Battery Energy最新文献

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) power electric vehicles through exceptional energy density but pose critical safety risks when mechanically compromised, particularly through nail penetration-induced thermal runaway. This review synthesizes experimental and modeling studies to establish the thermal runaway initiation hierarchy: (1) State-of-charge (SOC) (doubles thermal runaway probability at over 60% SOC), (2) cathode chemistry (thermal runaway propagation of LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1-based batteries is eightfold faster than that of LiFePO₄-based batteries), (3) nail properties (the possibility of short-circuit current of steel-based batteries is 40% higher than that of copper-based batteries), and (4) penetration dynamics (depth's impact is more than that of separator thickness in triggering cascading failures). Thermal runaway mechanisms involve synergistic electrochemical–thermal–mechanical coupling, where localized heating (higher than 1 × 10⁴ K/s) initiates separator collapse (80°C–120°C) and electrolyte decomposition (200°C). Mitigation strategies focus on mechanically graded separators (SiO₂/polymer composites: increasing 180% in puncture resistance); shear-thickening adhesives reducing impact forces by 35%–60%; halogen-free electrolytes within a 2 s self-extinguishing time; and solid-state architectures showing 0% thermal runaway incidence in nail penetration tests. Critical gaps persist in standardizing penetration protocols (velocity: 0.1–80 mm/s variations across studies) and modeling micro-short circuits. Emerging solutions prioritize materials-by-design approaches combining sacrificial microstructures with embedded thermal sensors. This analysis provides a roadmap for developing intrinsically safe LIBs that maintain energy density while achieving automotive-grade mechanical robustness (ISO 6469-1 compliance), ultimately advancing collision-resilient electric vehicle battery systems.

We highlight the lowest-temperature manufacturing of oxide-based all-solid-state batteries in this study. A lithium-rich oxychloride melt was employed to integrate Li_6.25Ga_0.25La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (Ga-LLZO) solid electrolyte particles and LiCoO₂ cathode-active particles at 350°C. As observed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and microcomputed tomography, the infiltration and subsequent solidification of the melt can promote interparticle contact without chemical crosstalk in the cathode and across the cathode–solid electrolyte interface. The melt-infiltrated all-solid cathode exhibits respectable capacity, 83 mA h g⁻¹ at 90°C. Due to mechanical degradation of the interfaces, the cathode failed to maintain good cycle stability. Given that the minute amount of liquid electrolyte addition leads to substantial improvement of achievable capacity (106 mA h g⁻¹ at RT) and capacity retention, ensuring electric wiring in the cathode is key to achieving desirable electrochemical properties of the all-solid cells produced by the melt-infiltration process. Identified cathode optimization to better leverage this melt-infiltration approach includes, but is not limited to, engineering particle size distribution of Ga-LLZO and LiCoO₂ and configurations of the cathode components. While our proposed method is yet to be perfected, we have established a practical foundation to integrate oxide-based all-solid-state batteries.

Aqueous batteries are gaining attention owing to their high safety and cost-effectiveness. Among these, Zn-based aqueous batteries excel because of Zn's low redox potential (−0.76 V vs. SHE), its abundance, and eco-friendliness. However, despite their advantages, challenges, such as low energy density and limited cycle life limit their usage. This study addresses these issues by employing low-crystalline V₂O_4.86 as a cathode material, enhanced with oxygen vacancies created by controlled annealing time. The structure of low-crystalline V₂O_4.86 facilitates rapid structural transformation into the highly active phase Zn_3+x(OH)₂V₂O₇·2(H₂O). Electrochemical tests revealed a 22% capacity improvement for low-crystalline V₂O_4.86 (360 mAh g⁻¹) over high-crystalline V₂O₅ (295 mAh g⁻¹) at 0.8 A g⁻¹, attributed to the presence of active oxygen vacancies. Comprehensive structural analysis, spectroscopy, and diffusion path/barrier studies elucidate the underlying mechanisms for the first time, highlighting the potential of oxygen-engineered V₂O₅. These findings indicate that electrodes engineered with oxygen vacancies offer promising insights in advancing cathode materials for high-performance secondary battery technologies.

In the generation of green hydrogen and oxygen from water, transition metal–based electrode materials have been considered high-performance water-splitting catalysts. In water splitting, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the rate-determining step. To overcome the high overpotential and slow kinetics of OER, the development of effective catalysts to improve electrolysis efficiency is essential. Nickel–iron-layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDHs) have been recognized for their superior electrochemical performance under alkaline OER conditions and have emerged as promising catalysts owing to their unique structure that enhances electrolyte infiltration and exposes more active sites. However, the unique modulation of the crystalline structure of NiFe-LDHs can further improve OER performance. Accordingly, this study introduces an innovative synthesis approach based on Zn doping and selective Zn etching to increase the ECSA and induce favorable transition-metal oxidation states in NiFe-LDHs, thereby improving OER efficiency. After 6 h of Zn etching (Ni_2.9Zn_0.1Fe-6h), the optimized Ni_2.9Zn_0.1Fe LDH sample demonstrated remarkable electrochemical performance and stability, requiring small overpotentials of 192 and 260 mV at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm⁻², respectively. Moreover, the Ni_2.9Zn_0.1Fe-6h electrode could maintain its original overpotential (260 mV) at a current density of 100 mA cm⁻² for 250 h. The proposed Zn doping and subsequent partial Zn etching can practically be applied to numerous high-performance transition metal–based electrochemical catalysts.

This study systematically investigates an Mn-Fe-Ni pseudo-ternary system for Na(Mn-Fe-Ni)O₂ cathodes, focusing on the effects of varying transition metal fractions on structural and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction reveals that increasing Mn content induces biphasic behavior. A higher Ni content reduces the c parameter, while higher Mn and Fe concentrations expand the lattice. Average particle size increases with an increase in Mn content and Fe/Ni ratio. NaMn_0.500Fe_0.125Ni_0.375O₂ delivers a high specific capacity of ~149 mAh g⁻¹ in the 2.0–4.0 V range. Galvanostatic charge-discharge and dQ/dV versus V curves suggest that a Ni/Fe ratio > 1 enhances specific capacity and lowers voltage polarization in the materials. NaMn_0.500Fe_0.250Ni_0.250O₂ demonstrated the best rate performance, exhibiting 85.7% capacity at 1C and 69.7% at 3C, compared to 0.1C, while biphasic NaMn_0.625Fe_0.125Ni_0.250O₂ (MFN-512) excelled in cyclic stability, retaining 93% of capacity after 100 cycles. The performance of MFN-512 in a full cell configuration was studied with hard carbon as the anode, resulting in a specific capacity of ~92 mAh g⁻¹ and a nominal voltage of ~2.9 V at a 0.1C rate, demonstrating its potential in practical applications. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the biphasic nature of MFN-512, with columnar growth of P2 and O3 phases. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that better-performing samples have lower charge transfer resistance. Operando Synchrotron XRD reveals reversible phase transformations in MFN-512, driven by its optimized transition metal ratios and phase fraction. This work outlines a systematic approach to optimizing low-cost, high-performance Mn-Fe-Ni layered oxides.

Front Cover: Solid-state electrolytes are essential for developing safe and efficient lithium metal batteries. In article number BTE.70007, Xinhao Yang and co-workers investigate the effect of AlF₃ incorporation on lithium borate glass electrolytes, revealing a counterintuitive performance deterioration. While fluoride additives are widely used to enhance interfacial stability, their incorporation into the glass matrix was found to reduce ionic conductivity and lead to early short-circuiting under moderate current densities. In contrast, fluoride-free lithium borate glasses exhibited excellent thermal stability, wide electrochemical windows, and maintained stable operation for 500 hours under current densities ranging from 0.04 to 1 mA cm^-2. This work provides critical insights into the complex interplay between fluoride content, glass chemistry, and electrochemical performance, offering new guidelines for interfacial design in solid-state batteries.

Alkaline aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFB) show great potential as viable options for storing energy in commercial power grids. While there has been notable advancement in the development of anolytes, there has been a lack of focus on the catholyte component. In this study, we present a novel all-alkaline AORFB that utilizes a highly soluble catholyte based on manganese (Mn). The formulated combination of catholyte, MnO₄^–/NaOH, has remarkably high solubility, approximately 3.9 M, and possesses a theoretical capacity of 105 Ah L^–1. This capacity is the greatest among all reported catholytes thus far. Half-cell experiments indicate that there is a high level of reversibility and stability, with minimal capacity degradation over time. In addition to three-electrode configuration, the efficacy of MnO₄^–/NaOH is evaluated in full-cell redox flow systems utilizing alizarin as anolyte. The AORFB shows an open circuit voltage of approximately 1.3 V, which is nearly 250 mV higher than the state-of-the-art ferrocyanide-based AORFBs. This resulted in an energy and power output that is approximately 20% higher. In addition, the system exhibits consistent performance with minimal decrease in capacity (0.1% per day) while achieving approximately 85% energy efficiency and 100% coulombic efficiency. The impact of the cutoff potential and plausible degradation mechanisms of the catholyte are also discussed. The findings of this electrolyte formulation offer fresh impetus for developing high-capacity all-alkaline AORFBs.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a frontier technology for high-sensitivity analysis of molecules and chemical substances, and a useful tool in the sensing field relying on fingerprint recognition ability, high sensitivity, multiple detection, biocompatibility, and so forth. SERS substrates have been well concerned attributed to their ability to enhance Raman signals, which makes them useful in various applications, including sensing and detection. At the same time, flexible SERS substrates enable sample loads to meet requirements and, therefore, have high sensitivity for Raman detection, but the detection capacity is still limited. In this paper, the basic principle and method of SERS were reviewed, and some new trends of micro- and nanostructured SERS substrates were reviewed from the aspects of material, matrix type, preparation, and application.

This study reports the utilization of indium oxychloride (InOCl) as a promising electrode material for rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB), magnesium ion battery (MIB), and aluminum ion battery (AIB). The anodic properties of InOCl are carefully investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations to explore structural, electronic, transport, and electrochemical characteristics. The results reveal that InOCl stores more metal ions than the commercially used anode materials. The values of the charge capacity are found as 3604, 4700, 2820 mAhg⁻¹ for LIBs, MIBs and AIBs,respectively which shows that InOCl could be a capable anode material. The open circuit voltage of the host material is given as 2.05 V for Li, 1.7 V for Mg and 0.95 V for Al, respectively. The volume expansion is calculated as 9.12%, 3.6% and 15.5% for LIBs, MIBs and AIBs, respectively which points to resilience of the host against swelling during charge/discharge cycles. The electrochemical performance of the host is studied on the basis of diffusion kinetics and transition barrier faced by Li-ions, Mg-ions and Al-ions. The minimum energy barrier is calculated as 0.20, 0.80, and 0.44 eV whereas the values of diffusion coefficient are calculated as 1.14 × 10⁻⁹, 1.1 × 10^–11, and 0.88 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s for LIBs, MIBs and AIBs, respectively. Furthermore, the respective values of ionic conductivity are calculated as 10.32 × 10⁻², 1.1 × 10⁻², and for 8.50 × 10⁻³ S/m.

Solid-state electrolyte (SSE) is a potential way to solve the safety problems of lithium metal batteries (LMBs), and Li_6.5La₃Zr_1.5Ta_0.5O₁₂ (LLZTO) is one of the most extensive research SSEs due to its good air stability and wide electrochemical window. However, the residual alkali on LLZTO surface limits its application with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-contained binders, and the uncontrollable lithium dendrites growing between the grain boundaries of LLZTO particles would lead to rapid capacity fading and potential short circuit risk. Herein, by in situ coating Li₃PO₄ (LPO) on LLZTO particles (LLZTO@LPO) evenly, the residual alkali on the LLZTO surface is neutralized and the pH value is reduced to 8.84. The modified LLZTO can be mixed with PVDF solution and shows good fluidity without a cross-linking reaction, making the subsequent ceramic coating on the separator feasible. The LLZTO@LPO coating polyethylene (PE) separator can achieve 1400 h (115% increase) stable cycling under 1 mA cm⁻² current density in the Li∥Li symmetrical cell and 80% capacity retention after 260 cycles (NCM622-Li coin cell with 3 mAh cm⁻² loading). Furthermore, the LLZTO SSE pellets were prepared with the LLZTO@LPO and assembled in coin cell. The critical current density (CCD) result increases from 0.7 to 1.6 mA cm⁻² owing to that the LPO coating effectively inhibits the lithium dendrites formation through LLZTO grain boundaries. This work provides a strategy for fabricating the coating layer on LLZTO to improve the stability of LMBs.