黑白背景图案配对，以探索视觉刺激在导航中的潜在用途。这里部署的新范式涉及将隐藏与非首选模式配对。蜘蛛在连续五天的迷宫中进行了50次试验，并在几天内和几天内证明了躲藏进入延迟和可靠性的显着改善。第二天之后，离合器的性能趋于稳定，不同离合器的性能有所不同。对蜘蛛的第一个侧面进入（选择）和进入手臂末端部分（决定）的检查表明，它们并没有将这些模式与隐藏的存在联系起来，而是强调了随着时间的推移，选择和决策行为的变化。然而，当选择和决定不匹配时，蜘蛛更经常做出错误的选择-正确的决定组合，而不是相反，这暗示一些评估确实发生在手臂内。虽然我们的研究结果表明，随着时间的推移，小蜘蛛学会了更好地导航到隐藏处，但需要进一步的研究来确定它们可能采用的机制。

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引用次数: 0

Nuances in fish combat: Exploring male and female differences in the agonistic behavior of an Amazonian cichlid 鱼类战斗中的细微差别：探索亚马逊慈鲷的雄性和雌性斗争行为的差异。

IF 1.5 4区生物学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Behavioural Processes

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105299

Carolina G. Sarmento , Thaís B. Carvalho , Helder L. de Queiroz

Agonistic interactions are present in the competition for limited resources in virtually all groups of social animals. However, little is known about the ways males and females dispute resources or defend or care for offspring. Here, we investigated how the contests between adults of the Amazonian flag cichlid (Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840)) take place in intra- and intersex encounters in a neutral environment, and whether males and females are able to fight equally for the same resources. We captured individuals in the wild and staged size-matched encounters under controlled conditions. Our analysis revealed distinct contest phases, with statistical differences in aggressive unit frequency and time spent specifically between phase 1 and phase 2, corroborating an escalation dynamic. Half of those contests showed distinct phases, and a clear escalation in aggression and in injury risk. Although both sexes expressed the same levels of aggression and the same cost of contest in their engagements, other sexual differences in their aggressive interaction strategy were detected. Males proved to be more cautious when engaged in same-sex contests. Contest costs increased with body size of females in same-sex and in intersex encounters. We discuss the implications of our results in supporting the idea that both sexes of Amazonian flag cichlids engage in agonistic encounters to achieve similar goals, but they show sex-specific aspects when doing so. This study provides valuable insights into the ecological and behavioral drivers, such as distinct escalation dynamics and sex-specific competitive strategies, in cichlids.

在几乎所有群居动物群体中，对有限资源的竞争都存在着激烈的相互作用。然而，人们对雄性和雌性争夺资源、保护或照顾后代的方式知之甚少。在这里，我们研究了亚马逊旗鱼（Mesonauta insignis, Heckel, 1840）在中性环境中雌雄同体的竞争是如何发生的，以及雄性和雌性是否能够平等地争夺相同的资源。我们在野外捕获个体，并在控制条件下进行大小匹配的接触。我们的分析揭示了不同的竞争阶段，特别是在第一阶段和第二阶段之间，在攻击单位频率和时间上存在统计差异，证实了升级动态。其中一半的比赛表现出不同的阶段，攻击性和受伤风险明显上升。尽管两性在交往中表现出相同的攻击性水平和相同的竞争成本，但他们在攻击性互动策略上的其他性别差异也被发现了。事实证明，雄性在进行同性竞争时更为谨慎。在同性和双性人相遇中，竞争成本随着女性体型的增加而增加。我们讨论了我们的结果的含义，以支持亚马逊旗鲷的两性参与激烈的遭遇，以实现类似的目标，但他们在这样做时表现出性别特定的方面。本研究对慈鲷的生态和行为驱动因素提供了有价值的见解，如不同的升级动态和性别特定的竞争策略。

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