Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1080/13882350600805761
Simon P. Lannon, M. Stevenson, Steven T. White, J. F. Logan, A. Reinhardt-Rutland, A. Jackson
Background: Charles Bonnet Syndrome is defined as visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people and has been associated with low vision for over two hundred years. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and complexity of visual hallucinations in patients with low vision. Design: A cross-sectional comparative analysis of clinical visual data and hallucinatory phenomena in two groups of patients with age-related macular degeneration and a third control group. Methods: A questionnaire on visual hallucinations was administered to 145 patients and 58 control individuals. Measurements: Visual hallucination type (simple, complex) was examined and group comparisons were made using analysis of variance, cross-tabulations, and percentages. Results: Those individuals reporting visual hallucinations had a significantly lower mean visual acuity than comparative groups. Materialization and frequency of visual hallucinations were dependent on hallucination type. Hallucination type was not dependent on visual ac...
{"title":"Visual Hallucinations in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)","authors":"Simon P. Lannon, M. Stevenson, Steven T. White, J. F. Logan, A. Reinhardt-Rutland, A. Jackson","doi":"10.1080/13882350600805761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13882350600805761","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Charles Bonnet Syndrome is defined as visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people and has been associated with low vision for over two hundred years. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and complexity of visual hallucinations in patients with low vision. Design: A cross-sectional comparative analysis of clinical visual data and hallucinatory phenomena in two groups of patients with age-related macular degeneration and a third control group. Methods: A questionnaire on visual hallucinations was administered to 145 patients and 58 control individuals. Measurements: Visual hallucination type (simple, complex) was examined and group comparisons were made using analysis of variance, cross-tabulations, and percentages. Results: Those individuals reporting visual hallucinations had a significantly lower mean visual acuity than comparative groups. Materialization and frequency of visual hallucinations were dependent on hallucination type. Hallucination type was not dependent on visual ac...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"8 1","pages":"9-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13882350600805761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60070262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1080/13882350601061968
Airi Surakka, T. Kivelä
Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to develop an effective and simple method for training the accuracy of 90° turns in visually impaired and deaf-blind subjects. The secondary purpose was to develop a quick, reliable, non-interfering method for measuring 90° turning. Method: Pre-training measurements were performed in four visually impaired and four deaf-blind subjects (6 females, 2 males; mean age: 53.4 years). Seven of these subjects underwent training followed by post-training measurements. The training was carried out using the corner of a rubber-backed doormat as the angle of reference. The turning angle was measured with the help of reflectors attached to the heels of the subjects' shoes. The positions of the reflectors before and after turning were captured by a camera. Special software calculated the means and standard deviations of the turning angles and compared pre-training and post-training deviations using the Fligner-Policello statistical test. Results: The 20-minute-long trainin...
{"title":"A New Method to Train and Measure 90° Turns in Visually Impaired and Deaf-Blind Subjects","authors":"Airi Surakka, T. Kivelä","doi":"10.1080/13882350601061968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13882350601061968","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to develop an effective and simple method for training the accuracy of 90° turns in visually impaired and deaf-blind subjects. The secondary purpose was to develop a quick, reliable, non-interfering method for measuring 90° turning. Method: Pre-training measurements were performed in four visually impaired and four deaf-blind subjects (6 females, 2 males; mean age: 53.4 years). Seven of these subjects underwent training followed by post-training measurements. The training was carried out using the corner of a rubber-backed doormat as the angle of reference. The turning angle was measured with the help of reflectors attached to the heels of the subjects' shoes. The positions of the reflectors before and after turning were captured by a camera. Special software calculated the means and standard deviations of the turning angles and compared pre-training and post-training deviations using the Fligner-Policello statistical test. Results: The 20-minute-long trainin...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"8 1","pages":"41-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13882350601061968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60070890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-09-01DOI: 10.1080/13882350500290254
H. Taylor
This paper first presents a snapshot of the impact of vision loss in Australia. It then reviews the demographic changes in our community and shows how these changes also affect blindness rates around the world. It finally discusses the exciting work being done by Vision 2020, the global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness by the year 2020 (www.vision2020.org).
{"title":"The economics of vision loss","authors":"H. Taylor","doi":"10.1080/13882350500290254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13882350500290254","url":null,"abstract":"This paper first presents a snapshot of the impact of vision loss in Australia. It then reviews the demographic changes in our community and shows how these changes also affect blindness rates around the world. It finally discusses the exciting work being done by Vision 2020, the global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness by the year 2020 (www.vision2020.org).","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"122 1","pages":"53-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13882350500290254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60070610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1080/13882350500290270
John Gill
It can take a number of years from the specification of a research project to the outcome being of practical benefit to blind and partially sighted people. Since there are finite resources, both of funds and skilled staff, for research, it is important to carefully analyse the likely future unmet needs of the target user population before determining priorities for research. This is not trivial since both technology and user needs will change with time. At present, much of the technological research is targeted at people using non-visual means of communication and who do not have additional impairments. The demographic trends, however, are for an increasing proportion of visually impaired people to have a significant additional impairment. Much of the current technological research relates to developing sophisticated devices for blind people of above average intelligence. Yet, there is an unmet need for many low-cost devices: for instance, devices for opening new types of packaging of domestic products. T...
{"title":"Priorities for Technological Research for Visually Impaired People","authors":"John Gill","doi":"10.1080/13882350500290270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13882350500290270","url":null,"abstract":"It can take a number of years from the specification of a research project to the outcome being of practical benefit to blind and partially sighted people. Since there are finite resources, both of funds and skilled staff, for research, it is important to carefully analyse the likely future unmet needs of the target user population before determining priorities for research. This is not trivial since both technology and user needs will change with time. At present, much of the technological research is targeted at people using non-visual means of communication and who do not have additional impairments. The demographic trends, however, are for an increasing proportion of visually impaired people to have a significant additional impairment. Much of the current technological research relates to developing sophisticated devices for blind people of above average intelligence. Yet, there is an unmet need for many low-cost devices: for instance, devices for opening new types of packaging of domestic products. T...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"7 1","pages":"59-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13882350500290270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60070230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1080/13882350590956439
L. Whitmarsh
There is an apparent discrepancy between the actual number of guide dog owners and the proportion of visually impaired people who might benefit from a guide dog. This research aimed to provide an understanding of the reasons why many visually impaired people have not applied for a guide dog, the range of benefits offered by guide dogs, and how these might vary amongst different populations and under different circumstances. While previous research described a number of psychological and social benefits of assistant animal ownership, consistent with the companion animal literature, it also pointed to the importance of personal and social context on the impact and effectiveness of assistance animals. The study described here involved a telephone survey of over 800 visually impaired people and found that independence, confidence, companionship, increased and changed social interaction, as well as increased mobility, are commonly cited benefits of guide dog ownership. These psychological and social dimensions...
{"title":"The Benefits of Guide Dog Ownership","authors":"L. Whitmarsh","doi":"10.1080/13882350590956439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13882350590956439","url":null,"abstract":"There is an apparent discrepancy between the actual number of guide dog owners and the proportion of visually impaired people who might benefit from a guide dog. This research aimed to provide an understanding of the reasons why many visually impaired people have not applied for a guide dog, the range of benefits offered by guide dogs, and how these might vary amongst different populations and under different circumstances. While previous research described a number of psychological and social benefits of assistant animal ownership, consistent with the companion animal literature, it also pointed to the importance of personal and social context on the impact and effectiveness of assistance animals. The study described here involved a telephone survey of over 800 visually impaired people and found that independence, confidence, companionship, increased and changed social interaction, as well as increased mobility, are commonly cited benefits of guide dog ownership. These psychological and social dimensions...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"7 1","pages":"27-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13882350590956439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60070585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1080/133882350500377762
M. Vukicevic, K. Fitzmaurice
It has been shown that loss of macular vision has an impact upon a person's ability to read normal-size print and perform daily living tasks. The aim of this study was to report the results of a random control trial of eccentric viewing and magnification interventions on the performance of activities of daily living, including a clinical evaluation of client perceptions. A random control design was used to compare the impact of three interventions (eccentric viewing, magnification, and combined intervention) upon near print size and the performance of daily living tasks. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Results of the random control study in relation to the dependent variables of near print size and performance of activities of daily living demonstrated that intervention significantly improved performance. Eccentric viewing intervention demonstrated greater improvement in dynamic activities such as shopping, whilst magnification intervention demonstrated the greatest improvement in h...
{"title":"Rehabilitation strategies used to ameliorate the impact of centre field loss","authors":"M. Vukicevic, K. Fitzmaurice","doi":"10.1080/133882350500377762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/133882350500377762","url":null,"abstract":"It has been shown that loss of macular vision has an impact upon a person's ability to read normal-size print and perform daily living tasks. The aim of this study was to report the results of a random control trial of eccentric viewing and magnification interventions on the performance of activities of daily living, including a clinical evaluation of client perceptions. A random control design was used to compare the impact of three interventions (eccentric viewing, magnification, and combined intervention) upon near print size and the performance of daily living tasks. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Results of the random control study in relation to the dependent variables of near print size and performance of activities of daily living demonstrated that intervention significantly improved performance. Eccentric viewing intervention demonstrated greater improvement in dynamic activities such as shopping, whilst magnification intervention demonstrated the greatest improvement in h...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"7 1","pages":"79-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/133882350500377762","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59796293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1080/13882350500460923
M. Burggraaff, R. Nispen, M. R. Boer, G. Rens
Introduction: It is expected that the number of visually impaired elderly will increase dramatically over the next decades. This will result in more ophthalmic consultations and an increased demand on visual rehabilitation. In the Netherlands there seem to be great differences in optometric and multidisciplinary approaches in prescribing low vision aids. Purpose: To describe possible differences between optometric and multidisciplinary approaches in their prescription of low vision aids. Methods: A non-randomised prospective cohort study among elderly > 50 years of age in the Netherlands to compare the number and type of prescribed low vision aids by optometric and multidisciplinary services and the relation of these aids to characteristics such as visual acuity and age. This study is part of a large ongoing study in the Netherlands on the outcome on the quality of life of visually impaired elderly of rehabilitation. Results: Optometric services prescribed significantly more low vision aids per patient (m...
{"title":"Optometric and Multidisciplinary Approaches in Prescribing Low Vision Aids","authors":"M. Burggraaff, R. Nispen, M. R. Boer, G. Rens","doi":"10.1080/13882350500460923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13882350500460923","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: It is expected that the number of visually impaired elderly will increase dramatically over the next decades. This will result in more ophthalmic consultations and an increased demand on visual rehabilitation. In the Netherlands there seem to be great differences in optometric and multidisciplinary approaches in prescribing low vision aids. Purpose: To describe possible differences between optometric and multidisciplinary approaches in their prescription of low vision aids. Methods: A non-randomised prospective cohort study among elderly > 50 years of age in the Netherlands to compare the number and type of prescribed low vision aids by optometric and multidisciplinary services and the relation of these aids to characteristics such as visual acuity and age. This study is part of a large ongoing study in the Netherlands on the outcome on the quality of life of visually impaired elderly of rehabilitation. Results: Optometric services prescribed significantly more low vision aids per patient (m...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"7 1","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13882350500460923","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60070547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1080/13882350500290296
Torø Graven
The present study investigated whether newly blinded individuals, i.e., when touch replaces vision as the dominant sense modality, show improved proficiency (operationalized as accuracy and exploration time) in mental (unfamiliar shape) manipulation, thus recognition of familiar shapes, when they are (1) visually and (2) tactually pre-cued. Explicitly, would pre-cuing, or prompting of experiences stored prior to total sight loss, improve their proficiency in mentally manipulating unfamiliar tactile shapes, i.e., subtracting, relocating, etc. familiar features and thereby, based on this mental (unfamiliar shape) manipulation, recognizing familiar shapes? Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of two separate precursors, i.e., preliminary training aimed at pre-cuing: Experiment 1. a visual precursor (pre-cuing prior to total sight loss) and Experiment 2. a tactual precursor (pre-cuing after total sight loss). Experiment 1 examined 32 newly blinded (i.e., blindfolded-sighted) individuals...
{"title":"Mental Manipulation, Thus Recognition of Familiar Shapes: The Influence of Pre-cuing When Touch Replaces Vision as the Dominant Sense Modality","authors":"Torø Graven","doi":"10.1080/13882350500290296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13882350500290296","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigated whether newly blinded individuals, i.e., when touch replaces vision as the dominant sense modality, show improved proficiency (operationalized as accuracy and exploration time) in mental (unfamiliar shape) manipulation, thus recognition of familiar shapes, when they are (1) visually and (2) tactually pre-cued. Explicitly, would pre-cuing, or prompting of experiences stored prior to total sight loss, improve their proficiency in mentally manipulating unfamiliar tactile shapes, i.e., subtracting, relocating, etc. familiar features and thereby, based on this mental (unfamiliar shape) manipulation, recognizing familiar shapes? Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of two separate precursors, i.e., preliminary training aimed at pre-cuing: Experiment 1. a visual precursor (pre-cuing prior to total sight loss) and Experiment 2. a tactual precursor (pre-cuing after total sight loss). Experiment 1 examined 32 newly blinded (i.e., blindfolded-sighted) individuals...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"20 1","pages":"63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13882350500290296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60070360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1080/13882350590956448
A. Siddiqui, A. Rydberg, G. Lennerstrand
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contrast sensitivity of children with severe visual impairment and to correlate these findings with the children's performance in five areas of functional capability. Twenty children, 6–16 years of age, with severe visual impairment were included in the study. The children were divided into two groups: Group I (n = 9, all with visual deprivation) and Group II (n = 11, with retinal-related diseases). The children were assessed with six different high- and low-contrast visual acuity tests. Functional vision was assessed with regard to communication, orientation, mobility, ADL (activities of daily living) and sustained near-vision tasks. The performances were graded on a scale of 1–5 in the five different areas. High-contrast distance visual acuity tests were generally not well correlated amongst themselves in either group, whereas near-vision and low-contrast tests were well correlated in Group I but not in Group II. The low-contrast tests were well correlated a...
{"title":"Visual Contrast Functions in Children with Severe Visual Impairment and the Relation to Functional Ability","authors":"A. Siddiqui, A. Rydberg, G. Lennerstrand","doi":"10.1080/13882350590956448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13882350590956448","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contrast sensitivity of children with severe visual impairment and to correlate these findings with the children's performance in five areas of functional capability. Twenty children, 6–16 years of age, with severe visual impairment were included in the study. The children were divided into two groups: Group I (n = 9, all with visual deprivation) and Group II (n = 11, with retinal-related diseases). The children were assessed with six different high- and low-contrast visual acuity tests. Functional vision was assessed with regard to communication, orientation, mobility, ADL (activities of daily living) and sustained near-vision tasks. The performances were graded on a scale of 1–5 in the five different areas. High-contrast distance visual acuity tests were generally not well correlated amongst themselves in either group, whereas near-vision and low-contrast tests were well correlated in Group I but not in Group II. The low-contrast tests were well correlated a...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"7 1","pages":"43-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13882350590956448","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60070201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-01-01DOI: 10.1080/13882350500431130
A. Riazi, S. Parhizgar
Background: In accordance with the objectives envisaged by the Vision 2020 WHO global initiative, this study was designed to reveal the causes of low vision (LV) and also patient preference for and acceptance of different visual aids. The study was performed between March 2002 and October 2003 in the Low Vision Clinic of the SABA Research and Education Center of Iran. Methods: A descriptive clinical study of patients complaining of low vision was performed. All patients were examined by an ophthalmologist for retinal disease. Non-corrected visual acuity (VA), best-corrected VA, and patient preference for a specific visual aid were registered. Results: Of the 468 (315 male) patients included in the study, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) was the cause of low vision in 19.9%, congenital disease (albinism, nystagmus, rod & cone dystrophies, different syndromes, etc.) in 17.5%, retinitis pigmentosa in 16%, diabetic retinopathy in 12.4%, retinal disease (different types of maculopathies, retinal scars, ...
{"title":"Causes of Low Vision and Patient Preference for Different Types of Visual Aids: A Pilot Study","authors":"A. Riazi, S. Parhizgar","doi":"10.1080/13882350500431130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13882350500431130","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In accordance with the objectives envisaged by the Vision 2020 WHO global initiative, this study was designed to reveal the causes of low vision (LV) and also patient preference for and acceptance of different visual aids. The study was performed between March 2002 and October 2003 in the Low Vision Clinic of the SABA Research and Education Center of Iran. Methods: A descriptive clinical study of patients complaining of low vision was performed. All patients were examined by an ophthalmologist for retinal disease. Non-corrected visual acuity (VA), best-corrected VA, and patient preference for a specific visual aid were registered. Results: Of the 468 (315 male) patients included in the study, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) was the cause of low vision in 19.9%, congenital disease (albinism, nystagmus, rod & cone dystrophies, different syndromes, etc.) in 17.5%, retinitis pigmentosa in 16%, diabetic retinopathy in 12.4%, retinal disease (different types of maculopathies, retinal scars, ...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"7 1","pages":"85-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13882350500431130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60070432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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