Battery Energy最新文献

Hard carbon (HC), an amorphous carbon-based material, is a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its sustainability and electrochemical performance. Direct carbonization offers a simple and energy-efficient synthesis route with relatively high initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), though often at the expense of capacity. To overcome this limitation, both pre-treatment and post-treatment strategies have been developed to enhance HC properties. pre-treatment methods modify structural characteristics during synthesis by increasing structural disorder, surface activity, and defect density. In contrast, post-treatment methods improve the electrochemical behavior of the final product, yet remain comparatively underexplored. These two approaches serve complementary functions and, when integrated, offer potential for optimizing performance. This review discusses the methodologies, benefits, limitations, and impact of various pre- and post-treatment strategies for HC anodes in SIBs. Advancing understanding in this area is essential for the development of high-performance and sustainable SIB technologies.

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have quickly become one of the most popular energy storage sources for electronic devices. The LIB cathode significantly affects the battery's energy density, safety, lifespan, and cost, and LIBs exhibit better chemical and thermal stability. Among various cathode materials, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) has gained significant attention due to its excellent safety, low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and structural stability, making it a preferred choice for commercial and high-performance battery applications. However, the electrochemical performance of LiFePO₄ is strongly influenced by its morphology and nanostructure. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of hydrothermally synthesized LiFePO₄ nanomaterials, focusing on their structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties. A detailed discussion of 1D, 2D, and 3D LiFePO₄ nanostructures is presented, highlighting their impact on Li-ion transport, conductivity, and overall battery performance. Furthermore, the electronic structure of LiFePO₄ is examined for its charge storage mechanisms. A novel aspect of this review is the application of machine learning techniques to analyze specific capacity variations under different hydrothermal synthesis conditions and electrochemical parameters, offering insights into performance optimization. Finally, the global challenges, prospects, and research opportunities for LiFePO₄-based LIBs are discussed, providing a roadmap for further advancements in this field.

The increasing reliance on renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, and portable electronics has intensified the demand for advanced energy storage systems that are both efficient and sustainable. Among the critical components of these systems, electrode materials play a pivotal role in determining performance. In this context, bismuth vanadate (BVO) has emerged as a highly promising material, thanks to its distinctive structural and electrochemical properties. BVO offers immense potential across various energy storage technologies, including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) and supercapacitors. Its unique characteristics, such as efficient ion intercalation and robust battery-like behavior, position it as an ideal candidate for next-generation devices. Recent advances in morphological optimization have further enhanced the specific capacitance and cycling stability of BVO-based materials, paving the way for significant progress in energy storage technology. Furthermore, innovative approaches, such as leveraging BVO's photocatalytic capabilities in ZIBs, offer a cost-effective and environmentally friendly route to energy storage. This review highlights the transformative potential of BVO as an electrode material, emphasizing its role in addressing the pressing need for energy storage technologies that support clean and renewable energy initiatives. Through detailed exploration, it underscores the adaptability and promise of BVO in shaping the future of sustainable energy solutions.

The interface problem caused by the contact between electrode and solid electrolyte (SE) is the main factor hindering the development of solid-state batteries. And adding liquid electrolyte (LE) at the interface to form a solid–liquid hybrid electrolyte is the common strategy. The ion transport kinetics at the SE/LE interface include an active role for the (de)solvation of ions, and the energy barrier for Li⁺ transport between the liquid and solid phases is closely related to the solvation capacity of the solvent. Herein, the influence of the solvation structure of the electrolyte itself on the interface is investigated. Compared to dimethyl carbonate (DMC), the lower Li⁺ binding energy of tetrahydrofuran (THF) is more easily desolvated at the solid–liquid interface, allowing the formation of abundant aggregates and the generation of inorganic-rich interfacial phases, leading to interfacial compatibility. Using the combination of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based SPE and THF-based LE, the cycle performance and rate performance of LiFePO₄(LFP) |SPE|Li batteries are improved. The Li/Li symmetric cell can achieve stable cycling over 1000 h at a current density of 0.05 mA cm⁻², and LFP/Li half-cell retains 93% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. This study can provide inspiration for the design of solid–LE interface.

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) with sulfide-based solid electrolytes (SEs) are promising next-generation lithium-ion batteries owing to their high energy density and safety. The composite electrode is crucial in electrochemical performance, and SE coating on the cathode active material (CAM) is an effective strategy for improving the composite electrode structure. However, despite the importance of conducting agents (CAs) in composite electrodes, their impact on the SE coating process has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, the effect of CA incorporation during the SE coating process on the morphology of the coating layer, composite electrode structure, and resulting electrochemical performance of ASSBs were examined. When the SE coating excluded CA (SE@CAM), a dense SE layer was formed on the CAM surface. By contrast, incorporating carbon black (Super P) during SE coating (SE–SP@CAM) resulted in a Super P-rich SE coating layer, reducing the active surface area and electrical conductivity of electrode and resulting in poor electrochemical performance. Meanwhile, incorporating vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF, 1D CA) during the SE coating process (SE–VGCF@CAM) resulted in the formation of VGCF-embedded SE coating layer. This enlarged the active surface area and facilitated electron conduction, yielding an electrochemical performance higher than that of SE–SP@CAM and comparable to that of SE@CAM. This study revealed the impact of CA incorporation during the SE coating process on the morphology of the coating layer and composite electrode structure. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of the mixing protocol and CA selection in electrode fabrication, offering valuable insights into developing high-performance ASSBs.

Lithium–sulfur batteries offer high theoretical energy density, affordability, and environmental friendliness, but lack commercial viability due to performance issues stemming from Li dendrite growth and the shuttle effect. In this study, we apply a positively charged amino acid in a surface coating for commercial polypropylene separators, endowing it with shuttle-inhibiting and anode-stabilizing functions. The amino acid-modified separator (A-PC@PP) features a nanocomposite interlayer of L-Arginine (Arg), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) to trap and convert polysulfides. Meanwhile, Arg and PAA functional groups introduced throughout the separator homogenize the flux of Li⁺, suppressing the growth of dendrites on the Li metal anode. Arising from these favorable functions, Li-S cells equipped with A-PC@PP separators show excellent rate capability (> 530 mAh/g at an ultrahigh current density of 5 A/g) and improved cycling stability (with a low decay rate of 0.068% per cycle for 500 cycles at 0.5 A/g). This study showcases the viability of a promising and abundant amino acid in addressing the critical issues of Li-S batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) power electric vehicles through exceptional energy density but pose critical safety risks when mechanically compromised, particularly through nail penetration-induced thermal runaway. This review synthesizes experimental and modeling studies to establish the thermal runaway initiation hierarchy: (1) State-of-charge (SOC) (doubles thermal runaway probability at over 60% SOC), (2) cathode chemistry (thermal runaway propagation of LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1-based batteries is eightfold faster than that of LiFePO₄-based batteries), (3) nail properties (the possibility of short-circuit current of steel-based batteries is 40% higher than that of copper-based batteries), and (4) penetration dynamics (depth's impact is more than that of separator thickness in triggering cascading failures). Thermal runaway mechanisms involve synergistic electrochemical–thermal–mechanical coupling, where localized heating (higher than 1 × 10⁴ K/s) initiates separator collapse (80°C–120°C) and electrolyte decomposition (200°C). Mitigation strategies focus on mechanically graded separators (SiO₂/polymer composites: increasing 180% in puncture resistance); shear-thickening adhesives reducing impact forces by 35%–60%; halogen-free electrolytes within a 2 s self-extinguishing time; and solid-state architectures showing 0% thermal runaway incidence in nail penetration tests. Critical gaps persist in standardizing penetration protocols (velocity: 0.1–80 mm/s variations across studies) and modeling micro-short circuits. Emerging solutions prioritize materials-by-design approaches combining sacrificial microstructures with embedded thermal sensors. This analysis provides a roadmap for developing intrinsically safe LIBs that maintain energy density while achieving automotive-grade mechanical robustness (ISO 6469-1 compliance), ultimately advancing collision-resilient electric vehicle battery systems.

We highlight the lowest-temperature manufacturing of oxide-based all-solid-state batteries in this study. A lithium-rich oxychloride melt was employed to integrate Li_6.25Ga_0.25La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (Ga-LLZO) solid electrolyte particles and LiCoO₂ cathode-active particles at 350°C. As observed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and microcomputed tomography, the infiltration and subsequent solidification of the melt can promote interparticle contact without chemical crosstalk in the cathode and across the cathode–solid electrolyte interface. The melt-infiltrated all-solid cathode exhibits respectable capacity, 83 mA h g⁻¹ at 90°C. Due to mechanical degradation of the interfaces, the cathode failed to maintain good cycle stability. Given that the minute amount of liquid electrolyte addition leads to substantial improvement of achievable capacity (106 mA h g⁻¹ at RT) and capacity retention, ensuring electric wiring in the cathode is key to achieving desirable electrochemical properties of the all-solid cells produced by the melt-infiltration process. Identified cathode optimization to better leverage this melt-infiltration approach includes, but is not limited to, engineering particle size distribution of Ga-LLZO and LiCoO₂ and configurations of the cathode components. While our proposed method is yet to be perfected, we have established a practical foundation to integrate oxide-based all-solid-state batteries.

Aqueous batteries are gaining attention owing to their high safety and cost-effectiveness. Among these, Zn-based aqueous batteries excel because of Zn's low redox potential (−0.76 V vs. SHE), its abundance, and eco-friendliness. However, despite their advantages, challenges, such as low energy density and limited cycle life limit their usage. This study addresses these issues by employing low-crystalline V₂O_4.86 as a cathode material, enhanced with oxygen vacancies created by controlled annealing time. The structure of low-crystalline V₂O_4.86 facilitates rapid structural transformation into the highly active phase Zn_3+x(OH)₂V₂O₇·2(H₂O). Electrochemical tests revealed a 22% capacity improvement for low-crystalline V₂O_4.86 (360 mAh g⁻¹) over high-crystalline V₂O₅ (295 mAh g⁻¹) at 0.8 A g⁻¹, attributed to the presence of active oxygen vacancies. Comprehensive structural analysis, spectroscopy, and diffusion path/barrier studies elucidate the underlying mechanisms for the first time, highlighting the potential of oxygen-engineered V₂O₅. These findings indicate that electrodes engineered with oxygen vacancies offer promising insights in advancing cathode materials for high-performance secondary battery technologies.

In the generation of green hydrogen and oxygen from water, transition metal–based electrode materials have been considered high-performance water-splitting catalysts. In water splitting, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the rate-determining step. To overcome the high overpotential and slow kinetics of OER, the development of effective catalysts to improve electrolysis efficiency is essential. Nickel–iron-layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDHs) have been recognized for their superior electrochemical performance under alkaline OER conditions and have emerged as promising catalysts owing to their unique structure that enhances electrolyte infiltration and exposes more active sites. However, the unique modulation of the crystalline structure of NiFe-LDHs can further improve OER performance. Accordingly, this study introduces an innovative synthesis approach based on Zn doping and selective Zn etching to increase the ECSA and induce favorable transition-metal oxidation states in NiFe-LDHs, thereby improving OER efficiency. After 6 h of Zn etching (Ni_2.9Zn_0.1Fe-6h), the optimized Ni_2.9Zn_0.1Fe LDH sample demonstrated remarkable electrochemical performance and stability, requiring small overpotentials of 192 and 260 mV at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm⁻², respectively. Moreover, the Ni_2.9Zn_0.1Fe-6h electrode could maintain its original overpotential (260 mV) at a current density of 100 mA cm⁻² for 250 h. The proposed Zn doping and subsequent partial Zn etching can practically be applied to numerous high-performance transition metal–based electrochemical catalysts.