Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.4.3.175.15900
F. Riemslag, Z. Cronogorcevic, H. Talsma, M. J. Vries
In the normal visual system, the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) has a higher value when tested with a large stimulus field than with a small stimulus field. When the iris is translucent, a significant part of the stimulus light also stimulates peripheral parts of the visual field. We tested two subjects with albinism (translucent iris) and 14 subjects with a normal iris using 8- and 34-degree fields. The CFF for the small fields was increased for eyes with translucency of the iris. This may explain why albinos complain about working with computer monitors. The small-field response normalizes when contact lenses with an artificial occluding iris are worn. We conclude that this phenomenon is determined by the scattering of light by the translucent iris.
{"title":"Flicker fusion and translucent irides","authors":"F. Riemslag, Z. Cronogorcevic, H. Talsma, M. J. Vries","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.4.3.175.15900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.4.3.175.15900","url":null,"abstract":"In the normal visual system, the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) has a higher value when tested with a large stimulus field than with a small stimulus field. When the iris is translucent, a significant part of the stimulus light also stimulates peripheral parts of the visual field. We tested two subjects with albinism (translucent iris) and 14 subjects with a normal iris using 8- and 34-degree fields. The CFF for the small fields was increased for eyes with translucency of the iris. This may explain why albinos complain about working with computer monitors. The small-field response normalizes when contact lenses with an artificial occluding iris are worn. We conclude that this phenomenon is determined by the scattering of light by the translucent iris.","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"4 1","pages":"175-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.4.1.1.15635
P. Scuffham, R. Legood, E. Wilson, T. Kennedy-Martin
Purpose: We estimated the incidence and cost of accidental falls for the population with visual impairment, and the incidence and cost of falls directly attributable to visual impairment for the UK in 1999. Methods: A prevalence-based cost model of medical care was developed using national data for Accident and Emergency (A&E) attendances and hospital inpatient admissions. The population with visual impairment was based on the age-specific prevalence rates of visual impairment. The number of falls directly attributable to visual impairment was estimated from the relative risk of falls for visual impairment reported in the literature. The number of health service resource events in each age group (0–14, 15–64, 65–74, and 75+ years) was multiplied by the respective cost of each event. Results: There were over 2.35 million accidental falls in the UK that required hospital treatment in 1999. Of these falls, 189,000 occurred in individuals with visual impairment, of which 89,500 can be attributed to the visual...
{"title":"The incidence and cost of injurious falls associated with visual impairment in the UK","authors":"P. Scuffham, R. Legood, E. Wilson, T. Kennedy-Martin","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.4.1.1.15635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.4.1.1.15635","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: We estimated the incidence and cost of accidental falls for the population with visual impairment, and the incidence and cost of falls directly attributable to visual impairment for the UK in 1999. Methods: A prevalence-based cost model of medical care was developed using national data for Accident and Emergency (A&E) attendances and hospital inpatient admissions. The population with visual impairment was based on the age-specific prevalence rates of visual impairment. The number of falls directly attributable to visual impairment was estimated from the relative risk of falls for visual impairment reported in the literature. The number of health service resource events in each age group (0–14, 15–64, 65–74, and 75+ years) was multiplied by the respective cost of each event. Results: There were over 2.35 million accidental falls in the UK that required hospital treatment in 1999. Of these falls, 189,000 occurred in individuals with visual impairment, of which 89,500 can be attributed to the visual...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.4.1.1.15635","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.4.3.143.15904
H. Wahl, V. Heyl, O. Schilling
This paper addresses the interrelations between vision impairment, outdoor activity, and life satisfaction in older adults. Results are based on a sample of 404 elders living in private households in rural Germany. Structural equation modeling supports the hypothesis that vision impairment directly affects basic outdoor activity (represented by basic and instrumental activities of daily living performed outside the home, ADL-IADL-OUT), while only an indirect impact on the expanded component of outdoor activity (represented by leisure activities exerted outside the home, LA-OUT) via ADL-IADL- OUT was found. LA-OUT was instead strongly influenced by the motivation to exert activities outside the home. Furthermore, the findings indicate that vision impairment is but one important variable that affects outdoor activity, specifically impairment in physical mobility. Finally, the direct link hypothesized between outdoor activity and general life satisfaction was also confirmed.
{"title":"The role of vision impairment for the outdoor activity and life satisfaction of older adults: a multi-faceted view","authors":"H. Wahl, V. Heyl, O. Schilling","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.4.3.143.15904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.4.3.143.15904","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the interrelations between vision impairment, outdoor activity, and life satisfaction in older adults. Results are based on a sample of 404 elders living in private households in rural Germany. Structural equation modeling supports the hypothesis that vision impairment directly affects basic outdoor activity (represented by basic and instrumental activities of daily living performed outside the home, ADL-IADL-OUT), while only an indirect impact on the expanded component of outdoor activity (represented by leisure activities exerted outside the home, LA-OUT) via ADL-IADL- OUT was found. LA-OUT was instead strongly influenced by the motivation to exert activities outside the home. Furthermore, the findings indicate that vision impairment is but one important variable that affects outdoor activity, specifically impairment in physical mobility. Finally, the direct link hypothesized between outdoor activity and general life satisfaction was also confirmed.","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"4 1","pages":"143-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.4.3.143.15904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.4.3.133.15902
J. Gill
{"title":"The development of information and communication technology systems to include people with a visual impairment","authors":"J. Gill","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.4.3.133.15902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.4.3.133.15902","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"4 1","pages":"133-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.4.3.133.15902","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.4.1.15.15633
David Burmedi, S. Becker, V. Heyl, H. Wahl, I. Himmelsbach
This review article focuses on the impact of age-related low vision on behavioral competence, including activities of daily living, mobility, and leisure pursuits. Empirical findings are used to illustrate that vision impairment leads to a significant decline in behavioral competence among the elderly. In particular, age-related low vision is shown to be a significant and unique predictor of performance on activities of daily living, stronger than hearing impairment, yet less influential than many other age-related health problems. Age-related low vision also seems to be highly detrimental to mobility and the pursuit of vision-dependent leisure activities; however, evidence also suggests that the visually impaired elderly can effectively compensate for or otherwise adapt to declines in competence domains. Integrated in this review is a brief description of instruments that have been developed to measure vision-related functional difficulty.
{"title":"Behavioral consequences of age-related low vision","authors":"David Burmedi, S. Becker, V. Heyl, H. Wahl, I. Himmelsbach","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.4.1.15.15633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.4.1.15.15633","url":null,"abstract":"This review article focuses on the impact of age-related low vision on behavioral competence, including activities of daily living, mobility, and leisure pursuits. Empirical findings are used to illustrate that vision impairment leads to a significant decline in behavioral competence among the elderly. In particular, age-related low vision is shown to be a significant and unique predictor of performance on activities of daily living, stronger than hearing impairment, yet less influential than many other age-related health problems. Age-related low vision also seems to be highly detrimental to mobility and the pursuit of vision-dependent leisure activities; however, evidence also suggests that the visually impaired elderly can effectively compensate for or otherwise adapt to declines in competence domains. Integrated in this review is a brief description of instruments that have been developed to measure vision-related functional difficulty.","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"4 1","pages":"15-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.4.1.15.15633","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.4.2.91.15639
M. McLinden, G. Douglas, S. Mccall, C. Arter
This article reports the findings of a one-year project designed to investigate the use of low vision aids (LVAs) with children aged 5-16 who have multiple disabilities, including visual impairment (MDVI), in the United Kingdom. Within stage 1 of the study, a national survey of schools and services where children who have MDVI are educated was undertaken. The results showed that of those children supported by VI schools and services responding to the survey, over one third (36%) were described as having MDVI. Of these children, 6% were reported as using ‘optical’ LVAs (i.e., CCTVs, dome magnifiers) and 10% as using non-optical LVAs (i.e., reading stand, task lighting, etc.). Follow-up interviews were undertaken within stage 2 of the study with selected respondents in order to explore their rationale for ‘use’/‘non-use’ of LVAs with different children who have MDVI. A range of factors were identified and are reported within a broad educational framework of ‘identifying need’, ‘meeting need’, and ‘evaluatin...
{"title":"The use of low vision aids with children who have multiple disabilities and visual impairment in the United Kingdom","authors":"M. McLinden, G. Douglas, S. Mccall, C. Arter","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.4.2.91.15639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.4.2.91.15639","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the findings of a one-year project designed to investigate the use of low vision aids (LVAs) with children aged 5-16 who have multiple disabilities, including visual impairment (MDVI), in the United Kingdom. Within stage 1 of the study, a national survey of schools and services where children who have MDVI are educated was undertaken. The results showed that of those children supported by VI schools and services responding to the survey, over one third (36%) were described as having MDVI. Of these children, 6% were reported as using ‘optical’ LVAs (i.e., CCTVs, dome magnifiers) and 10% as using non-optical LVAs (i.e., reading stand, task lighting, etc.). Follow-up interviews were undertaken within stage 2 of the study with selected respondents in order to explore their rationale for ‘use’/‘non-use’ of LVAs with different children who have MDVI. A range of factors were identified and are reported within a broad educational framework of ‘identifying need’, ‘meeting need’, and ‘evaluatin...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"4 1","pages":"91-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.4.2.91.15639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.4.3.161.15901
J. M. Tellevik, Bengt Elmerskog
A major problem among visually impaired people is the lack of competence in travel and functional mobility skills intertwined with passivity and dependence on others. This paper describes how focussing on participation in ecologically valid activities can provide a frame for involvement in cultural practices for visually impaired persons. Participation in activities is partly a function of mobility and mobility skills. The study focussed attention on mobility route learning related to desirable activities, which in the present study were co-ordinated through agreed-upon tasks defined in a working method adapted to an African environment. The results show that participation in activities varied among the spheres of activity and age groups and that dependence on others was mainly observed for activities that required a travelling effort in order to reach them. Furthermore, the results show that mobility route training, when associated with reaching desired goals, seemed to influence other domains of activit...
{"title":"Participation in ecologically valid activities: Mobility and rehabilitation in an African environment","authors":"J. M. Tellevik, Bengt Elmerskog","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.4.3.161.15901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.4.3.161.15901","url":null,"abstract":"A major problem among visually impaired people is the lack of competence in travel and functional mobility skills intertwined with passivity and dependence on others. This paper describes how focussing on participation in ecologically valid activities can provide a frame for involvement in cultural practices for visually impaired persons. Participation in activities is partly a function of mobility and mobility skills. The study focussed attention on mobility route learning related to desirable activities, which in the present study were co-ordinated through agreed-upon tasks defined in a working method adapted to an African environment. The results show that participation in activities varied among the spheres of activity and age groups and that dependence on others was mainly observed for activities that required a travelling effort in order to reach them. Furthermore, the results show that mobility route training, when associated with reaching desired goals, seemed to influence other domains of activit...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"4 1","pages":"161-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.4.3.161.15901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.4.2.107.15638
Kim Milner
The aim of the study was to demonstrate the outstanding benefits of telelearning as a medium in training peer workers across the state of Victoria. Findings illustrate positive outcomes for the client, peer worker, organisation, and the community. The Vision Australia Foundation peer program has been acknowledged as a ‘best-practice’ model to train vision-impaired people to support others new to their sight loss. This ‘self-directed’ mode of learning facilitates the process of vision-impaired people sharing their knowledge, experience, and skills in helping others. Being vision impaired, peers are able to identify the needs of people experiencing vision loss and to work together to learn effective strategies to support others. The use of the teleconferencing medium has many advantages, including access for clients living in rural areas who are isolated by distance. It is cost- and time-efficient and focused on meeting both training and group process outcomes.
{"title":"People with low vision learning to assist and support others new to their sight loss through teleconferencing","authors":"Kim Milner","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.4.2.107.15638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.4.2.107.15638","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to demonstrate the outstanding benefits of telelearning as a medium in training peer workers across the state of Victoria. Findings illustrate positive outcomes for the client, peer worker, organisation, and the community. The Vision Australia Foundation peer program has been acknowledged as a ‘best-practice’ model to train vision-impaired people to support others new to their sight loss. This ‘self-directed’ mode of learning facilitates the process of vision-impaired people sharing their knowledge, experience, and skills in helping others. Being vision impaired, peers are able to identify the needs of people experiencing vision loss and to work together to learn effective strategies to support others. The use of the teleconferencing medium has many advantages, including access for clients living in rural areas who are isolated by distance. It is cost- and time-efficient and focused on meeting both training and group process outcomes.","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"4 1","pages":"107-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1076/VIMR.4.2.107.15638","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1076/VIMR.4.2.123.15642
Ö. Bäckman
This paper tries to describe the social consequences of not meeting the reading requirements of everyday life for elderly low vision persons. The basis of the presentation lies in Swedish and international studies (OECD project: International Adult Literacy Survey, IALS) on reading skills, involving elderly people with normal vision and those with low vision problems. A visual problem is one of the factors in the IALS study with the most negative effect on reading and writing skills among elderly people. Compared to how age can affect the vision of people aged 65 years and older, a low vision problem has the same negative effect on the reading and writing skills of elderly people as 13 extra years would have on elderly people without visual problems. A low vision reading and writing problem is a significant obstacle of an elderly person for proper communication. This obstacle also has direct consequences for an active participation in societal activities and for personal independence and a ‘good’ life in ...
{"title":"Training reading ability – the difference between dependence/dissatisfaction and independence/satisfaction for elderly patients with low vision","authors":"Ö. Bäckman","doi":"10.1076/VIMR.4.2.123.15642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1076/VIMR.4.2.123.15642","url":null,"abstract":"This paper tries to describe the social consequences of not meeting the reading requirements of everyday life for elderly low vision persons. The basis of the presentation lies in Swedish and international studies (OECD project: International Adult Literacy Survey, IALS) on reading skills, involving elderly people with normal vision and those with low vision problems. A visual problem is one of the factors in the IALS study with the most negative effect on reading and writing skills among elderly people. Compared to how age can affect the vision of people aged 65 years and older, a low vision problem has the same negative effect on the reading and writing skills of elderly people as 13 extra years would have on elderly people without visual problems. A low vision reading and writing problem is a significant obstacle of an elderly person for proper communication. This obstacle also has direct consequences for an active participation in societal activities and for personal independence and a ‘good’ life in ...","PeriodicalId":88340,"journal":{"name":"Visual impairment research","volume":"375 1","pages":"123-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58587595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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