Visual impairment research最新文献

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A Demonstration Project on Driving with Reduced Visual Acuity and a Bioptic Telescope System in the Netherlands 荷兰视障驾驶及双视望远镜系统示范项目

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2008-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350802053707

B. Melis-Dankers, A. Kooijman, W. Brouwer, R. Busscher, R. A. Bredewoud, Peter H. Derksen, Anoeska Amersfoort, M.A.M. IJsseldijk, G. W. V. Delden, T. V. Grotenhuis, J. M. Witvliet

Background: In Europe, driving a passenger car is prohibited if binocular best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) is below 0.5 (20/40). Some US states allow people with reduced visual acuity to use a bioptic telescope system when driving. The aim of our study is to introduce a bioptic telescope system for driving in the Netherlands and to investigate whether it enables people with reduced visual acuity to gain sufficient practical fitness to drive in a European setting. Results: Out of 378 persons who applied for information following media attention for the project, 160 candidates volunteered to participate. Based on the available information, 36 subjects (binocular BCVA: 0.16–0.5 [20/125–20/40]) were invited for assessment (vision, mobility, cognitive function, and driving skills). Of these, 16 did not meet the inclusion criteria and 2 decided not to participate. The remaining 18 subjects were trained in the use of a monocular bioptic telescope (3× magnification). They all completed the predriving training ...

背景:在欧洲，双眼最佳矫正视力(BCVA)低于0.5(20/40)禁止驾驶乘用车。美国一些州允许视力下降的人在开车时使用双视望远镜系统。我们研究的目的是在荷兰引入一种用于驾驶的双视望远镜系统，并调查它是否能使视力下降的人在欧洲环境中获得足够的实际健康驾驶能力。结果:在媒体关注项目后申请信息的378人中，有160人自愿参与。根据现有资料，邀请36名受试者(双眼BCVA: 0.16-0.5[20/125-20/40])进行评估(视力、活动能力、认知功能和驾驶技能)。其中16人不符合纳入标准，2人决定不参加。其余18名受试者接受单眼双筒望远镜(3倍放大)使用训练。他们都完成了驾驶前的训练。

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引用次数: 16

The Historical Evolution of Visual Acuity Measurement 视敏度测量的历史演变

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350802632401

A. Colenbrander

This review aims at uncovering certain aspects of the historical evolution of a subject that is so familiar that we rarely stop to think about its background. That subject is Visual Acuity Measurement. The history will show how innovative ideas that were ignored when first proposed were eagerly adopted when they were reintroduced later. It will also show the role of vision rehabilitation in preparing the way for the current standards.

这篇评论的目的是揭示这门学科历史演变的某些方面，这门学科是如此熟悉，以至于我们很少停下来思考它的背景。这门课是视力测量。历史将表明，最初被忽视的创新思想在后来被重新引入时是如何被热切采用的。它还将显示视力康复在为现行标准做准备方面的作用。

引用次数: 35

The Introduction of Bioptic Driving in The Netherlands. 荷兰引入双视驾驶技术。

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350802053582

A. Kooijman, B. Melis-Dankers, E. Peli, W. Brouwer, P. Pijnakker, Geert Van Delden, Eelko Van Pluuren, Birgit Van Iddekinge, Peter H. Derksen, R. Busscher, R. A. Bredewoud, Jose H M Van Rosmalen, F. Postema, Irene Wanders, Jos De Vries, J. M. Witvliet

BACKGROUND: In many states of the U.S.A., people with moderately reduced visual acuity e.g., 20/50 - 20/200) can legally drive with the aid of a small, spectacle-mounted ("bioptic") telescope. We conducted a demonstration project to assess the viability of implementing bioptic driving in The Netherlands. In this paper we describe the framework of the project from conception through to realization of our primary objective - the introduction of bioptic driving as a legal option for visually impaired people in The Netherlands. METHODS: The project was based on bioptic driving programs in the U.S.A., which were adapted to fit within current driving training and assessment practices in The Netherlands. The project convened a consortium of organizations including the Netherlands Bureau of Driving Skills Certificates (CBR), service organizations for the visually impaired, and research departments at universities investigating driving and vision. All organizations were educated about bioptic driving and participating professionals were trained in their specific aspects of the project. Media publicity led to significant interest and helped recruitment that enabled the screening and selection of potential participants. OUTCOMES: The project demonstrated that people with moderately reduced visual acuity can be trained to achieve an adequate level of proficient and safe driving (as assessed by the local official driving licensing professionals) when using a bioptic telescope for the road conditions in the Netherlands. Based on the successful project outcomes, a request was made to the Minister to allow bioptic driving in the Netherlands. This request has been accepted; the legal procedures for implementation are in process.

背景:在美国的许多州，视力中度下降的人(例如，20/50 - 20/200)可以合法地使用小型眼镜式(“双视”)望远镜驾驶。我们进行了一个示范项目，以评估在荷兰实施生物驾驶的可行性。在这篇论文中，我们描述了项目的框架，从概念到实现我们的主要目标-在荷兰引入视物驾驶作为视障人士的合法选择。方法:该项目以美国的生物驾驶项目为基础，经过调整以适应荷兰当前的驾驶培训和评估实践。该项目召集了一个组织联盟，包括荷兰驾驶技能证书局(CBR)、视障人士服务机构和研究驾驶与视力的大学研究部门。所有组织都接受了关于生物驾驶的教育，参与的专业人员接受了项目具体方面的培训。媒体的宣传引起了极大的兴趣，并有助于招募，从而能够筛选和选择潜在的参与者。结果:该项目表明，中度视力下降的人可以通过培训，在使用双视望远镜观察荷兰的道路状况时，达到足够的熟练和安全驾驶水平(由当地官方驾驶执照专业人员评估)。根据成功的项目成果，向部长提出了一项要求，允许在荷兰进行生物驾驶。此请求已被接受;执行的法律程序正在进行中。

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引用次数: 19

Change in Educational Opportunities for Children Who Have Had Cataract Surgery in Tanzania 坦桑尼亚白内障手术儿童教育机会的变化

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350802289079

M. Mosha, P. Courtright

Background: Loss of vision influences the educational opportunities, employment, and social life of children. We sought to determine the change in educational opportunities among Tanzanian school age children with congenital/developmental cataract following surgery. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among parents of children age 6–16 years who had congenital/developmental cataract surgery at KCMC Hospital. A consecutive list of children was obtained, and preoperative and postoperative clinical data (including visual acuity) was abstracted from files. Parents of identified children were interviewed using a pre-tested, standardized questionnaire, and findings were assessed to determine level of improvement in educational environment. Results: Seventy-two children and their parents were enrolled. There were significant improvements in vision of children; however, there was a four-fold increase in the number of children now attending schools for the blind. Fourteen of the nineteen c...

背景:视力丧失影响儿童的教育机会、就业和社会生活。我们试图确定坦桑尼亚学龄儿童先天性/发育性白内障手术后教育机会的变化。材料和方法:对在KCMC医院接受先天性/发育性白内障手术的6-16岁儿童的父母进行横断面研究。获得连续的患儿名单，并从档案中提取术前和术后的临床资料(包括视力)。使用预先测试的标准化问卷对确定的儿童的家长进行访谈，并对调查结果进行评估，以确定教育环境的改善水平。结果:72名儿童及其父母入选。儿童的视力有显著改善;然而，现在在盲人学校上学的儿童人数增加了四倍。十九个中有十四个……

引用次数: 6

Loss of Central Vision and Audiovisual Speech Perception. 中心视力丧失与视听语音感知。

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350802053731

Amanda Wilson, Adam Wilson, Martin W Ten Hove, Martin Paré, Kevin G Munhall

Communication impairments pose a major threat to an individual's quality of life. However, the impact of visual impairments on communication is not well understood, despite the important role that vision plays in the perception of speech. Here we present 2 experiments examining the impact of discrete central scotomas on speech perception. In the first experiment, 4 patients with central vision loss due to unilateral macular holes identified utterances with conflicting auditory-visual information, while simultaneously having their eye movements recorded. Each eye was tested individually. Three participants showed similar speech perception with both the impaired eye and the unaffected eye. For 1 participant, speech perception was disrupted by the scotoma because the participant did not shift gaze to avoid obscuring the talker's mouth with the scotoma. In the second experiment, 12 undergraduate students with gaze-contingent artificial scotomas (10 visual degrees in diameter) identified sentences in background noise. These larger scotomas disrupted speech perception, but some participants overcame this by adopting a gaze strategy whereby they shifted gaze to prevent obscuring important regions of the face such as the mouth. Participants who did not spontaneously adopt an adaptive gaze strategy did not learn to do so over the course of 5 days; however, participants who began with adaptive gaze strategies became more consistent in their gaze location. These findings confirm that peripheral vision is sufficient for perception of most visual information in speech, and suggest that training in gaze strategy may be worthwhile for individuals with communication deficits due to visual impairments.

交流障碍是对个人生活质量的一大威胁。然而，尽管视觉在言语感知中扮演着重要角色，人们对视觉障碍对交流的影响却知之甚少。在此，我们将介绍两项实验，研究离散性中心视网膜疤痕对言语感知的影响。在第一项实验中，4 名因单侧黄斑孔而导致中心视力丧失的患者在识别听觉和视觉信息相互冲突的话语时，同时记录了他们的眼球运动。每只眼睛都进行了单独测试。3 名参与者的受损眼睛和未受损眼睛的言语感知能力相似。一名参与者的言语感知受到了视网膜的干扰，因为该参与者没有转移视线以避免视网膜遮挡说话者的嘴巴。在第二项实验中，12 名本科生在注视相关人工视网膜（直径为 10 目）的情况下识别背景噪声中的句子。这些较大的视网膜瘤干扰了语音感知，但一些参与者通过采取注视策略克服了这一问题，他们通过转移视线来防止遮挡面部的重要区域，如嘴巴。没有自发采用适应性注视策略的学员在 5 天的学习过程中并没有学会采用这种策略；但是，开始采用适应性注视策略的学员在注视位置上变得更加一致。这些研究结果证实，外围视觉足以感知言语中的大部分视觉信息，并表明对因视觉障碍而有交流障碍的人来说，目光策略训练可能是值得的。

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引用次数: 0

Agreement Between Self-Reported Co-morbidity of Visually Impaired Older Patients and Reports from their General Practitioners 老年视障患者自我报告的合并症与其全科医生报告的一致性

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2008-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350802634324

R. Nispen, J. Hoeijmakers, M. R. Boer, P. Ringens, G. Rens

Purpose: In visually impaired older patients, it is unclear which co-existing conditions patients suffer from and whether all co-existing conditions are reported by the patient. Our purpose was to present the level of agreement between patients' and their general practitioners' co-morbidity reports. Methods: Analyses were performed on data from an observational study among 296 visually impaired older patients. Agreement between patients and 165 general practitioners was obtained from twelve (chronic) condition categories. Cohen's Kappa was used to assess the level of agreement. Results: Patients reported a median number of co-existing conditions of 1 (range: 0–4) and general practitioners 3 (range: 0–7). Agreement was ‘very good’ for diabetes (Kappa 0.82; 95% CI [0.73;0.92]) and ‘moderate’ for heart conditions (Kappa 0.48; 95% CI [0.33;0.62]) and COPD or asthma (Kappa 0.60; 95% CI [0.45;0.75]). Kappa values were ‘fair’ (0.29 to 0.34) for cancer, musculo-skeletal conditions, hearing impairments and stroke,...

目的:在老年视障患者中，尚不清楚患者患有哪些共存条件，以及患者是否报告了所有共存条件。我们的目的是展示患者和全科医生的合并症报告之间的一致程度。方法:对296例老年视障患者的观察性研究数据进行分析。从12种(慢性)疾病类别中获得了患者和165名全科医生之间的一致性。科恩的Kappa被用来评估同意的程度。结果:患者报告的共存疾病中位数为1(范围:0-4)，全科医生为3(范围:0-7)。糖尿病的一致性“非常好”(Kappa 0.82;95% CI[0.73;0.92])和“中度”(Kappa 0.48;95% CI[0.33;0.62])和COPD或哮喘(Kappa 0.60;95% ci[0.45;0.75])。对于癌症、肌肉骨骼疾病、听力障碍和中风，Kappa值是“公平的”(0.29至0.34)。

引用次数: 10

The Impact of Mobility and Public Transport on the Independence of Visually Impaired People 交通和公共交通对视障人士独立性的影响

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2007-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350701673266

Alicia Montarzino, Brian Robertson, P. Aspinall, A. Ambrecht, C. Findlay, J. Hine, B. Dhillon

This study, carried out by the Edinburgh Visual Impairment Research Group with outpatients of the Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion (Edinburgh, Scotland), focuses on the relationship between low vision, travel behaviour, and quality-of-life issues. The study was part of a wider investigation into the functional and quality-of-life benefits of cataract surgery for patients with age-related macular degeneration. Each patient was asked to complete a travel diary for the previous week and answer a mobility questionnaire as part of an interview session.The aim of the study was to identify the personal, environmental, and transportation factors that have an impact on visually impaired people's mobility and independence. The analysis has demonstrated that there are different subgroups of patients with different patterns of travel behaviour. While aspects of the built environment and transport system such as controlled road crossings and location of bus stops play an important role in determining the travel behavio...

这项研究是由爱丁堡视力障碍研究小组与亚历山德拉公主眼科馆(苏格兰爱丁堡)的门诊病人一起进行的，研究重点是低视力、旅行行为和生活质量问题之间的关系。这项研究是对年龄相关性黄斑变性患者白内障手术的功能和生活质量的更广泛调查的一部分。每位患者被要求完成前一周的旅行日记，并回答一份活动问卷，作为访谈的一部分。这项研究的目的是确定影响视障人士行动能力和独立性的个人、环境和交通因素。分析表明，不同的亚组患者有不同的旅行行为模式。建筑环境和交通系统的各个方面，如受控制的十字路口和公交车站的位置，在决定出行行为方面起着重要作用。

引用次数: 49

Expectations and perceived benefits of a hospital-based low vision clinic: Results of an exploratory, qualitative research study 基于医院的低视力诊所的期望和感知效益:一项探索性定性研究的结果

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2007-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350701643582

M. Crossland, Elizabeth S. Gould, Cecil G. Helman, M. Feely, Gary S. Rubin

Background: It is known that unmet expectations are a common cause of patient dissatisfaction with health care. The purpose of this study was to determine the expectations of patients attending their first low vision clinic appointment in a specialist ophthalmic hospital and to determine how well their expectations were met by the low vision clinic. Method: Fifteen adults with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and significant vision loss were recruited. A one-to-one, semistructured interview was performed by a research psychologist to determine the difficulties patients were experiencing and their expectations of the low vision clinic. At a further interview 3 months later patients were again asked what difficulties they were experiencing and to comment on the perceived benefits of the low vision clinic. Results: Ninety-three percent (93%) (14/15) reported difficulty with reading. Other frequently reported problems included shopping (7/15), face recognition (5/15), crossing roads (4/15) and televisio...

背景:众所周知，未满足的期望是患者对医疗保健不满意的常见原因。本研究的目的是确定患者在专科眼科医院的第一次低视力门诊预约的期望，并确定低视力门诊满足他们期望的程度。方法:招募年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)伴明显视力丧失的成人15例。一名研究心理学家进行了一对一的半结构化访谈，以确定患者正在经历的困难以及他们对低视力诊所的期望。在3个月后的进一步访谈中，患者再次被问及他们遇到的困难以及对低视力诊所的感知益处的评论。结果:93%(14/15)的患者报告有阅读困难。其他经常被报告的问题包括购物(7/15)、面部识别(5/15)、过马路(4/15)和看电视……

引用次数: 24

Self-Reported Spatial Hearing and Blindness 自我报告的空间听力和失明

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350701239365

J. Blumsack, Margaret Ross

Considerable research indicates that spatial hearing in people who are blind is similar to or better than that of people who are sighted. Of particular relevance to everyday function is an individual's self-assessment of sound localization skills. In the present study, questionnaire responses by people with self-reported blindness and normal hearing indicated high self-ratings of spatial hearing skills among those who responded to the survey. Ratings for several spatial hearing situations were compared with ratings obtained from a different study of sighted individuals.

相当多的研究表明，盲人的空间听力与视力正常的人相似或更好。与日常功能特别相关的是个人对声音定位技能的自我评估。在本研究中，自报盲者和听力正常者的问卷调查显示，他们的空间听力技能自我评价较高。对几种空间听力情况的评分与对视力正常的人进行的另一项研究的评分进行了比较。

引用次数: 2

Major Loss of Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity at Low Spatial Frequencies in Subjects with Age-Related Macular Degeneration 年龄相关性黄斑变性患者在低空间频率的色度对比敏感度的主要丧失

Visual impairment research

Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/13882350701198694

A. Valberg, P. Fosse

In the course of a broader study investigating functional vision in low-vision subjects, we compared the chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivities of 12 subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD; mean age: 75 years) with those of two control groups. One group comprised age-matched individuals with a mean age of 77 years, while the other had a mean age of 46 years. Contrast sensitivities were measured as a function of spatial frequency of sinusoidal gratings. Sensitivity to achromatic luminance contrast was severely reduced in the AMD subjects compared to both control groups, particularly for the higher and medium spatial frequencies. It was reduced to an average value of less than 10% of the age-matched normal group at 4 c/deg. At low spatial frequencies, achromatic contrast sensitivity was less affected. At 0.4 c/deg, for example, the AMD subjects showed on the average 30% of normal achromatic sensitivity, whereas sensitivity to isoluminant red-green and yellow-blue cone contrast was only...

在对低视力受试者的功能性视力进行更广泛的研究过程中，我们比较了12名年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)患者的色差和消色差对比敏感度。平均年龄:75岁)。其中一组的平均年龄为77岁，另一组的平均年龄为46岁。对比灵敏度作为正弦光栅空间频率的函数来测量。与两个对照组相比，AMD受试者对消色差亮度对比度的敏感性严重降低，特别是对较高和中等空间频率。在4摄氏度/度时，它的平均值减少到不到年龄匹配正常组的10%。在低空间频率下，消色差对比灵敏度受影响较小。例如，当温度为0.4℃/℃时，AMD受试者的消色差敏感度平均为正常人的30%，而对等光的红绿和黄蓝视锥对比的敏感度仅为…

引用次数: 2

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