Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.1080/13590840500088289
A. Embry
Purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, is often referred to as a multifactorial disease, but there is little consensus as to what factors are involved, besides genetic susceptibility and childhood infectious agents. The purpose of this paper is to identify plausible, environmental factors that contribute to the aetiology of MS.Design: Review of the published literature.Materials and Methods: The probable environmental factors that promote MS onset and progression have been deduced from principles of evolutionary biology in conjunction with the currently accepted disease process. All environmental factors that either promote the activation of self‐reactive immune cells or decrease immune regulation are considered to be potential causal factors. Those potential factors for which there are diverse inductive data that link them to MS onset and progression are deemed to be plausible, causal factors.Results: This analysis identified seven likely causal factors, al...
{"title":"The Multiple Factors of Multiple Sclerosis: A Darwinian Perspective","authors":"A. Embry","doi":"10.1080/13590840500088289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840500088289","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, is often referred to as a multifactorial disease, but there is little consensus as to what factors are involved, besides genetic susceptibility and childhood infectious agents. The purpose of this paper is to identify plausible, environmental factors that contribute to the aetiology of MS.Design: Review of the published literature.Materials and Methods: The probable environmental factors that promote MS onset and progression have been deduced from principles of evolutionary biology in conjunction with the currently accepted disease process. All environmental factors that either promote the activation of self‐reactive immune cells or decrease immune regulation are considered to be potential causal factors. Those potential factors for which there are diverse inductive data that link them to MS onset and progression are deemed to be plausible, causal factors.Results: This analysis identified seven likely causal factors, al...","PeriodicalId":88013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional & environmental medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"307-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13590840500088289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59777653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.1080/13590840500126204
D. Downing
{"title":"The British Society for Ecological Medicine","authors":"D. Downing","doi":"10.1080/13590840500126204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840500126204","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional & environmental medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"289-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13590840500126204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59777690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.1080/13590840500088446
L. Toohey
Background: Current research provides evidence to support the theory that a diet restricting foods considered to have high antigenic potential might be beneficial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Grains, legumes and dairy foods may have high antigenic potential and could be contributing environmental factors in genetically susceptible people. Design: Literature review. Methods: An Internet search of the National Library of Medicine and discussions with colleagues. Results: One of the largest challenges that MS researchers face today is to find treatments that have positive clinical effects and yet are non-toxic. A host of epidemiological, animal and clinical data support the theory that the manipulation of dietary factors may possess potential for a positive effect upon the progression of MS. A variety of data indicate that food proteins and lectins from dairy, gluten, and legumes found in a Neolithic and in a modern diet, can be involved in the activation and expansion of autoreactive T cells by several mechanisms. These mechanisms vary from direct activation of T cells and immune components, to indirect activation by increasing intestinal permeability (leaky gut syndrome), peripheral antigenic stimulation, and the propensity for molecular mimicry. In particular, a milk protein (butyrophilin) has now been identified that may be triggering MS due to cross-reactivity, or molecular mimicry, with a myelin protein. Additionally, serum vitamin D levels, which were much higher on average in our Paleolithic ancestors, are observationally correlated to a reduction in MS lesion activity and may play an important role in the treatment of MS. The administration of vitamin D to animals has resulted in complete regression of the animal model of the disease. A protein in milk (bovine serum albumin) has molecular mimicry with the vitamin D-binding protein, and may interfere with vitamin D absorption. Conclusion: It is theorized that incorporation of a diet that eliminates suspicious dietary elements may hold the potential to reduce the antigenic stimulus (both pathogenic and dietary) and possibly result in a diminution of disease symptoms in certain MS patients. Also, it is proposed that addition of vitamin D to the diet warrants further study to determine its efficacy in the treatment of MS.
{"title":"Impact of Dietary Antigens on Multiple Sclerosis","authors":"L. Toohey","doi":"10.1080/13590840500088446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840500088446","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Current research provides evidence to support the theory that a diet restricting foods considered to have high antigenic potential might be beneficial in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Grains, legumes and dairy foods may have high antigenic potential and could be contributing environmental factors in genetically susceptible people. Design: Literature review. Methods: An Internet search of the National Library of Medicine and discussions with colleagues. Results: One of the largest challenges that MS researchers face today is to find treatments that have positive clinical effects and yet are non-toxic. A host of epidemiological, animal and clinical data support the theory that the manipulation of dietary factors may possess potential for a positive effect upon the progression of MS. A variety of data indicate that food proteins and lectins from dairy, gluten, and legumes found in a Neolithic and in a modern diet, can be involved in the activation and expansion of autoreactive T cells by several mechanisms. These mechanisms vary from direct activation of T cells and immune components, to indirect activation by increasing intestinal permeability (leaky gut syndrome), peripheral antigenic stimulation, and the propensity for molecular mimicry. In particular, a milk protein (butyrophilin) has now been identified that may be triggering MS due to cross-reactivity, or molecular mimicry, with a myelin protein. Additionally, serum vitamin D levels, which were much higher on average in our Paleolithic ancestors, are observationally correlated to a reduction in MS lesion activity and may play an important role in the treatment of MS. The administration of vitamin D to animals has resulted in complete regression of the animal model of the disease. A protein in milk (bovine serum albumin) has molecular mimicry with the vitamin D-binding protein, and may interfere with vitamin D absorption. Conclusion: It is theorized that incorporation of a diet that eliminates suspicious dietary elements may hold the potential to reduce the antigenic stimulus (both pathogenic and dietary) and possibly result in a diminution of disease symptoms in certain MS patients. Also, it is proposed that addition of vitamin D to the diet warrants further study to determine its efficacy in the treatment of MS.","PeriodicalId":88013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional & environmental medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"319-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13590840500088446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59777859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-09-01DOI: 10.1080/13590840400016836
T. Sprott
There is a general perception that the cause of cot death remains unknown. This is not so. The cause of cot death (often erroneously termed Sudden Infant Death Syndrome or SIDS) has been elucidated as being due to extremely toxic ‘nerve’ gases generated by fungal activity on chemicals frequently present in cot mattresses and in certain other bedding commonly used in baby bedding. However, this explanation, often referred to in Britain as ‘the Richardson Hypothesis’, has aroused considerable controversy, especially among individuals and organizations closely associated with cot death. Interventions based on this explanation have been widely advocated in two countries: first in Britain (1989 and 1994) and far more intensively in New Zealand through a nationwide public information programme from late 1994 continouously to the present. Both interventions were followed by significant reductions in cot death, especially the 10‐year ‘mattress‐wrapping’ programme in New Zealand. Mattress‐wrapping (a logical inter...
{"title":"Cot Death—Cause and PreventionExperiences in New Zealand 1995–2004","authors":"T. Sprott","doi":"10.1080/13590840400016836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840400016836","url":null,"abstract":"There is a general perception that the cause of cot death remains unknown. This is not so. The cause of cot death (often erroneously termed Sudden Infant Death Syndrome or SIDS) has been elucidated as being due to extremely toxic ‘nerve’ gases generated by fungal activity on chemicals frequently present in cot mattresses and in certain other bedding commonly used in baby bedding. However, this explanation, often referred to in Britain as ‘the Richardson Hypothesis’, has aroused considerable controversy, especially among individuals and organizations closely associated with cot death. Interventions based on this explanation have been widely advocated in two countries: first in Britain (1989 and 1994) and far more intensively in New Zealand through a nationwide public information programme from late 1994 continouously to the present. Both interventions were followed by significant reductions in cot death, especially the 10‐year ‘mattress‐wrapping’ programme in New Zealand. Mattress‐wrapping (a logical inter...","PeriodicalId":88013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional & environmental medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"221-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13590840400016836","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59776681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-09-01DOI: 10.1080/13590840400012728
W. Rea, A. Lieberman
{"title":"The Loss of a Friend","authors":"W. Rea, A. Lieberman","doi":"10.1080/13590840400012728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840400012728","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional & environmental medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"277-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13590840400012728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59776628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-09-01DOI: 10.1080/13590840400017875
H. Kapuste
A high incidence, and most of the features, of ‘cot deaths’ were described 50 years ago. While avoidance of prone sleeping led to a significant reduction of SIDS incidence it remained the most frequent post-perinatal death. The consensus of the establishment is that the cause(s) is/are not understood. The toxic gas theory by Richardson, however, renders this consensus incorrect. While it (1) was based on definite experimental evidence, (2) could explain practically all of the features associated with SIDS, and (3) was the basis for the first significant decline of SIDS incidence in England and Wales, the establishment did not accept the evidence, in particular after two Expert Groups established by the British Department of Health concluded in their Final Report of May 1998, that the toxic gas theory was unsubstantiated. Richardson’s Comments, however, submitted in June 1998 which refuted these conclusions have been suppressed. The impact of this neglect has been tremendous. T. J. Sprott in New Zealand meanwhile has provided conclusive evidence that children protected by polythene covers of their mattresses will not die from SIDS. At present the SIDS establishment are launching an improved definition and diagnosis of SIDS to provide a better framework for investigations and put an end to ‘‘the literature that is beset by contradictions and unsubstantiated conclusions’’. Looking forward now to how long it may take until an effective means of SIDS prevention will be accepted, a look into Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions may help to begin effective professional communication that can bring about the necessary change to save babies’ lives. To improve the tedious expert–expert interaction in professional journals one may use the modern means of communication, coordinate reader–reader and reader–author interaction by email to gain control of the biased establishment. Experience shows that individual efforts cannot overcome their powerful defence. In conclusion, it will take a coordinated activity of motivated readers who are well established in their local communities using the means of modern communication to promote effective national and international SIDS prevention.
“婴儿猝死”的高发病率和大多数特征在50年前就被描述出来了。虽然避免俯卧睡眠导致小岛屿发展中国家的发病率显著降低，但它仍然是最常见的围产期后死亡。建制派的共识是原因尚不清楚。然而，理查森的有毒气体理论使这种共识变得不正确。虽然它(1)基于明确的实验证据，(2)几乎可以解释与小岛屿发展中国家有关的所有特征，(3)是英格兰和威尔士小岛屿发展中国家发病率首次显著下降的基础，但该机构并不接受这些证据，特别是在英国卫生部成立的两个专家组在1998年5月的最终报告中得出结论说，有毒气体理论是没有根据的。然而，1998年6月提交的反驳这些结论的Richardson的评论被压制了。这种忽视的影响是巨大的。与此同时，新西兰的T. J.斯普罗特提供了确凿的证据，证明使用聚乙烯床垫保护的儿童不会死于小岛屿发展中国家。目前，小岛屿发展中国家机构正在开展一个改进的小岛屿发展中国家的定义和诊断，以提供一个更好的调查框架，并结束“被矛盾和未经证实的结论所困扰的文献”。现在展望一下，预防小岛屿发展中国家(SIDS)的有效手段被接受可能需要多长时间，看看库恩的《科学革命的结构》(The Structure of Scientific Revolutions)，可能有助于开始有效的专业沟通，从而带来必要的改变，拯救婴儿的生命。为了改善专业期刊中冗长的专家-专家互动，可以使用现代通信手段，通过电子邮件协调读者-读者和读者-作者的互动，以控制有偏见的机构。经验表明，个人的努力无法克服它们强大的防御。最后，将需要在当地社区建立良好的有积极性的读者利用现代通讯手段进行协调的活动，以促进有效的国家和国际小岛屿发展中国家预防工作。
{"title":"Learning to Communicate with a SIDS Establishment that Denies the Cause of Sudden Infant Deaths","authors":"H. Kapuste","doi":"10.1080/13590840400017875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840400017875","url":null,"abstract":"A high incidence, and most of the features, of ‘cot deaths’ were described 50 years ago. While avoidance of prone sleeping led to a significant reduction of SIDS incidence it remained the most frequent post-perinatal death. The consensus of the establishment is that the cause(s) is/are not understood. The toxic gas theory by Richardson, however, renders this consensus incorrect. While it (1) was based on definite experimental evidence, (2) could explain practically all of the features associated with SIDS, and (3) was the basis for the first significant decline of SIDS incidence in England and Wales, the establishment did not accept the evidence, in particular after two Expert Groups established by the British Department of Health concluded in their Final Report of May 1998, that the toxic gas theory was unsubstantiated. Richardson’s Comments, however, submitted in June 1998 which refuted these conclusions have been suppressed. The impact of this neglect has been tremendous. T. J. Sprott in New Zealand meanwhile has provided conclusive evidence that children protected by polythene covers of their mattresses will not die from SIDS. At present the SIDS establishment are launching an improved definition and diagnosis of SIDS to provide a better framework for investigations and put an end to ‘‘the literature that is beset by contradictions and unsubstantiated conclusions’’. Looking forward now to how long it may take until an effective means of SIDS prevention will be accepted, a look into Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions may help to begin effective professional communication that can bring about the necessary change to save babies’ lives. To improve the tedious expert–expert interaction in professional journals one may use the modern means of communication, coordinate reader–reader and reader–author interaction by email to gain control of the biased establishment. Experience shows that individual efforts cannot overcome their powerful defence. In conclusion, it will take a coordinated activity of motivated readers who are well established in their local communities using the means of modern communication to promote effective national and international SIDS prevention.","PeriodicalId":88013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional & environmental medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"233-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13590840400017875","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59776808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-09-01DOI: 10.1080/13590840400010318
L. Curtis, A. Lieberman, M. Stark, W. Rea, M. Vetter
Purpose: It has long been known that eating moldy food is hazardous, and airborne Aspergillus and other fungi can cause life‐threatening illnesses in immunocompromised patients. However, the possible health risks of indoor mold exposure in immunocompetent humans are controversial. This literature review examines the health effects of indoor airborne exposure to mold.Design: Literature review.Materials and Methods: This review was conducted by searching PubMed and other medical databases, as well as reading recent conference reports.Results: Many studies link exposure to damp or moldy indoor conditions to increased incidence and/or severity of respiratory problems such as asthma, wheezing and rhinosinusitis. Stachybotrys produces trichothecenes and other mycotoxins, which can inhibit protein synthesis and induce hemorrhaging disorders. Indoor mold exposure can alter immunological factors and produce allergic reactions. Several studies have indicated that indoor mold exposure can alter brain blood flow, aut...
{"title":"Adverse Health Effects of Indoor Moulds","authors":"L. Curtis, A. Lieberman, M. Stark, W. Rea, M. Vetter","doi":"10.1080/13590840400010318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840400010318","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: It has long been known that eating moldy food is hazardous, and airborne Aspergillus and other fungi can cause life‐threatening illnesses in immunocompromised patients. However, the possible health risks of indoor mold exposure in immunocompetent humans are controversial. This literature review examines the health effects of indoor airborne exposure to mold.Design: Literature review.Materials and Methods: This review was conducted by searching PubMed and other medical databases, as well as reading recent conference reports.Results: Many studies link exposure to damp or moldy indoor conditions to increased incidence and/or severity of respiratory problems such as asthma, wheezing and rhinosinusitis. Stachybotrys produces trichothecenes and other mycotoxins, which can inhibit protein synthesis and induce hemorrhaging disorders. Indoor mold exposure can alter immunological factors and produce allergic reactions. Several studies have indicated that indoor mold exposure can alter brain blood flow, aut...","PeriodicalId":88013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional & environmental medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"261-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13590840400010318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59777015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-09-01DOI: 10.1080/13590840400010284
P. Whiteley, P. Shattock, Lynda Todd, A. Wright
Purpose: To identify significant behavioural and somatic symptoms associated with formal receipt of a chronic fatigue syndrome diagnosis.Design: Retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of patient self‐report questionnaires held on a computerized database.Materials and Methods: Analysis of self‐report responses to a questionnaire from patients referred from a UK clinic specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of fatigue disorders (n=371), 259 of whom were formally diagnosed either exclusively or combinatorially with fatigue diagnoses of myalgic encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.Results: Non‐parametric (chi‐squared) analysis showed that 17 response items (current and historical behavioural/somatic variables) were significantly associated with patients formally diagnosed with fatigue disorders (p<0.01).Conclusions: The presence of current and historical variables outside of the traditional diagnostic framework of fatigue syndromes provides preliminary evidence for a redefinition ...
{"title":"Correlates of Overlapping Fatigue Syndromes","authors":"P. Whiteley, P. Shattock, Lynda Todd, A. Wright","doi":"10.1080/13590840400010284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13590840400010284","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To identify significant behavioural and somatic symptoms associated with formal receipt of a chronic fatigue syndrome diagnosis.Design: Retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of patient self‐report questionnaires held on a computerized database.Materials and Methods: Analysis of self‐report responses to a questionnaire from patients referred from a UK clinic specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of fatigue disorders (n=371), 259 of whom were formally diagnosed either exclusively or combinatorially with fatigue diagnoses of myalgic encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.Results: Non‐parametric (chi‐squared) analysis showed that 17 response items (current and historical behavioural/somatic variables) were significantly associated with patients formally diagnosed with fatigue disorders (p<0.01).Conclusions: The presence of current and historical variables outside of the traditional diagnostic framework of fatigue syndromes provides preliminary evidence for a redefinition ...","PeriodicalId":88013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional & environmental medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":"247-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13590840400010284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59776958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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