Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-30-EN
Y. Gong, E. Chalkova, N. Akinfiev, V. Balashov, M. Fedkin, S. Lvov
The Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle is among the most attractive technologies proposed for hydrogen production due to moderate temperature requirements and high efficiency. In the present study, one of the main steps of the cycle – H2 gas production via CuCl-HCl electrolysis – was investigated using a newly designed electrolyser system. The electrolysis reaction was performed with the applied voltage from 0.35 to 0.9 V. The current efficiency of the electrolysis system was evaluated based on the observed rate of hydrogen production. The effects of temperature and reagent flow rate on the electrolysis performance were studied. Several types of anion-exchange and cation-exchange membranes were tested in the electrolyser, and their performance was compared with respect to process efficiency and tolerance to copper crossover.
{"title":"Development of CuCl-HCl electrolysis for hydrogen production via Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle","authors":"Y. Gong, E. Chalkova, N. Akinfiev, V. Balashov, M. Fedkin, S. Lvov","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-30-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-30-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle is among the most attractive technologies proposed for hydrogen production due to moderate temperature requirements and high efficiency. In the present study, one of the main steps of the cycle – H2 gas production via CuCl-HCl electrolysis – was investigated using a newly designed electrolyser system. The electrolysis reaction was performed with the applied voltage from 0.35 to 0.9 V. The current efficiency of the electrolysis system was evaluated based on the observed rate of hydrogen production. The effects of temperature and reagent flow rate on the electrolysis performance were studied. Several types of anion-exchange and cation-exchange membranes were tested in the electrolyser, and their performance was compared with respect to process efficiency and tolerance to copper crossover.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"13 1","pages":"251-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74920954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-37-EN
P. Kruger
Over the next 40 years, the combustion of fossil fuels for generation of electricity and vehicle transportation will be significantly reduced. In addition to the business-as-usual growth in electric energy demand for the growing world population, new electricity-intensive industries, such as battery electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles will result in further growth in world consumption of electric energy. Planning for a sustainable supply of electric energy in the diverse economies of the world should be carried out with appropriate technology for selecting the appropriate large-scale energy resources based on their specific energy. Analysis of appropriate technology for the available large-scale energy resources with diminished use of fossil-fuel combustion shows that sustainable electricity supply can be achieved with equal contributions of renewable energy resources for large numbers of small-scale distributed applications and nuclear energy resources for the smaller number of large-scale centralised applications.
{"title":"Sustainable electricity supply in the world by 2050 for economic growth and automotive fuel","authors":"P. Kruger","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-37-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-37-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Over the next 40 years, the combustion of fossil fuels for generation of electricity and vehicle transportation will be significantly reduced. In addition to the business-as-usual growth in electric energy demand for the growing world population, new electricity-intensive industries, such as battery electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles will result in further growth in world consumption of electric energy. Planning for a sustainable supply of electric energy in the diverse economies of the world should be carried out with appropriate technology for selecting the appropriate large-scale energy resources based on their specific energy. Analysis of appropriate technology for the available large-scale energy resources with diminished use of fossil-fuel combustion shows that sustainable electricity supply can be achieved with equal contributions of renewable energy resources for large numbers of small-scale distributed applications and nuclear energy resources for the smaller number of large-scale centralised applications.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"17 1","pages":"317-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75164319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-9-EN
S. Suppiah, L. Stolberg, H. Boniface, G. Tan, S. McMahon, S. York, W. Zhang
Canada is developing the heavy-water-moderated supercritical water reactor as its Generation IV nuclear system. The medium temperature copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle has been selected as a suitable process for integration with this reactor system for large-scale production of hydrogen. A collaborative programme uniting the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) is underway for the development of the complete cycle for pilot plant demonstration. Canada’s Generation IV National Programme also supports the international efforts on VHTR through R&D on areas that are synergistic with the Canadian efforts on SCWR. Some of the latest results in the development of the Cu-Cl cycle and Canada’s contributions to the sulphur-iodine cycle are described in this paper.
{"title":"Canadian nuclear hydrogen R&D programme","authors":"S. Suppiah, L. Stolberg, H. Boniface, G. Tan, S. McMahon, S. York, W. Zhang","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-9-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-9-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Canada is developing the heavy-water-moderated supercritical water reactor as its Generation IV nuclear system. The medium temperature copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle has been selected as a suitable process for integration with this reactor system for large-scale production of hydrogen. A collaborative programme uniting the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) is underway for the development of the complete cycle for pilot plant demonstration. Canada’s Generation IV National Programme also supports the international efforts on VHTR through R&D on areas that are synergistic with the Canadian efforts on SCWR. Some of the latest results in the development of the Cu-Cl cycle and Canada’s contributions to the sulphur-iodine cycle are described in this paper.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"2 1","pages":"77-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79121682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-13-EN
S. Elangovan, J. Hartvigsen, F. Zhao, I. Bay, D. Larsen
Emphasis on energy security issues has brought much-needed attention to economic production of hydrogen as the secondary energy carrier for non-electrical markets as well as to meet increasing demand for crude upgrading and desulphurisation. While steam reforming of methane is the current method of production of hydrogen, the fossil fuel feed consumes non-renewable fuel while emitting greenhouse gases. Thus, in the long run, efficient, environmentally-friendly and economic means of hydrogen production using nuclear and renewable energy needs to be developed. Steam electrolysis, particularly using high temperature ceramic membrane processes, provides an attractive option for efficient generation of high purity hydrogen.
{"title":"Materials development for SOEC","authors":"S. Elangovan, J. Hartvigsen, F. Zhao, I. Bay, D. Larsen","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-13-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-13-EN","url":null,"abstract":"Emphasis on energy security issues has brought much-needed attention to economic production of hydrogen as the secondary energy carrier for non-electrical markets as well as to meet increasing demand for crude upgrading and desulphurisation. While steam reforming of methane is the current method of production of hydrogen, the fossil fuel feed consumes non-renewable fuel while emitting greenhouse gases. Thus, in the long run, efficient, environmentally-friendly and economic means of hydrogen production using nuclear and renewable energy needs to be developed. Steam electrolysis, particularly using high temperature ceramic membrane processes, provides an attractive option for efficient generation of high purity hydrogen.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"3 1","pages":"129-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78422291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-12-EN
J. Mougin, G. Gousseau, B. Morel, F. Lefebvre-Joud, F. Naour, F. Chauveau, J. Grenier
High-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) coupled with nuclear energy is one of the most promising options for hydrogen mass production. CEA (the French Atomic Energy Commission) is carrying out research in this field, from materials, cells and components developments to stack design including components and stack testing.
{"title":"High-temperature steam electrolysis for hydrogen production","authors":"J. Mougin, G. Gousseau, B. Morel, F. Lefebvre-Joud, F. Naour, F. Chauveau, J. Grenier","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-12-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-12-EN","url":null,"abstract":"High-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) coupled with nuclear energy is one of the most promising options for hydrogen mass production. CEA (the French Atomic Energy Commission) is carrying out research in this field, from materials, cells and components developments to stack design including components and stack testing.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"356 1","pages":"119-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77157185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-18-EN
P. Carles, X. Vitart, P. Yvon
The sulphur-iodine cycle is a promising process for hydrogen production using nuclear heat: • it is a purely thermochemical cycle, implying that hydrogen production will scale with volume rather than surface; • it only involves fluids, thus avoiding the often difficult handling of solids; • its heat requirements are well matched to the temperatures available from a Generation IV very/high temperature reactor.
{"title":"CEA assessment of the sulphur-iodine cycle for hydrogen production","authors":"P. Carles, X. Vitart, P. Yvon","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-18-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-18-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The sulphur-iodine cycle is a promising process for hydrogen production using nuclear heat: • it is a purely thermochemical cycle, implying that hydrogen production will scale with volume rather than surface; • it only involves fluids, thus avoiding the often difficult handling of solids; • its heat requirements are well matched to the temperatures available from a Generation IV very/high temperature reactor.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"29 1","pages":"167-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74000742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-31-EN
J. Borgard, D. Doizi, P. Carles
The CuCl cycle is a hybrid thermochemical cycle to produce hydrogen using both electricity and heat to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Already described in the early 70s, it has recently been revisited because of its low maximal temperature and its high potential efficiency. Furthermore, raw materials are cheap, which allows a drastic diminution of constraints for industrial deployment.
{"title":"Exergy analysis of the Cu-Cl cycle","authors":"J. Borgard, D. Doizi, P. Carles","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-31-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-31-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The CuCl cycle is a hybrid thermochemical cycle to produce hydrogen using both electricity and heat to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Already described in the early 70s, it has recently been revisited because of its low maximal temperature and its high potential efficiency. Furthermore, raw materials are cheap, which allows a drastic diminution of constraints for industrial deployment.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"2 1","pages":"259-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79515651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-5-EN
P. Yvon, P. Carles, F. Naour
The demand for hydrogen, driven by classical applications such as fertilisers or oil refining as well as new applications (synthetic fuels, fuel cells,…) is growing significantly. Presently, most of the hydrogen produced in the world uses methane or another fossil feedstock, which is not a sustainable option, given the limited fossil resources and need to reduce CO2 emissions. This stimulates the need to develop alternative processes of production which do not suffer from these drawbacks.
{"title":"French research strategy to use nuclear reactors for hydrogen production","authors":"P. Yvon, P. Carles, F. Naour","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-5-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-5-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for hydrogen, driven by classical applications such as fertilisers or oil refining as well as new applications (synthetic fuels, fuel cells,…) is growing significantly. Presently, most of the hydrogen produced in the world uses methane or another fossil feedstock, which is not a sustainable option, given the limited fossil resources and need to reduce CO2 emissions. This stimulates the need to develop alternative processes of production which do not suffer from these drawbacks.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"15 1","pages":"37-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90957995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-4-EN
C. Sink
The Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (NHI) is focused on demonstrating the economic, commercial-scale production of hydrogen using process heat derived from nuclear energy. NHI-supported research has concentrated to date on three technologies compatible with the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP): high temperature steam electrolysis (HTE); sulphur-iodine (S-I) thermochemical; and hybrid sulphur (HyS) thermochemical. In 2009 NHI will down select to a single technology on which to focus its future development efforts, for which the next step will be a pilot-scale experiment.
{"title":"Nuclear hydrogen production programme in the United States","authors":"C. Sink","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-4-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-4-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative (NHI) is focused on demonstrating the economic, commercial-scale production of hydrogen using process heat derived from nuclear energy. NHI-supported research has concentrated to date on three technologies compatible with the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP): high temperature steam electrolysis (HTE); sulphur-iodine (S-I) thermochemical; and hybrid sulphur (HyS) thermochemical. In 2009 NHI will down select to a single technology on which to focus its future development efforts, for which the next step will be a pilot-scale experiment.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"25 1","pages":"33-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83295873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.1787/9789264087156-43-EN
N. Brown, S. Revankar, V. Şeker, T. Downar
In the sulphur-iodine (S-I) cycle nuclear hydrogen generation scheme the chemical plant acts as the heat sink for the very high temperature nuclear reactor (VHTR). Thus, any accident which occurs in the chemical plant must feedback to the nuclear reactor. There are many different types of accidents which can occur in a chemical plant. These accidents include intra-reactor piping failure, inter-reactor piping failure, reaction chamber failure and heat exchanger failure.
{"title":"Proposed chemical plant initiated accident scenarios in a sulphur-iodine cycle plant coupled to a pebble bed modular reactor","authors":"N. Brown, S. Revankar, V. Şeker, T. Downar","doi":"10.1787/9789264087156-43-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087156-43-EN","url":null,"abstract":"In the sulphur-iodine (S-I) cycle nuclear hydrogen generation scheme the chemical plant acts as the heat sink for the very high temperature nuclear reactor (VHTR). Thus, any accident which occurs in the chemical plant must feedback to the nuclear reactor. There are many different types of accidents which can occur in a chemical plant. These accidents include intra-reactor piping failure, inter-reactor piping failure, reaction chamber failure and heat exchanger failure.","PeriodicalId":88069,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear science abstracts","volume":"17 1","pages":"377-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82598793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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