Pub Date : 2017-08-10DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.180.185
Nicola Antonucci, S. Pacini, M. Ruggiero
In this clinical case report we describe the effects associated with the administration of a supplement constituted by chondroitin sulfate, vitamin D3 and oleic acid (Rerum®) on the symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). 44 patients (11 females and 33 males) were administered this supplement for a period of two months and variations of symptomatology were evaluated by the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I). 32 out of 44 subjects (73%), showed improvements in the two months of observation. In the group of female subjects, 9 out of 11 (81%) showed improvements and, among these, 6 out of 9 (66%) showed moderate to very considerable improvements. In the group of male subjects, 24 out of 33 (73%) showed improvements and, among these, 22 out of 24 (91%) showed moderate to very considerable improvements. We attribute these remarkable results to the effects of the supplement on the endocannabinoid system as it relates to neuro-inflammation and neuro-immune alterations.
{"title":"Clinical Case Report of a Novel Immunotherapeutic Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorders based on an emulsion of Chondroitin Sulfate, Vitamin D 3 and Oleic Acid","authors":"Nicola Antonucci, S. Pacini, M. Ruggiero","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.180.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.180.185","url":null,"abstract":"In this clinical case report we describe the effects associated with the administration of a supplement constituted by chondroitin sulfate, vitamin D3 and oleic acid (Rerum®) on the symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). 44 patients (11 females and 33 males) were administered this supplement for a period of two months and variations of symptomatology were evaluated by the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I). 32 out of 44 subjects (73%), showed improvements in the two months of observation. In the group of female subjects, 9 out of 11 (81%) showed improvements and, among these, 6 out of 9 (66%) showed moderate to very considerable improvements. In the group of male subjects, 24 out of 33 (73%) showed improvements and, among these, 22 out of 24 (91%) showed moderate to very considerable improvements. We attribute these remarkable results to the effects of the supplement on the endocannabinoid system as it relates to neuro-inflammation and neuro-immune alterations.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"180-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.180.185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41934376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-03DOI: 10.3844/ajisp.2017.173.179
M. Molina, Jeremías Abou Medelej, Jorgelina Zucchi, C. Manassero
The first cases of AIDS occurred about 1981. There are not fully appropriate therapeutic interventions for treating this medical condition. People who are diagnosed HIV-positive or with AIDS suffer a poor quality of life and receive medication that produces severe adverse reactions. We have analyzed a significant number of papers published in several countries on these topics, and we have found various inconsistencies: - HIV risk behaviors: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States, the Estimated Per-Act Probability of Acquiring HIV from an Infected Source, by Exposure Act (heterosexual) is about one in one thousand for women and about one in two thousand for men. Nevertheless, in an investigation conducted through the University of San Francisco, California, on 442 discordant heterosexual couples no seroconversions were observed throughout the ten years the research lasted. (1985-1995). No other study of similar characteristics has been conducted ever since. - Diagnostics methods: In Argentina, we employ the ELISA screening method, subsequently confirmed by a Western Blot test, but in the United Stated this last is discouraged since 2014. - Medication: Many of the drugs that are used to treat HIV are DNA chain terminators which interfere with the normal functioning and replication of normal cells. As a result, damage in the immune system and the mitochondrial DNA are reported very frequently. We ask the scientific community what we should inform the patients about all these. We urge the experts´ opinion on the ethical management aspects. Since the diagnostic tests employed may result in false positives and the fact that the medication is highly toxic, we recommend that patients with HIV positive diagnosis fully re-test their condition at least once a year to minimize eventual diagnostic errors, suspending specific medications in case of discrepancies on the testing results.
{"title":"Initiatives to Improve the Quality of Life of HIV Positive Diagnosed Subjects: A Review of Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutics under the Light of Science and Ethics","authors":"M. Molina, Jeremías Abou Medelej, Jorgelina Zucchi, C. Manassero","doi":"10.3844/ajisp.2017.173.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajisp.2017.173.179","url":null,"abstract":"The first cases of AIDS occurred about 1981. There are not fully appropriate therapeutic interventions for treating this medical condition. People who are diagnosed HIV-positive or with AIDS suffer a poor quality of life and receive medication that produces severe adverse reactions. We have analyzed a significant number of papers published in several countries on these topics, and we have found various inconsistencies: - HIV risk behaviors: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States, the Estimated Per-Act Probability of Acquiring HIV from an Infected Source, by Exposure Act (heterosexual) is about one in one thousand for women and about one in two thousand for men. Nevertheless, in an investigation conducted through the University of San Francisco, California, on 442 discordant heterosexual couples no seroconversions were observed throughout the ten years the research lasted. (1985-1995). No other study of similar characteristics has been conducted ever since. - Diagnostics methods: In Argentina, we employ the ELISA screening method, subsequently confirmed by a Western Blot test, but in the United Stated this last is discouraged since 2014. - Medication: Many of the drugs that are used to treat HIV are DNA chain terminators which interfere with the normal functioning and replication of normal cells. As a result, damage in the immune system and the mitochondrial DNA are reported very frequently. We ask the scientific community what we should inform the patients about all these. We urge the experts´ opinion on the ethical management aspects. Since the diagnostic tests employed may result in false positives and the fact that the medication is highly toxic, we recommend that patients with HIV positive diagnosis fully re-test their condition at least once a year to minimize eventual diagnostic errors, suspending specific medications in case of discrepancies on the testing results.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"173-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43571672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-08DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.165.172
D. Crowe
A recently published Ebola vaccine trial claimed an almost perfect result with no cases of Ebola after the vaccine had time to take effect - a vaccine efficacy of 100%. This article is a detailed review of the information published about the trial and, particularly, this claim. The trial design was sub-optimal because randomization was only partial (and one treatment arm was unrandomized), it was unblinded and did not use a placebo. Less information on the comparison arm that substituted for a placebo was provided, such as adverse events, compared to the active treatment arms. There was little baseline information on the trial participants, which is particularly important to ensure equivalence of the arms of a trial that was not fully randomized. In particular, Ebola tests were not performed at baseline, so the possibility of false positive test results or pre-existing asymptomatic cases exists. Ebola symptoms and adverse reactions following vaccination seen during the trial were very similar, allowing diagnostic bias. The exclusion of Ebola cases among the vaccinated during the 10 days after randomization is an arbitrary decision for an infection with an incubation period of 2 to 21 days and not a substitute for comparing vaccine to placebo. Considering the entire 31-day reporting period, two subgroups of unvaccinated participants had significantly fewer cases of Ebola than the two vaccinated groups. The problems with this trial are so grave that it cannot be taken as even weak evidence that the vaccine trialed is effective at preventing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD).
{"title":"\"Ebola Ça Suffit!\" is not enough to Prove Efficacy of an Ebola Vaccine","authors":"D. Crowe","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.165.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.165.172","url":null,"abstract":"A recently published Ebola vaccine trial claimed an almost perfect result with no cases of Ebola after the vaccine had time to take effect - a vaccine efficacy of 100%. This article is a detailed review of the information published about the trial and, particularly, this claim. The trial design was sub-optimal because randomization was only partial (and one treatment arm was unrandomized), it was unblinded and did not use a placebo. Less information on the comparison arm that substituted for a placebo was provided, such as adverse events, compared to the active treatment arms. There was little baseline information on the trial participants, which is particularly important to ensure equivalence of the arms of a trial that was not fully randomized. In particular, Ebola tests were not performed at baseline, so the possibility of false positive test results or pre-existing asymptomatic cases exists. Ebola symptoms and adverse reactions following vaccination seen during the trial were very similar, allowing diagnostic bias. The exclusion of Ebola cases among the vaccinated during the 10 days after randomization is an arbitrary decision for an infection with an incubation period of 2 to 21 days and not a substitute for comparing vaccine to placebo. Considering the entire 31-day reporting period, two subgroups of unvaccinated participants had significantly fewer cases of Ebola than the two vaccinated groups. The problems with this trial are so grave that it cannot be taken as even weak evidence that the vaccine trialed is effective at preventing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD).","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"165-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.165.172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41706771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-24DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.99.106
R. Slovak, N. Chakraborty
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a dreaded diagnosis. The treatment options are sparse and our knowledge of its etiology is woefully lacking. The purpose of this review is to outline a unifying pathway for the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and to describe how this sequence could be exploited to offer early intervention to patients at high risk of developing ASD. Specifically, we will describe how gestational insults can alter the lifelong functioning of fetal microglia. Those aberrant microglia are unable to properly fulfill their roles in cortical differentiation as well as synaptogenesis and the resulting cortical disorganization plus dendritic overgrowth may be responsible for the characteristic Autistic phenotype. This pathogenic pathway presents several opportunities for intervention. If applied early enough, it is possible that these therapies could alleviate some of the symptoms of ASD.
{"title":"The Etiological Role of Microglia in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Possible Route for Early Intervention","authors":"R. Slovak, N. Chakraborty","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.99.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.99.106","url":null,"abstract":"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a dreaded diagnosis. The treatment options are sparse and our knowledge of its etiology is woefully lacking. The purpose of this review is to outline a unifying pathway for the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and to describe how this sequence could be exploited to offer early intervention to patients at high risk of developing ASD. Specifically, we will describe how gestational insults can alter the lifelong functioning of fetal microglia. Those aberrant microglia are unable to properly fulfill their roles in cortical differentiation as well as synaptogenesis and the resulting cortical disorganization plus dendritic overgrowth may be responsible for the characteristic Autistic phenotype. This pathogenic pathway presents several opportunities for intervention. If applied early enough, it is possible that these therapies could alleviate some of the symptoms of ASD.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"99-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.99.106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47037009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-31DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.91.98
M. Ruggiero
Email: marco.drruggiero@gmail.com Abstract: In this article I describe the development of an alternative type of immunotherapy that traces its origins to the nineteenth century when Dr. William B. Coley successfully treated inoperable cancer patients with his vaccine. Despite the well-documented successes, the vaccine did not survive Coley's times and was forgotten and neglected for decades in favor of radioand chemotherapy. In the mid-fifties of the last century, the concept of a therapy based on stimulation of the immune system re-emerged from oblivion even though with a profoundly diverse connotation; the interest in this approach to cancer has grown exponentially ever since, up to the point of appointing immunotherapy of cancer the" breakthrough of the year" in 2013. Most cancer immunotherapies are based on proteins that either empower the immune system or attempt to selectively kill cancer cells. There are, however, some exceptions to this protein-based approach; the pioneering work of Dr. Prudden in New York and our research work in Florence, Italy. Thus, independently of each other, we pursued an alternative concept of immunotherapy that is based on glycosaminoglycans rather than proteins. From this research, a novel, tridimensional supramolecular structure constituted by chondroitin sulfate, vitamin D3 and oleic acid, designated Rerum ® , was developed with the intent of reviving the historical approach of Dr. Coley at the light of today's knowledge. Here, I describe the rationale for the development of Rerum ® as well as some preliminary results that were presented at the Fourth International Congress of Integrative Medicine held in Fulda, Germany, in April 2017.
{"title":"Is Rerum ® the New Coley's Vaccine?","authors":"M. Ruggiero","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.91.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.91.98","url":null,"abstract":"Email: marco.drruggiero@gmail.com Abstract: In this article I describe the development of an alternative type of immunotherapy that traces its origins to the nineteenth century when Dr. William B. Coley successfully treated inoperable cancer patients with his vaccine. Despite the well-documented successes, the vaccine did not survive Coley's times and was forgotten and neglected for decades in favor of radioand chemotherapy. In the mid-fifties of the last century, the concept of a therapy based on stimulation of the immune system re-emerged from oblivion even though with a profoundly diverse connotation; the interest in this approach to cancer has grown exponentially ever since, up to the point of appointing immunotherapy of cancer the\" breakthrough of the year\" in 2013. Most cancer immunotherapies are based on proteins that either empower the immune system or attempt to selectively kill cancer cells. There are, however, some exceptions to this protein-based approach; the pioneering work of Dr. Prudden in New York and our research work in Florence, Italy. Thus, independently of each other, we pursued an alternative concept of immunotherapy that is based on glycosaminoglycans rather than proteins. From this research, a novel, tridimensional supramolecular structure constituted by chondroitin sulfate, vitamin D3 and oleic acid, designated Rerum ® , was developed with the intent of reviving the historical approach of Dr. Coley at the light of today's knowledge. Here, I describe the rationale for the development of Rerum ® as well as some preliminary results that were presented at the Fourth International Congress of Integrative Medicine held in Fulda, Germany, in April 2017.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.91.98","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43487182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-29DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.86.88
D. Katz, J. Storsberg, C. Schmidt
Yale University Prevention Research Center; Griffin Hospital; Derby, CT, USA Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Division of Life Science and Bioprocesses, Department of Biomaterials and Healthcare, Potsdam-Golm, Germany Editorial Office, The American Journal of Immunology, S-207, 244, 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10001 USA and S-71, 1A, 400, King William St, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
{"title":"Chasing the Fat Demon: Fat Chance, Buddy?","authors":"D. Katz, J. Storsberg, C. Schmidt","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.86.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.86.88","url":null,"abstract":"Yale University Prevention Research Center; Griffin Hospital; Derby, CT, USA Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Division of Life Science and Bioprocesses, Department of Biomaterials and Healthcare, Potsdam-Golm, Germany Editorial Office, The American Journal of Immunology, S-207, 244, 5th Avenue, New York, NY, 10001 USA and S-71, 1A, 400, King William St, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"86-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.86.88","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42415050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-24DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.89.90
S. Sel, J. Storsberg, Mark A. Brown, C. Schmidt
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Department of Biomaterials and Healthcare, Division of Life Science and Bioprocesses, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany Department of Clinical Sciences and Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA Editorial Office, Am. J. Immunol., New York, NY, USA and Adelaide, SA, Australia
{"title":"Choice Meaning and Context: Two Sides of the Same Coin?","authors":"S. Sel, J. Storsberg, Mark A. Brown, C. Schmidt","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.89.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.89.90","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Department of Biomaterials and Healthcare, Division of Life Science and Bioprocesses, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany Department of Clinical Sciences and Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA Editorial Office, Am. J. Immunol., New York, NY, USA and Adelaide, SA, Australia","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"89-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.89.90","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45808332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-04DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.144.154
C. Schmidt, M. Geyer, J. Bohrisch, Verena Jentzen, Alexander Gorczyza, Karim Khalil, Marina Volkert, Mark A. Brown, S. Sel, J. Storsberg
Precious little is known about useful functionalization strategies of antibodies that will not impair either reactivity or specificity of this valuable reagent. We used an experimental approach to demonstrate our own experience with published protocols. The conjugates obtained were then tested with regard to their performance against commercially available detection kits. Our results are then viewed in light of published precedence to highlight areas where future effort is needed to refine such versatile tools.
{"title":"Functionalization Strategies for Antibodies: Lessons Learned","authors":"C. Schmidt, M. Geyer, J. Bohrisch, Verena Jentzen, Alexander Gorczyza, Karim Khalil, Marina Volkert, Mark A. Brown, S. Sel, J. Storsberg","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.144.154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.144.154","url":null,"abstract":"Precious little is known about useful functionalization strategies of antibodies that will not impair either reactivity or specificity of this valuable reagent. We used an experimental approach to demonstrate our own experience with published protocols. The conjugates obtained were then tested with regard to their performance against commercially available detection kits. Our results are then viewed in light of published precedence to highlight areas where future effort is needed to refine such versatile tools.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"144-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.144.154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45486343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-18DOI: 10.3844/ajisp.2017.131.143
M. Shimon-Hophy, R. Avtalion
The influence of stress on the immune system of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was studied by measuring leukocytes levels using flow cytometry and mRNA immune components by real time qPCR. Acute and chronic oxidative stresses were generated by different regimes of exposure of carp to environmental air. In acute stress, induced by single air exposure, the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, IL6 and TNFα) and the down-regulatory ones (IL10 and TGFβ) showed significant simultaneous elevations (515, 147, 373, 300 and 198% respectively). Following chronic stress (multiple air exposures) however, a drastic decline of 80%, in macrophages/monocytes, B-cells likes and plasma-cells like, occurred in peripheral blood. No statistical changes in IL6 and TNFα, as well as in IgM and C3s mRNA levels could be shown during this experiment. CD4 mRNA decreased up to 6% in the 2nd week of chronic stress and elevated only to 55% at the 3rd week Vs a temporal decline of up to 22% in CD8a mRNA at the 2nd week. The regulatory cytokines (IL10, FoxP3 and TGFβ) as well as the pro-inflammatory ones (IL1β and IL17) decreased significantly up to 0.06, 0.2, 5, 6 and 4% respectively, at the second week before being restored to normal at the 3rd week. Moreover, a persistent decrease, up to null levels, in the cytokines IFNγ2b, IL12b and IL8 was also revealed. These downregulations were suggested as a result of the impaired Th1 and/or cytotoxic cell function and, to a certain degree, the leukocytes mobilization. The above findings show that in contrast to the detrimental effects of chronic stress, in which cells and functions of acquired immunity were partially or completely impaired, the acute stress was found rather beneficial and in line with the known ephemeral “fight and flight” response.
{"title":"Humoral and Cellular Effects of Stress-An Extensive Model System","authors":"M. Shimon-Hophy, R. Avtalion","doi":"10.3844/ajisp.2017.131.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/ajisp.2017.131.143","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of stress on the immune system of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was studied by measuring leukocytes levels using flow cytometry and mRNA immune components by real time qPCR. Acute and chronic oxidative stresses were generated by different regimes of exposure of carp to environmental air. In acute stress, induced by single air exposure, the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, IL6 and TNFα) and the down-regulatory ones (IL10 and TGFβ) showed significant simultaneous elevations (515, 147, 373, 300 and 198% respectively). Following chronic stress (multiple air exposures) however, a drastic decline of 80%, in macrophages/monocytes, B-cells likes and plasma-cells like, occurred in peripheral blood. No statistical changes in IL6 and TNFα, as well as in IgM and C3s mRNA levels could be shown during this experiment. CD4 mRNA decreased up to 6% in the 2nd week of chronic stress and elevated only to 55% at the 3rd week Vs a temporal decline of up to 22% in CD8a mRNA at the 2nd week. The regulatory cytokines (IL10, FoxP3 and TGFβ) as well as the pro-inflammatory ones (IL1β and IL17) decreased significantly up to 0.06, 0.2, 5, 6 and 4% respectively, at the second week before being restored to normal at the 3rd week. Moreover, a persistent decrease, up to null levels, in the cytokines IFNγ2b, IL12b and IL8 was also revealed. These downregulations were suggested as a result of the impaired Th1 and/or cytotoxic cell function and, to a certain degree, the leukocytes mobilization. The above findings show that in contrast to the detrimental effects of chronic stress, in which cells and functions of acquired immunity were partially or completely impaired, the acute stress was found rather beneficial and in line with the known ephemeral “fight and flight” response.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"131-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/ajisp.2017.131.143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47849146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-12DOI: 10.3844/AJISP.2017.45.49
J. Jacob, A. Pescatore
With the reduced availability of antibiotics, poultry producers are looking for feed additives to stimulate the immune system of their birds. Some beta-glucans have been shown to improve gut health in poultry subjected to a bacterial challenge, to increase the flow of new immunocytes into the various lymphoid organs, to increase macrophage function, to increase antibody titers after a vaccination and to function as an anti-inflammatory immunomodulator. As a result, beta-glucans may provide a tool for producers trying to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics in poultry diets.
{"title":"Glucans and the Poultry Immune System","authors":"J. Jacob, A. Pescatore","doi":"10.3844/AJISP.2017.45.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/AJISP.2017.45.49","url":null,"abstract":"With the reduced availability of antibiotics, poultry producers are looking for feed additives to stimulate the immune system of their birds. Some beta-glucans have been shown to improve gut health in poultry subjected to a bacterial challenge, to increase the flow of new immunocytes into the various lymphoid organs, to increase macrophage function, to increase antibody titers after a vaccination and to function as an anti-inflammatory immunomodulator. As a result, beta-glucans may provide a tool for producers trying to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics in poultry diets.","PeriodicalId":88361,"journal":{"name":"American journal of immunology","volume":"13 1","pages":"45-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3844/AJISP.2017.45.49","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47664908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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