Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.3.1.31.4418
Barbie O. M. Ejukonemu
Purpose: To examine Braille-reading children and establish the magnitude of refractive errors and low vision as a cause of visual disability. Methods: Using the WHO definition of low vision and standardized methodology, 205 Braille-reading children (mean age <17 years) were examined in five schools for the Blind, four integrated schools, and one rehabilitation project in the Northern, Middlebelt, and southern parts of Nigeria. Causes of blindness and low vision were classified anatomically and avoidable causes were identified. Refraction and low vision assessment were carried out to ascertain best-corrected visual acuities and visual acuities after the application of low vision devices. Results: Entry (presenting) visual acuity measurements showed that 30.7% (n = 63) were totally blind, 66% (n = 135) had low vision, and 1.45% (n = 3) had normal vision. The major causes of visual impairment were corneal 33.7% (n = 69), lens 24% (n = 49), retinal 9.3% (n = 19), glaucoma 11.2% (n = 23), optic nerve 9.3% (...
{"title":"Magnitude of refractive errors and low vision among Braille-reading children in Nigeria","authors":"Barbie O. M. Ejukonemu","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.3.1.31.4418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.3.1.31.4418","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To examine Braille-reading children and establish the magnitude of refractive errors and low vision as a cause of visual disability. Methods: Using the WHO definition of low vision and standardized methodology, 205 Braille-reading children (mean age <17 years) were examined in five schools for the Blind, four integrated schools, and one rehabilitation project in the Northern, Middlebelt, and southern parts of Nigeria. Causes of blindness and low vision were classified anatomically and avoidable causes were identified. Refraction and low vision assessment were carried out to ascertain best-corrected visual acuities and visual acuities after the application of low vision devices. Results: Entry (presenting) visual acuity measurements showed that 30.7% (n = 63) were totally blind, 66% (n = 135) had low vision, and 1.45% (n = 3) had normal vision. The major causes of visual impairment were corneal 33.7% (n = 69), lens 24% (n = 49), retinal 9.3% (n = 19), glaucoma 11.2% (n = 23), optic nerve 9.3% (...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"3 1","pages":"31-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58586752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper describes the early intervention rehabilitation program used at the Robert Hollman Foundation, Lake Maggiore, Northern Italy, with particular emphasis on the concept of functional low vision evaluation and rehabilitation of severely visually impaired and/or multihandicapped children (0–4 years). It also discusses the basic principles of the functional evaluation of residual vision in severely visually impaired children, applying the fundamental criteria of ‘early low vision training’ as devised by Dr. Barraga (USA) with additional input from other American and European methods. In particular, the paper highlights the main aspects of the visual and oculomotor reactions of such children in early childhood and offers suggestions for possible visual rehabilitation.
{"title":"Functional evaluation and rehabilitation of severely visually impaired children (0–4 years)","authors":"J. Lanners, E. Goergen","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.3.1.1.4416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.3.1.1.4416","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the early intervention rehabilitation program used at the Robert Hollman Foundation, Lake Maggiore, Northern Italy, with particular emphasis on the concept of functional low vision evaluation and rehabilitation of severely visually impaired and/or multihandicapped children (0–4 years). It also discusses the basic principles of the functional evaluation of residual vision in severely visually impaired children, applying the fundamental criteria of ‘early low vision training’ as devised by Dr. Barraga (USA) with additional input from other American and European methods. In particular, the paper highlights the main aspects of the visual and oculomotor reactions of such children in early childhood and offers suggestions for possible visual rehabilitation.","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.3.1.1.4416","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.3.1.41.4415
M. Brambring
Until now, no empirical data have been available on the quantitative restrictions to motor activity in children with visual impairments even though many researchers and practitioners have stressed that these restrictions may be responsible for many of the observable motor problems. The present study used actometers to measure leg and arm activity in 20 children who were blind, 15 who were partially sighted, and 35 sighted controls from the same pre-school groups matched for age and gender. The results showed strong and highly significant restrictions in leg movements in the blind compared with sighted peers (63% of the leg activity of sighted controls). Differences in arm movements did not attain statistical significance (83% of the arm activity of sighted controls). The partially sighted group revealed stronger restrictions in leg movements (77% of the leg activity of sighted controls) than in arm movements (90% of the arm activity of sighted controls). However, none of the differences between the partia...
{"title":"Motor activity in children who are blind or partially sighted","authors":"M. Brambring","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.3.1.41.4415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.3.1.41.4415","url":null,"abstract":"Until now, no empirical data have been available on the quantitative restrictions to motor activity in children with visual impairments even though many researchers and practitioners have stressed that these restrictions may be responsible for many of the observable motor problems. The present study used actometers to measure leg and arm activity in 20 children who were blind, 15 who were partially sighted, and 35 sighted controls from the same pre-school groups matched for age and gender. The results showed strong and highly significant restrictions in leg movements in the blind compared with sighted peers (63% of the leg activity of sighted controls). Differences in arm movements did not attain statistical significance (83% of the arm activity of sighted controls). The partially sighted group revealed stronger restrictions in leg movements (77% of the leg activity of sighted controls) than in arm movements (90% of the arm activity of sighted controls). However, none of the differences between the partia...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"3 1","pages":"41-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.3.1.41.4415","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58586769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.3.2.53.8662
C. Andreadis
Macular blindness is a tragic ailment that renders a person’s eyesight virtually ineffective. Those who suffer from this malady are painfully aware of the duality of their affliction. They are functionally blind, but constantly bombarded by fleeting, nondescript images that are more recognizable the less detail they contain. The condition is exacerbated when corrective lenses were required before the onset of macular degeneration. This report discusses the impact macular blindness has on visual acuity in general and specifically the predicament of those who must also cope with corrective lens inadequacies. Some of the concepts proposed herein are hypothetical in nature and have not been confirmed by investigative means. However, the writer is obligated to document, with utmost objectivity, personal observations made while living with macular blindness in the hopes that they may contribute to current scientific research. Much of the material presented derives from personal experience and informal discussions with patients who also suffer from macular blindness. Evaluating visual acuity is necessary when corrective lenses are required for proper eyesight. In a simple eye test, it is proposed that how well a patient discerns test targets on an eye chart is actually the synergy of two distinct biological processes. The first is the ability of the visual organ, the eye, to resolve detail and shall hereafter be designated Process 0. This is the foundation concept of visual acuity. The second is the patient’s perceptual cognition of the acquired image as a process of higher brain function and shall hereafter be designated Process 1. Because of the negative impact macular tissue damage has on Process 0, determining visual acuity becomes practically impossible. Pathology of this nature, however, does not extend to Process 1. Normal everyday activity based on sight relies a great deal on macular, or central, vision. Macular blindness often equates to a loss of image resolution and one might deduce that macular vision, in and of itself, delineates the phenomenon of visual acuity. Strictly speaking, this is quite correct and, for reasons of expediency, current medical practices preclude the need for extensive evaluation of visual acuity when macular vision has been compromised. Having said this, we begin an
{"title":"Visual acuity: Perceiving fractal objects in the presence of macular blindness","authors":"C. Andreadis","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.3.2.53.8662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.3.2.53.8662","url":null,"abstract":"Macular blindness is a tragic ailment that renders a person’s eyesight virtually ineffective. Those who suffer from this malady are painfully aware of the duality of their affliction. They are functionally blind, but constantly bombarded by fleeting, nondescript images that are more recognizable the less detail they contain. The condition is exacerbated when corrective lenses were required before the onset of macular degeneration. This report discusses the impact macular blindness has on visual acuity in general and specifically the predicament of those who must also cope with corrective lens inadequacies. Some of the concepts proposed herein are hypothetical in nature and have not been confirmed by investigative means. However, the writer is obligated to document, with utmost objectivity, personal observations made while living with macular blindness in the hopes that they may contribute to current scientific research. Much of the material presented derives from personal experience and informal discussions with patients who also suffer from macular blindness. Evaluating visual acuity is necessary when corrective lenses are required for proper eyesight. In a simple eye test, it is proposed that how well a patient discerns test targets on an eye chart is actually the synergy of two distinct biological processes. The first is the ability of the visual organ, the eye, to resolve detail and shall hereafter be designated Process 0. This is the foundation concept of visual acuity. The second is the patient’s perceptual cognition of the acquired image as a process of higher brain function and shall hereafter be designated Process 1. Because of the negative impact macular tissue damage has on Process 0, determining visual acuity becomes practically impossible. Pathology of this nature, however, does not extend to Process 1. Normal everyday activity based on sight relies a great deal on macular, or central, vision. Macular blindness often equates to a loss of image resolution and one might deduce that macular vision, in and of itself, delineates the phenomenon of visual acuity. Strictly speaking, this is quite correct and, for reasons of expediency, current medical practices preclude the need for extensive evaluation of visual acuity when macular vision has been compromised. Having said this, we begin an","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"3 1","pages":"53-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58586866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.3.2.85.8656
M. Wilkinson, C. Trantham, A. Koenig
Background : Although reading difficulties are the most common functional problem reported in a clinical low-vision evaluation, little has been written in the ophthalmic press about the development of literacy skills for children with visual impairments. Methods : This article reviews the best practice for the selection of primary literacy media, the history of large-print usage, and the value of low-vision intervention. Results : This article addresses the importance of choosing the appropriate literacy media for children with visual impairments and, additionally, the need for continuing assessment in order to periodically address the need to expand the student's repertoire of literacy modalities. By doing so, the child will be able to develop the functional literacy skills needed for educational, vocational, and avocational activities. Conclusions : Awareness by eye-care practitioners of the visual information needed by the educational team is essential for the educational team to be successful in helpi...
{"title":"Achieving functional literacy for children with visual impairments","authors":"M. Wilkinson, C. Trantham, A. Koenig","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.3.2.85.8656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.3.2.85.8656","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Although reading difficulties are the most common functional problem reported in a clinical low-vision evaluation, little has been written in the ophthalmic press about the development of literacy skills for children with visual impairments. Methods : This article reviews the best practice for the selection of primary literacy media, the history of large-print usage, and the value of low-vision intervention. Results : This article addresses the importance of choosing the appropriate literacy media for children with visual impairments and, additionally, the need for continuing assessment in order to periodically address the need to expand the student's repertoire of literacy modalities. By doing so, the child will be able to develop the functional literacy skills needed for educational, vocational, and avocational activities. Conclusions : Awareness by eye-care practitioners of the visual information needed by the educational team is essential for the educational team to be successful in helpi...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"3 1","pages":"85-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.3.2.85.8656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58586985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated whether there were gender differences in self-concept among adolescents with congenital low vision. The sample population consisted of 23 adolescents, 12–17 years of age (8 males and 15 females), who were attending either their second year of secondary education or a pre-university preparatory course. Using the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) for the evaluation of self-concept, we obtained five dimensions of self-concept, five dimensions of self-esteem, and five dimensions of self-behavior for the evaluated adolescents. The overall results of the study showed some gender differences in the adolescents’ self-concept and self-behavior. Female subjects scored lower on social self-concept, family self-behavior, and moral self-behavior dimensions than male subjects, but higher on physical self-concept.
{"title":"Self-concept and gender in Spanish low-vision adolescents","authors":"Dolores López-Justicia, M. Pichardo","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.3.1.7.4417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.3.1.7.4417","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated whether there were gender differences in self-concept among adolescents with congenital low vision. The sample population consisted of 23 adolescents, 12–17 years of age (8 males and 15 females), who were attending either their second year of secondary education or a pre-university preparatory course. Using the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) for the evaluation of self-concept, we obtained five dimensions of self-concept, five dimensions of self-esteem, and five dimensions of self-behavior for the evaluated adolescents. The overall results of the study showed some gender differences in the adolescents’ self-concept and self-behavior. Female subjects scored lower on social self-concept, family self-behavior, and moral self-behavior dimensions than male subjects, but higher on physical self-concept.","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"3 1","pages":"7-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.3.1.7.4417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58586794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.3.2.111.8661
P. Fosse, A. Valberg
Thirteen subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) participated in a study designed to investigate the predictive value of acuity and contrast sensitivity for reading. Compared with the normally sighted individuals, the spatial contrast sensitivity of all these AMD subjects was markedly reduced, particularly at the higher spatial frequencies. The difference was smaller at frequencies below 1 c/deg. For about half the subjects, maximum monocular contrast sensitivity was better than or equal to binocular sensitivity, indicating binocular inhibition or failure of summation. For the 11 subjects who were able to read at a luminance of 40cd/m², reading speed was correlated with various measures of contrast sensitivity and acuity. Of all the visual functions tested, maximum monocular contrast sensitivity and integrated monocular contrast sensitivity showed the best correlation with monocular reading speed. Binocular contrast sensitivity functions, monocular grating acuity, and monocular letter acuity ...
{"title":"Contrast sensitivity and reading in subjects with age-related macular degeneration","authors":"P. Fosse, A. Valberg","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.3.2.111.8661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.3.2.111.8661","url":null,"abstract":"Thirteen subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) participated in a study designed to investigate the predictive value of acuity and contrast sensitivity for reading. Compared with the normally sighted individuals, the spatial contrast sensitivity of all these AMD subjects was markedly reduced, particularly at the higher spatial frequencies. The difference was smaller at frequencies below 1 c/deg. For about half the subjects, maximum monocular contrast sensitivity was better than or equal to binocular sensitivity, indicating binocular inhibition or failure of summation. For the 11 subjects who were able to read at a luminance of 40cd/m², reading speed was correlated with various measures of contrast sensitivity and acuity. Of all the visual functions tested, maximum monocular contrast sensitivity and integrated monocular contrast sensitivity showed the best correlation with monocular reading speed. Binocular contrast sensitivity functions, monocular grating acuity, and monocular letter acuity ...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"3 1","pages":"111-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58586814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.3.2.59.8658
J. Koenderink
{"title":"Comment on Visual acuity by Christopher L. Andreadis","authors":"J. Koenderink","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.3.2.59.8658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.3.2.59.8658","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"3 1","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.3.2.59.8658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58586882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.3.1.17.4419
Cecília Guarneiri Batista, M. Rassi
This study presents the concept of visual acuity assessment as well as the difficulties found for this assessment in low vision persons, particularly toddlers and children with developmental delays. The BUST (Lindstedt) and LH (Hyvarinen) tests, specifically designed for this population, are described here. In addition, a study aimed at testing the feasibility of obtaining visual acuity measures in seven children, who would possibly have difficulties in responding to conventional visual acuity tests, is presented. The subjects included one deaf toddler and six low vision children, some with developmental delays. It was possible to arrive at numerical values for six of the children. The importance of paying attention to the psychological aspects of the procedure is discussed and emphasized.
{"title":"Assessment of visual acuity in toddlers and children with developmental delays: The joint contribution of ophthalmology, orthoptics, and psychology","authors":"Cecília Guarneiri Batista, M. Rassi","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.3.1.17.4419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.3.1.17.4419","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the concept of visual acuity assessment as well as the difficulties found for this assessment in low vision persons, particularly toddlers and children with developmental delays. The BUST (Lindstedt) and LH (Hyvarinen) tests, specifically designed for this population, are described here. In addition, a study aimed at testing the feasibility of obtaining visual acuity measures in seven children, who would possibly have difficulties in responding to conventional visual acuity tests, is presented. The subjects included one deaf toddler and six low vision children, some with developmental delays. It was possible to arrive at numerical values for six of the children. The importance of paying attention to the psychological aspects of the procedure is discussed and emphasized.","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"3 1","pages":"17-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.3.1.17.4419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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