Battery Energy最新文献

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have garnered attention as a promising energy storage technology due to its low cost and improved safety. However, their practical application is hindered by challenges such as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), zinc corrosion, and dendrite formation during repeated Zn plating/stripping cycles, which significantly affect cycling stability and electrochemical performance. Herein, investigations on the impact of ZnSO₄ and Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ electrolytes at varying molar concentrations (1 M, 2 M, and 3 M) on these limiting factors are reported. Our results indicate that higher electrolyte concentrations are more effective in suppressing HER and corrosion while enhancing ionic conductivity. Notably, Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ demonstrated superior electrochemical performance compared to ZnSO₄, attributed to the bulky CF₃SO₃⁻ anions, which reduce the coordination between Zn²⁺ and water molecules, thereby facilitating faster ion transport. Hydrothermally synthesized α-MnO₂ was utilized as the cathode in complete cell systems. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that a 3 M Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ electrolyte enabled an impressive initial discharge capacity of 252 mAh g⁻¹. Additionally, the cell exhibited outstanding cycling durability and capacity preservation over repeated cycles. This enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the distinctive characteristics of the Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ electrolyte, which effectively suppresses harmful side reactions while facilitating superior charge storage and transport processes.

The rapid expansion of battery technologies in electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and consumer electronics demands comprehensive safety strategies across all system levels. This review assesses the safety aspects of battery management systems (BMS), with a focus on lithium-ion batteries, while also addressing emerging concerns in sodium-ion, lead-acid, and nickel-based chemistries. Thermal runaway, a primary hazard in rechargeable batteries, is examined through electrochemical degradation, thermal abuse, and mechanical failure modes. The effectiveness of passive thermal management, utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) and composite PCM structures, is evaluated against active air cooling under high-power and overuse scenarios. Results show that passive protection can reduce propagation temperatures by more than 60°C and delay or prevent thermal events in adjacent cells, while smart BMS algorithms improve the State of Health (SoH) by up to 20% compared to conventional protocols. This study also explores innovative BMS architectures that integrate real-time monitoring, predictive diagnostics, and embedded control systems. Particular attention is given to the estimation and use of SoH, which quantifies battery degradation based on capacity loss, resistance growth, and electrochemical response. While lithium-ion systems remain the primary focus, the review highlights how BMS approaches must adapt to the unique failure mechanisms, thermal behavior, and design constraints of sodium-ion, lead-acid, and nickel-based batteries. This comprehensive assessment offers insight into developing scalable, chemistry-specific safety solutions that are critical for next-generation energy storage technologies.

Electrochromic materials that simultaneously enable optical modulation and charge storage offer a promising route toward multifunctional energy systems. Herein, we report a scalable synthesis of a nickel cobalt phosphate–MXene (NCP/Ti₃C₂) composite engineered to couple fast ion transport with structural robustness. Using microwave-assisted deposition followed by spin coating, we constructed a conductive Ti₃C₂ network that intimately overlays the NCP matrix, forming an architecture that overcomes the transport limitations and instability typically observed in MXene–phosphate hybrids. The optimized NCP/Ti₃C₂ film delivered a high coloration efficiency (~140 cm²/C) and retained over 75% of its optical contrast after 1000 switching cycles. It further exhibits an exceptional specific capacitance (~2300 F/g at 1 mV/s), reflecting markedly enhanced charge-storage kinetics. Assembled into an asymmetric electrochromic supercapacitor with activated carbon, the device achieved an energy density of ~15 Wh/kg at a power density of ~1600 W/kg and maintained ~85% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles. These combined optical and electrochemical performances position the NCP/Ti₃C₂//AC system as a compelling platform for next-generation wearable and multifunctional energy-storage technologies.

The development of efficient, stable, and cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts, particularly those based on earth-abundant elements, is essential for the advancement and large-scale deployment of rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs). In this study, we report the synthesis and electrochemical evaluation of FeMnOx–graphene composites as bifunctional catalysts for the oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Three catalysts were prepared using a patented process by Gnanomat SL with different graphene nanoplatelets of different physicochemical properties and characterized through XRD, TEM, STEM-EDS, XPS, TGA, and BET analyses. All samples exhibited poor crystallinity and, according to XPS analysis, showed similar surface phases attributed to Fe₂O₃ or Fe³⁺ oxyhydroxide species and Mn₃O₄. Meanwhile, the graphene support influenced the final surface area and oxide dispersion of the composite. Electrochemical testing using a three-electrode system revealed that FeMn-graphene composites, synthesized with high-surface-area graphene, exhibit promising bifunctional activity for both the ORR and OER. Full-cell ZAB testing confirmed improved charge-discharge performance and excellent cycling stability over 500 h at 10 mA cm⁻². These findings highlight the potential of FeMnOx–graphene composites as sustainable and efficient bifunctional air electrodes, providing an attractive alternative to bifunctional catalysts based on critical elements like Co.

Nanotechnology is emerging as a transformative force in the electric vehicle (EV) industry, offering sustainable, renewable and innovative solutions to longstanding challenges in battery performance, energy efficiency, material weight, and environmental sustainability. This review synthesizes recent advancements in nanomaterials and their integration into EV technologies. Nanostructured silicon anodes demonstrate energy densities up to 4200 mAh/gnearly ten times higher than conventional graphite anodeswhile graphene-enhanced supercapacitors deliver power densities in the range of 10–100 kW/kg, enabling rapid energy delivery. Lightweight nanocomposites reduce overall vehicle mass by 20%–30%, translating to a 10%–15% improvement in energy efficiency. Thermoelectric nanomaterials can recover 5%–10% of waste heat, and high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (25%–28%) offer auxiliary power solutions, potentially extending vehicle range by 10%–15%. Additionally, nanotechnology facilitates closed-loop recycling systems capable of recovering up to 95% of critical raw materials, while enhancing battery lifespan by approximately 30%, thus mitigating environmental impact. However, key barriers such as high production costs (e.g., graphene at $100–$1000 per gram) and limited cycle life (300–500 cycles) remain. Future innovations aim to reduce production costs by 50%–70% and significantly improve durability. Projections suggest that by 2030, nanotechnology could increase EV range by 30%–50%, reduce charging times by up to 50%, and lower manufacturing costs by 20%–30%, contributing to a 30%–50% reduction in transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

Vanadium is classified as a “critical metal”; therefore, the recycling of vanadium-containing wastes–such as electrolytes from redox flow cells–represents a valuable contribution towards the more sustainable use of this element. Among various methods for processing concentrated vanadium-containing leachates, the precipitation of NH₄VO₃ is particularly favourable, as pure V₂O₅ can be obtained through thermal treatment of the resulting precipitate. In a novel approach, N-cetyl-N,N,N, trimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), a representative of larger quaternary organic ammonium ions, was investigated for precipitation of V(V) from a diluted, neutral V(V) solution. These ions decompose upon incineration, releasing V₂O₅ from the collected precipitate. CTABr was added to a waste electrolyte containing 2,076 mg L⁻¹ (40.76 mM) of vanadium, and the V-containing precipitate was collected. Using a CTABr:V molar ratio of 1.23:1 the vanadium concentration in the filtrate was reduced to 14 mg L⁻¹ V, corresponding to over 94% removal of the initial vanadium content. Elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the incinerated residue indicated a V₂O₅ content of 66 wt.%, without further optimisation. This new method demonstrates a general approach for the efficient recovery of vanadium from diluted waste electrolytes and vanadium-containing leachates.

Amine-based chloroaluminate electrolytes were developed and assessed in this initial feasibility study, the first investigation of this family for aluminium batteries. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines with different aliphatic chain lengths were evaluated as precursors. Electrochemical performance was measured by potentiometry, real time viscosity changes were probed with a quartz crystal resonator, and aluminium deposit morphology was characterised by optical and atomic force microscopy. Two systems emerged as promising. Triethylamine/AlCl₃ remained solid without additives up to 313 K. Under polarisation, quartz crystal resonator measurements showed a sharp, reversible decrease in effective viscosity near the electrode, consistent with a localised potential induced solid to liquid transition reported in ionic liquids, and an associated increase in ionic transport. Dodecylamine, AlCl₃ displayed an electrochemical stability window of approximately 1.5 V, comparable to electrolytes already explored for charge storage devices. Both electrolytes exhibited high Faradaic efficiency and redox reversibility, and produced smooth, uniform aluminium deposits. The distinctive features observed here motivate mechanistic studies, long term stability testing, and a systematic survey of amines to develop an optimal solid-state aluminium electrolyte for future devices.

Separators play a critical role in ensuring the performance and, most importantly, the safety of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a novel HDPE-based separator with exceptional performance and safety features is developed through a comprehensive and multifaceted method, including Al₂O₃ nanowires as reinforcing filler to enhance mechanical strength, boehmite (AlOOH) nanoparticle coating to improve dimensional stability, and electron irradiation to enhance the binding efficiency of PVDF binder through crosslinking. The resultant separator has mechanical strength 2.57 times that of a bare HDPE separator and thermal shrinkage of only 3.22% in contrast to 90% for bare HDPE at 150°C. The ionic conductivity and battery performance, including rate capability and cycling performance, underscore the superiority of the resultant separator over the bare HDPE separator. This innovative approach provides a promising pathway for developing high-performance separators, addressing critical challenges in advanced LIB applications.

In the quest for cost-effective and safe aqueous zinc ion batteries for specific applications, resourceful biomaterials have garnered significant attention due to their diverse surface chemistry, structural diversity, biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. Herein, we mitigate water activity and the proliferation of zinc dendrites by integrating fresh ginger, which contains the main component (5S)-5-hydroxy-1-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)decan-3-one (denoted as 6G), into the aqueous ZnSO₄ electrolyte (ZSO). This straightforward method demonstrates that the 6G electrolyte additive not only alters the initial hydrogen bond but also creates an extraordinary Zn²⁺ solvation shell. In situ optical microscopy further validates the homogeneous and dense deposition of zinc, attributed to the adsorption of 6G on the zinc slab. The innovative ZSO+6G electrolyte provides Zn||Zn symmetric cells with exceptional cycle stability for 1550 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm⁻². Meanwhile, the Zn||Cu asymmetric cell attains an impressive average Coulombic efficiency of 99.26% at 1 mA cm⁻². This study introduces an appealing method for optimizing electrolytes using bio-materials to adjust coordination chemistry for the enhancement of durable zinc anodes.

This study introduces a multifunctional carbon fiber–carbon nanotube (CFCNT) architecture as a lightweight, thermally stable, and recyclable current collector for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compatible with both graphite anodes and LiFePO₄ cathodes, the CFCNT platform reduces collector mass to 4.4 mg/cm²—substantially lower than conventional copper (10.1 mg/cm²) and aluminum (5.1 mg/cm²) while enhancing electrical conductivity and interfacial stability. Full pouch cells employing CFCNT collectors achieve an initial capacity of 153 mAh/g and retain 126 mAh/g after 150 cycles (0.11% fade per cycle), with > 91% coulombic efficiency. Safety testing reveals minimal thermal response (< 2°C rise) during nail penetration, underscoring robust mechanical and electrochemical resilience. Critically, the architecture enables direct recovery and reuse of electrodes and current collectors, supporting a closed-loop recycling strategy. These results position CFCNT collectors as a viable pathway toward safer, high-performance, and circular energy storage technologies.